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Analog & Digital

The document is an examination paper for a B. Tech student named Ankita Maity, focusing on Analog and Digital Electronics. It covers topics such as number systems (decimal, binary, octal, hexadecimal), logic gates, Boolean algebra laws, and the difference between weighted and non-weighted codes. Each section includes definitions, examples, and explanations relevant to electronics and computer science.

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4 views12 pages

Analog & Digital

The document is an examination paper for a B. Tech student named Ankita Maity, focusing on Analog and Digital Electronics. It covers topics such as number systems (decimal, binary, octal, hexadecimal), logic gates, Boolean algebra laws, and the difference between weighted and non-weighted codes. Each section includes definitions, examples, and explanations relevant to electronics and computer science.

Uploaded by

ankitamaity001
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© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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PAILAN COLLEGE OF MANAGEMENT &

TECHNOLOGY

B. TECH DIVISION

CA-I EXAMINATION

Name - ANKITA MAITY

University Roll No – 15600123004

University Reg. No - 231560110004

Subjects – Analog and Digital Electronics

Subject Code- ESC301

Semester - III

Department - CSE
 Difference Between Analog And Digital Circuit :
 Explain each type of number system learn in your class
with a example :
In a number system, these numbers are used as digits. 0 and 1 are the
most common digits in the number system, that are used to represent
binary numbers. On the other hand, 0 to 9 digits are also used for other
number systems. Let us learn here the types of number systems.

 Types of Number Systems :


The four most common number system types are:

 Decimal number system (Base- 10)


 Binary number system (Base- 2)
 Octal number system (Base-8)
 Hexadecimal number system (Base- 16)

 Decimal Number System (Base 10 Number System):


The decimal number system has a base of 10 because it uses ten digits from 0
to 9. This system is expressed in decimal numbers. Every position shows a
particular power of the base (10).
 Example :
The decimal number 1457 consists of the digit 7 in the units position, 5 in
the tens place, 4 in the hundreds position, and 1 in the thousands place
whose value can be written as:
(1×10^3) + (4×10^2) + (5×10^1) + (7×10^0)
(1×1000) + (4×100) + (5×10) + (7×1)
1000 + 400 + 50 + 7
1457

 Binary Number System (Base 2 Number System)


The base 2 number system is also known as the Binary number system
wherein, only two binary digits exist, i.e., 0 and 1. Specifically, the usual
base-2 is a radix of 2. The figures described under this system are known
as binary numbers which are the combination of 0 and 1. For example,
110101 is a binary number.
 Example :
Write (14)10 as a binary number.
Solution-

Base 2 Number System Example


∴ (14)10 = 11102
 Octal Number System (Base 8 Number System):
In the octal number system, the base is 8 and it uses numbers from 0 to 7 to represent
numbers. Octal numbers are commonly used in computer applications. Converting an
octal number to decimal is the same as decimal conversion and is explained below using
an example.
 Example:
Convert 2158 into decimal.
Solution:
215(8) = 2 × 8^2 + 1 × 8^1 + 5 × 8^0
= 2 × 64 + 1 × 8 + 5 × 1
= 128 + 8 + 5
 = 14110
 Hexadecimal Number System (Base 16 Number System)
In the hexadecimal system, numbers are written or represented with base 16. In the
hexadecimal system, the numbers are first represented just like in the decimal system.

>>>from 0 to 9. Then, the


numbers are represented using
the alphabet from A to F. The
below-given table shows the
representation of numbers in the
hexadecimal number system.
Define logic gates ? Also explain the types of logic gates ?

>Definition:

Logic gates are an important concept if you


are studying electronics. These are important
digital devices that are mainly based on the
Boolean function. Logic gates are used to
carry out logical operations on single or
multiple binary inputs and give one binary
output. In simple terms, logic gates are the
electronic circuits in a digital system.
Types of Logic Gate :
 Describe all types of law for Boolean Algebra ?
Boolean algebra laws and theorems are a set of rules that are required to
reduce or simplify any given complex Boolean expression. Follwing is a list of
Boolean algebra laws that are most commonly used.
In addition to these Boolean algebra laws, we have a few Boolean
postulates which are used to algebraically solve Boolean expressions into a
simplified form.

Example 1:
Simplify the following Boolean
expression: (A + B).(A + C).

Thus, (A + B).(A + C) = A + BC
Example 2:
Simplify the following Boolean expression: (X + Y).(Xc + Y).

Thus, the simplified Boolean expression is (X + Y).(Xc + Y) = Y


 Difference between weighted and non weighted code:

Weighted Code:

 In the example above, the positional assignments 0 through 3 can be


the weighted values of their assigned digits. So the weight of the 4 is
3 and the weight of the 7 is 2.
 The weight of a number comes into play when converting from any
base numbering system to the decimal (base 10) numbering system.
One formula for converting a weighted number is to multiply each
digit by its base to the power of its position, and then add all the
resulting digits.
• In the example below, 100101, which is a binary base 2 number, is
converted to a decimal (base 10) number.
100101 = Binary (base 2) number 543210 = positional weights
(1 x 2^5) + (0 x 2^4) + (0 x 2^3) + (1 x 2^2) + (0 x 2^1) + (1 x 2^0)
= 32 + 0 + 0 + 4 + 0 + 1 = 37 37base10
= decimal conversion
Other weighted methods include BCD and 2421, each of which uses a
similar formula to assign weights and convert to decimal.
Non-Weighted Coding :

 Gray code is a non-weighted coding method that alters just one bit in a
binary number when moving from one decimal number to the next. In
normal binary coding,
 the digits 10 would represent the decimal number 2. When using gray
code, one bit of that binary number changes so the decimal number 2 is
represented by the binary digits 0011.
 Sequentially, the decimal number 3, which would normally be represented
by the binary digits 0011, is now converted to 0010, because only the one
bit can change.
 Excess-3 is another non-weighted coding method and was once used in
older computers and adding machines. With excess-3, you add 3 to a
decimal number before converting it to binary. So the decimal number 2,
for example, would first increase by 3, making it 5. The binary conversion
of 2 using the Excess-3 method would be 0101 instead of its normal binary
value of 0010.

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