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Central Dogma of The Cell

The Central Dogma of the Cell describes the flow of genetic information from DNA to RNA to proteins. It includes examples of DNA sequences, their complementary strands, and provides Python and MATLAB code for generating complementary DNA sequences and counting nucleotides. Additionally, it explains the concept of codons, including start and stop codons, and the base pairing rules in DNA and RNA.

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2 views48 pages

Central Dogma of The Cell

The Central Dogma of the Cell describes the flow of genetic information from DNA to RNA to proteins. It includes examples of DNA sequences, their complementary strands, and provides Python and MATLAB code for generating complementary DNA sequences and counting nucleotides. Additionally, it explains the concept of codons, including start and stop codons, and the base pairing rules in DNA and RNA.

Uploaded by

jeevansaikarumuri
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Central Dogma of the Cell

Central Dogma of the Cell


“Central dogma is the process in which the genetic information flows from
DNA to RNA, to make a functional product protein.“
DNA

String = α where α = {A,C,G,T}

String
It can have any number of letters in any order from the α set.

A, C, G, T are nucleotides.
Therefore, DNA is the nucleotide sequence.
Example:
DNA_seqeuence_1 = 5`ACCGTGATC3` (9 length)
DNA_seqeuence_2 = 5`ACTTCTC3` (7 length)
Write Complementary DNA Sequence for below sequence.

ATGATTGACATTGAGGATCCAT,
• Opposite/complementary strand follows the base-pair rule:
A-T,C-G and vice-versa.
• The primary strand’s starting position is 5`and ends at 3`.
• 3`is the complement of 5`
• DNA sequences are always written from 5`to3`.

• 5`ATGATTGACATTGAGGATCCAT 3`
• 3`TACTAACTGTAACTCCTAGGTA 5`
Computational tasks or Algorithmic work

5’ATGACTTCAGTACTGACTGCAT3’ Code to write


complementary
strand

3’TACTGAAGTCATGACTGACGTA5’
Python code for Complementary DNA
sequence
MATLAB code for Complementary DNA
sequence
% Main script
dna_sequence = 'AAGCT';
complement = complement_dna(dna_sequence);
fprintf('Complement: %s\n', complement);
% Function definition
function complement = complement_dna(dna_sequence)
% Initialize the mapping for complement
complement_map = containers.Map({'A', 'T', 'C', 'G'}, {'T', 'A', 'G', 'C'});
% Initialize the complement sequence
complement = '';
% Iterate over each nucleotide in the sequence and find the complement
for i = 1:length(dna_sequence)
nucleotide = dna_sequence(i);
complement = [complement complement_map(nucleotide)];
end
end
Write a python code for counting DNA nucleotides in a sequence

dna_sequence = "ACCCCGTACGTACGT"
nucleotides = {"A": 0, "C": 0, "G": 0, "T": 0}
nucleotides = {}
for nucleotide in dna_sequence:
if nucleotide not in nucleotides:
nucleotides[nucleotide] = 0

nucleotides[nucleotide] += 1

print(nucleotides)
Write a MATLAB code for counting DNA nucleotides in a
sequence
% Main script
dna_sequence = 'AGCTTTTCATTCTGACTGCAACGGGCAATATGTCTCTGTGT';
counts = count_nucleotides(dna_sequence);
fprintf('Nucleotide Counts: A=%d, C=%d, G=%d, T=%d\n', counts.A, counts.C, counts.G, counts.T);
% Function definition
function counts = count_nucleotides(dna_sequence)
% Initialize counts as a struct
counts = struct('A', 0, 'C', 0, 'G', 0, 'T', 0);
% Convert the sequence to uppercase to ensure case-insensitivity
dna_sequence = upper(dna_sequence);
% Iterate over each nucleotide in the sequence and count them
for i = 1:length(dna_sequence)
nucleotide = dna_sequence(i);
if isfield(counts, nucleotide)
counts.(nucleotide) = counts.(nucleotide) + 1;
end
end
end
How
Lessonto Read Codons
Overview

Because there are four different bases in


RNA, there are 64 possible three-base
codons (4 × 4 × 4 = 64) in the genetic
code.

This circular table shows the amino acid to


which each of the 64 codons corresponds.
To read a codon, start at the middle of the
circle and move outward.
Lesson Overview

How to Read Codons


Most amino acids can be
specified by more than one
codon.

For example, six different


codons—UUA, UUG, CUU, CUC,
CUA, and CUG—specify leucine.
But only one codon—UGG—
specifies the amino acid
tryptophan.
Lesson Overview

Start and Stop Codons


The genetic code has punctuation
marks.

The methionine codon AUG serves


as the initiation, or “start,” codon for
protein synthesis.

Following the start codon, mRNA is


read, three bases at a time, until it
reaches one of three different “stop”
codons, which end translation.
Understanding Table
Base Paring Rules

In DNA
A-T
G-C

In RNA
A-U
G-U
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=NDIJexTT9j0
Some Basic Questions:
1. Write the complementary DNA strand for
ATGATTGACATTGAGGATCCAT
2. Write the RNA strand for
ATGATTGACATTGAGGATCCAT
3. Write the codon for TACAGTACCATAATC.

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