Experiment 1

Overview of SPSS & Windows

Aim: The aim of this practical procedure is to provide an overview of the SPSS software
and its interface in the Windows operating system.

Procedure:
1. Opening SPSS:
• Click on the Start menu.
• Locate and open the SPSS software from the list of installed programs.
2. Interface Overview:
• SPSS main window consists of Data View and Variable View tabs at the
bottom.
• Data View: Displays the actual data in rows and columns.
• Variable View: Displays the characteristics of each variable (column) in
the dataset.
3. Importing Data:
• Click on File > Open > Data.
• Select the dataset file (e.g., .sav, .xls, .csv) and click Open.
• The dataset will appear in the Data View tab.
4. Variable Properties:
• In the Variable View tab, you can define the properties of each variable
(e.g., name, type, label).
5. Descriptive Statistics:
• Click on Analyze > Descriptive Statistics > Frequencies.
• Select variables to analyze and click on OK.
• SPSS will generate descriptive statistics for the selected variables.
6. Charts:
• To create a chart, click on Graphs > Chart Builder.
• Select the chart type (e.g., bar chart, histogram) and variables to include in
the chart.
• Customize the chart as needed and click OK to generate it.
7. Exporting Results:
• To export results, click on File > Export.
• Select the file format (e.g., Excel, PDF) and location to save the file.
8. Saving the SPSS File:
• To save your work, click on File > Save As.
• Choose a location and file format (e.g., .sav) to save the SPSS file.
9. Closing SPSS:
 • To close SPSS, click on File > Exit.

Result:
By the end of this practical, students should be able to navigate the SPSS
interface, understand the basic functions and features of SPSS, and perform
simple data analysis tasks.
 Experiment 2
Starting an SPSS Session

Aim: The aim of this practical session is to start an SPSS session and become familiar
with the SPSS interface.

Procedure:
1. Opening SPSS:
• Click on the Start menu.
• Locate and open the SPSS software from the list of installed programs.
2. SPSS Interface:
• The SPSS main window consists of Data View and Variable View tabs at
the bottom.
• Data View displays the actual data in rows and columns.
• Variable View displays the characteristics of each variable (column) in the
dataset.
3. Importing Data:
• Click on File > Open > Data.
• Select the dataset file (e.g., .sav, .xls, .csv) and click Open.
• The dataset will appear in the Data View tab.
4. Variable Properties:
• In the Variable View tab, you can define the properties of each variable
(e.g., name, type, label).
5. Descriptive Statistics:
• Click on Analyze > Descriptive Statistics > Frequencies.
• Select variables to analyze and click on OK.
• SPSS will generate descriptive statistics for the selected variables.
6. Charts:
• To create a chart, click on Graphs > Chart Builder.
• Select the chart type (e.g., bar chart, histogram) and variables to include in
the chart.
• Customize the chart as needed and click OK to generate it.
7. Exporting Results:
• To export results, click on File > Export.
• Select the file format (e.g., Excel, PDF) and location to save the file.
8. Saving the SPSS File:
• To save your work, click on File > Save As.
• Choose a location and file format (e.g., .sav) to save the SPSS file.
9. Closing SPSS:
 • To close SPSS, click on File > Exit.

Result:
• SPSS software opens successfully, displaying the main window.
• Data is successfully imported into SPSS from a dataset file.
• Variable properties are defined and displayed in the Variable View tab.
• Descriptive statistics are calculated and displayed in the output window.
• A chart is successfully created for selected variables and displayed in the output
window.
• Results are successfully exported to a file in the selected format.
• The SPSS file is successfully saved in the specified location and format.
• SPSS is successfully closed.
 Experiment 3
Creating a New Data Set in SPSS

Aim: The aim of this practical session is to create a new data set in SPSS and enter data
manually.
Procedure:
1. Starting SPSS:
• Click on the Start menu.
• Locate and open the SPSS software from the list of installed programs.
2. Creating a New Data Set:
• Click on File > New > Data.
• A new data set window will open, displaying Data View and Variable
View tabs.
3. Defining Variables:
• Switch to the Variable View tab.
• In the Name column, enter the names of the variables (e.g., ID, Age,
Gender).
• In the Type column, specify the type of each variable (e.g., Numeric,
String).
• Optionally, enter labels, values, and other properties for each variable.
4. Entering Data:
• Switch to the Data View tab.
• Enter data for each variable in the respective columns and rows.
• For example, enter IDs in the ID column, ages in the Age column, and
genders in the Gender column.
5. Saving the Data Set:
• Click on File > Save As.
• Choose a location and file format (e.g., .sav) to save the new data set.
• Enter a file name and click Save.
6. Closing SPSS:
• To close SPSS, click on File > Exit.
Result:
• SPSS software opens successfully, displaying the main window.
• A new data set window is successfully created with Data View and Variable
View tabs.
• Variables are defined in the Variable View tab.
• Data is entered manually in the Data View tab.
• The new data set is successfully saved in the specified location and format.
• SPSS is successfully closed.
 Experiment 4
Creating a New Data Set from Another File Format in SPSS

Aim: The aim of this practical session is to create a new data set in SPSS by importing
data from another file format (e.g., Excel, CSV).

Procedure:
1. Starting SPSS:
• Click on the Start menu.
• Locate and open the SPSS software from the list of installed programs.
2. Importing Data:
• Click on File > Open > Data.
• Browse to the location of the file you want to import.
• Select the file format (e.g., Excel, CSV) from the Files of type dropdown
menu.
• Select the file and click Open.
• The Import Data dialog box will appear.
3. Specifying Import Options:
• In the Import Data dialog box, you can specify how SPSS should import
the data.
• Select the appropriate options for your data format (e.g., if importing from
Excel, specify the worksheet and range).
4. Reviewing Data:
• After specifying import options, click OK.
• SPSS will import the data and display it in the Data View tab.
5. Saving the Data Set:
• Click on File > Save As.
• Choose a location and file format (e.g., .sav) to save the new data set.
• Enter a file name and click Save.
6. Closing SPSS:
• To close SPSS, click on File > Exit.

Result:
• SPSS software opens successfully, displaying the main window.
• Data is successfully imported from another file format (e.g., Excel, CSV).
• The imported data is displayed in the Data View tab.
• The new data set is successfully saved in the specified location and format.
• SPSS is successfully closed.
 Experiment 5
Opening an Existing SPSS Data Set

Aim: The aim of this practical session is to open an existing SPSS data set for further
analysis.

Procedure:
1. Starting SPSS:
• Click on the Start menu.
• Locate and open the SPSS software from the list of installed programs.
2. Opening an Existing Data Set:
• Click on File > Open > Data.
• Browse to the location of the existing SPSS data set (.sav file).
• Select the file and click Open.
• The data set will open in SPSS and be displayed in the Data View tab.
3. Reviewing Data:
• After opening the data set, review the data in the Data View tab to ensure
it was opened correctly.
4. Performing Analysis:
• Once the data set is open, you can perform various analyses using SPSS
tools and functions.
5. Saving Changes (Optional):
• If you make any changes to the data set and want to save them, click on
File > Save.
6. Closing SPSS:
• To close SPSS, click on File > Exit.

Result:
• SPSS software opens successfully, displaying the main window.
• An existing SPSS data set is successfully opened.
• The data set is displayed in the Data View tab, and its contents can be reviewed.
• Any changes made to the data set can be saved if desired.
• SPSS is successfully closed.
 Experiment 6
Calculating Descriptive Statistics in SPSS
Aim: The aim of this practical session is to calculate mean, sum, standard deviation,
variance, minimum value, maximum value, and range for a variable in SPSS.

Procedure:
1. Starting SPSS:
• Click on the Start menu.
• Locate and open the SPSS software from the list of installed programs.
2. Opening a Data Set:
• Click on File > Open > Data.
• Browse to the location of the data set you want to analyze.
• Select the data set file (.sav) and click Open.
• The data set will open in SPSS.
3. Selecting a Variable:
• In the Data View tab, locate the variable for which you want to calculate
descriptive statistics.
4. Calculating Descriptive Statistics:
• Click on Analyze > Descriptive Statistics > Descriptives.
• In the Descriptives dialog box, select the variable of interest and move it to
the Variables box.
• Check the boxes for Mean, Sum, Std. Deviation, Variance, Minimum,
Maximum, and Range.
• Click on OK.
5. Viewing the Results:
• SPSS will generate a new output window with the requested descriptive
statistics for the selected variable.
6. Saving the Results (Optional):
• If you want to save the results, click on File > Save As and choose a
location and file format to save the output.
7. Closing SPSS:
• To close SPSS, click on File > Exit.

Result:
• The data set is successfully opened in SPSS.
• Descriptive statistics (mean, sum, standard deviation, variance, minimum value,
maximum value, and range) are calculated for the selected variable.
• The results are displayed in the output window.
• SPSS is successfully closed.
 Experiment 7
Calculating Correlation in SPSS

Aim: The aim of this practical session is to calculate the correlation between two
variables in SPSS.

Procedure:
1. Starting SPSS:
• Click on the Start menu.
• Locate and open the SPSS software from the list of installed programs.
2. Opening a Data Set:
• Click on File > Open > Data.
• Browse to the location of the data set you want to analyze.
• Select the data set file (.sav) and click Open.
• The data set will open in SPSS.
3. Selecting Variables:
• In the Data View tab, locate the two variables for which you want to
calculate the correlation.
4. Calculating Correlation:
• Click on Analyze > Correlate > Bivariate.
• In the Bivariate Correlations dialog box, move the variables of interest to
the Variables box.
• Check the box for Pearson under Correlation Coefficients.
• Click on OK.
5. Viewing the Results:
• SPSS will generate a new output window with the correlation matrix and
the significance values for the correlations.
6. Interpreting the Results:
• The correlation matrix shows the correlation coefficient (r) between the
two variables.
• The significance values indicate whether the correlation coefficients are
statistically significant.
7. Saving the Results (Optional):
• If you want to save the results, click on File > Save As and choose a
location and file format to save the output.
8. Closing SPSS:
• To close SPSS, click on File > Exit.
Result:
• SPSS software opens successfully, displaying the main window.
• The data set is successfully opened in SPSS.
• The correlation between the two selected variables is calculated using the
Pearson correlation coefficient.
• The correlation matrix and significance values are displayed in the output
window.
• SPSS is successfully closed.
 Experiment 8
Generating Scatterplots in SPSS
Aim: The aim of this practical session is to create a scatterplot to visualize the
relationship between two variables in SPSS.
Procedure:
1. Starting SPSS:
• Click on the Start menu.
• Locate and open the SPSS software from the list of installed programs.
2. Opening a Data Set:
• Click on File > Open > Data.
• Browse to the location of the data set you want to analyze.
• Select the data set file (.sav) and click Open.
• The data set will open in SPSS.
3. Selecting Variables:
• In the Data View tab, locate the two variables for which you want to create
a scatterplot.
4. Generating Scatterplot:
• Click on Graphs > Legacy Dialogs > Scatter/Dot.
• In the Scatter/Dot dialog box, select Simple Scatter and then click Define.
• Select one variable for the X-Axis and the other variable for the Y-Axis.
• Click OK.
5. Customizing the Scatterplot (Optional):
• To customize the scatterplot, double-click on the plot area to open the
Chart Editor.
• Here, you can change the appearance of the scatterplot, add labels, or
adjust the axes.
6. Viewing the Scatterplot:
• SPSS will generate a new output window with the scatterplot.
7. Saving the Scatterplot (Optional):
• If you want to save the scatterplot, click on File > Save As and choose a
location and file format to save the image.
8. Closing SPSS:
• To close SPSS, click on File > Exit.
Result:
• The data set is successfully opened in SPSS.
• A scatterplot is generated to visualize the relationship between the two selected
variables.
• The scatterplot is displayed in the output window.
• SPSS is successfully closed.
 Experiment 9
Generating a Histogram in SPSS
Aim: The aim of this practical session is to create a histogram to visualize the
distribution of a variable in SPSS.
Procedure:
1. Starting SPSS:
• Click on the Start menu.
• Locate and open the SPSS software from the list of installed programs.
2. Opening a Data Set:
• Click on File > Open > Data.
• Browse to the location of the data set you want to analyze.
• Select the data set file (.sav) and click Open.
• The data set will open in SPSS.
3. Selecting a Variable:
• In the Data View tab, locate the variable for which you want to create a
histogram.
4. Generating a Histogram:
• Click on Graphs > Legacy Dialogs > Histogram.
• In the Histogram dialog box, select the variable of interest and move it to
the Variable box.
• Click OK.
5. Customizing the Histogram (Optional):
• To customize the histogram, double-click on the histogram plot area to
open the Chart Editor.
• Here, you can change the appearance of the histogram, such as colors, bin
width, and axis labels.
6. Viewing the Histogram:
• SPSS will generate a new output window with the histogram.
7. Saving the Histogram (Optional):
• If you want to save the histogram, click on File > Save As and choose a
location and file format to save the image.
8. Closing SPSS:
• To close SPSS, click on File > Exit.
Result:
• SPSS software opens successfully, displaying the main window.
• The data set is successfully opened in SPSS.
• A histogram is generated to visualize the distribution of the selected variable.
• The histogram is displayed in the output window.
• SPSS is successfully closed.
 Experiment 10
Generating a Box Plot in SPSS

Aim: The aim of this practical session is to create a box plot to visualize the distribution
of a variable or group of variables in SPSS.

Procedure:
1. Starting SPSS:
• Click on the Start menu.
• Locate and open the SPSS software from the list of installed programs.
2. Opening a Data Set:
• Click on File > Open > Data.
• Browse to the location of the data set you want to analyze.
• Select the data set file (.sav) and click Open.
• The data set will open in SPSS.
3. Selecting Variables:
• In the Data View tab, locate the variable(s) for which you want to create a
box plot.
4. Generating a Box Plot:
• Click on Graphs > Legacy Dialogs > Boxplot.
• In the Boxplot dialog box, select the variable(s) of interest and move them
to the Variable box.
• Optionally, you can click on Define and customize the box plot settings
(e.g., display options, grouping variables).
• Click Continue and then OK.
5. Viewing the Box Plot:
• SPSS will generate a new output window with the box plot(s) for the
selected variable(s).
6. Saving the Box Plot (Optional):
• If you want to save the box plot, click on File > Save As and choose a
location and file format to save the image.
7. Closing SPSS:
• To close SPSS, click on File > Exit.
Result:
• SPSS software opens successfully, displaying the main window.
• The data set is successfully opened in SPSS.
• A box plot is generated to visualize the distribution of the selected variable(s).
• The box plot(s) is displayed in the output window.
• SPSS is successfully closed.
 Experiment 11
Linear Regression in SPSS

Aim: The aim of this practical session is to perform linear regression analysis in SPSS to
model the relationship between a dependent variable and one or more independent
variables.

Procedure:
1. Starting SPSS:
• Click on the Start menu.
• Locate and open the SPSS software from the list of installed programs.
2. Opening a Data Set:
• Click on File > Open > Data.
• Browse to the location of the data set you want to analyze.
• Select the data set file (.sav) and click Open.
• The data set will open in SPSS.
3. Selecting Variables:
• In the Data View tab, identify the dependent variable (the variable you
want to predict) and the independent variable(s) (the variable(s) used to
predict the dependent variable).
4. Performing Linear Regression:
• Click on Analyze > Regression > Linear.
• In the Linear Regression dialog box, move the dependent variable to the
Dependent box and the independent variable(s) to the Independent(s)
box.
• Optionally, you can click on Statistics to select additional statistics to be
calculated (e.g., R squared, coefficients).
• Click on OK.
5. Viewing the Results:
• SPSS will generate a new output window with the results of the linear
regression analysis.
• The output will include the regression equation, coefficients, R squared
value, and other relevant statistics.
6. Interpreting the Results:
• Look at the coefficients to understand the relationship between the
independent and dependent variables.
• The R squared value indicates the proportion of variance in the dependent
variable that is explained by the independent variable(s).
7. Saving the Results (Optional):
 • If you want to save the results, click on File > Save As and choose a
location and file format to save the output.
8. Closing SPSS:
• To close SPSS, click on File > Exit.

Result:
• SPSS software opens successfully, displaying the main window.
• The data set is successfully opened in SPSS.
• Linear regression analysis is performed to model the relationship between the
dependent and independent variables.
• The results of the analysis, including the regression equation, coefficients, and R
squared value, are displayed in the output window.
• SPSS is successfully closed.
 Experiment 12
Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) in SPSS

Aim: The aim of this practical session is to perform an Analysis of Variance (ANOVA)
in SPSS to determine if there are statistically significant differences between the means
of three or more groups.

Procedure:
1. Starting SPSS:
• Click on the Start menu.
• Locate and open the SPSS software from the list of installed programs.
2. Opening a Data Set:
• Click on File > Open > Data.
• Browse to the location of the data set you want to analyze.
• Select the data set file (.sav) and click Open.
• The data set will open in SPSS.
3. Selecting Variables:
• In the Data View tab, identify the variable representing the dependent
variable (the variable you want to analyze) and the variable representing
the independent variable (the variable defining the groups).
4. Performing ANOVA:
• Click on Analyze > Compare Means > One-Way ANOVA.
• In the One-Way ANOVA dialog box, move the dependent variable to the
Dependent List box and the independent variable (grouping variable) to
the Factor box.
• Click on Options to select additional statistics to be calculated (e.g.,
Descriptive, Homogeneity of Variance Test).
• Click on Continue and then OK.
5. Viewing the Results:
• SPSS will generate a new output window with the results of the ANOVA.
• The output will include the F-statistic, degrees of freedom, p-value, and
other relevant statistics.
6. Interpreting the Results:
• Look at the p-value associated with the F-statistic.
• If the p-value is less than the significance level (e.g., 0.05), then there is a
statistically significant difference between the group means.
• You can also look at the means comparison table to identify which specific
groups differ significantly.
7. Saving the Results (Optional):
 • If you want to save the results, click on File > Save As and choose a
location and file format to save the output.
8. Closing SPSS:
• To close SPSS, click on File > Exit.

Result:
• SPSS software opens successfully, displaying the main window.
• The data set is successfully opened in SPSS.
• ANOVA is performed to analyze the differences between the means of the
groups.
• The results of the ANOVA, including the F-statistic, p-value, and means
comparison table, are displayed in the output window.
• SPSS is successfully closed.