Giải tích 2 (Part 1)

Lesson 1 Part 1: Functions of Several Variables

(Hàm nhiều biến)
Nguyen Chanh Tu, DUT

Functions of several variables

Examples
Exam 1
Consider a cirlular cylinder with radius r and height h. Find the formular to compute the
volume V.
2
V r, h = p$r $h
with plots : plot3d 2$sin a , 2$ cos a , t , a = 0 ..2$p, t = 0 ..2 ;
 Sol
Exam 2
Temperature T at each point in a closed room depends on its three coordinates x, y, z given
2 2 2
by formula T d x, y, z /x Cy C3$z
2 2 2
x, y, z /x Cy C3 z (1.1.2.1)

At the position P 7, 1, 2 the temperature is T 7, 1, 2

62 (1.1.2.2)
O

Definition
• A function f of n variables is a rule that assigns to each ordered set of n real numbers
x1, x2,..., xn 2 D 3 =n a unique real number denoted by f x1, x2,..., xn . The set D is the
domain of f and its range is the set of values that takes on, that is,
f x1, x2,..., xn x1,..., xn 2 D .

• If a function f is given by a formula and no domain is specified, then the domain of f is

understood to be the set of all x1,..., xn 2 =n
for which the given expression f x1,..., xn is a well-defined real number.

Examples
Exam 1
2 2
Find and describe the domain D 3 =2 of the function z = f x, y = 4 Kx Ky
2
C
2 2
x Cy K1
Sol
Exam 2
Find and describe the domain D 3 =3 of the function f x, y, z = 4 Kx2 Ky2 Kz2 .
Sol:

Exam 3. Cobb-Douglas production function.

• In 1928 Charles Cobb and Paul Douglas published a study

in which they modeled the growth of the American
economy during the period 1899–1922.
• The function they used to model production was of the
form P = bLa K1 K a
where P is the total production (the monetary value of all
goods produced in a year), L is the amount of labor (the
total number of person-hours worked in a year), and K is
 •

the amount of capital invested (the monetary worth of all

machinery, equipment, and buildings).
• Cobb and Douglas used economic data published by the
government to obtain Table 2. They took the year 1899 as a
baseline and P, L, and K for 1899 were each assigned the
value 100. The values for other years were expressed as
percentages of the 1899 figures.
• Cobb and Douglas used the method of least squares to fit
the data of Table 2 to the function
0.75 0.25
P = 1.01 L K
• The production function (1) has subsequently been used in
many settings, ranging from individual firms to global
economic questions. It has become known as the Cobb-
Douglas production function.

Graph of functions of 2 variables

Definition
• If f is a function of two variables with domain D, then the graph of f is the set of all points
3
x, y, z in R such that z = f x, y and x, y 2 D.
• Note that the graph of a function of two variables, in general, is a surface in the space.

•
•

Exam
O f d 1.01 L0.75K0.25; plot3d f, K = 0 .. 3, L = K3 .. 3, view = 0 ..9, axes = normal,
scaling = constrained ;

f := 1.01 L0.75 K0.25

 8

-3
00
-1

K L 1
1
2
3
3

Examples of quadratic surfaces

Elliptical paraboloids
x2 y2
We start with elliptical paraboloids defined by z = C .
a2 b2
O a := 1; b := 2;
f := x^2/a^2+y^2/b^2;
plot3d(f, x = -3 .. 3, y = -9 .. 9,view=0..9, axes =
normal, style = patchnogrid, scaling = constrained);
a := 1
b := 2
1
f := x2 C y2
4
 8

-9
2
-4 y

0
3 1
2 1 0 -1 -2 -3
6 x

O
Practice:
1
Set a = 2 and b = . Explain why this surface is an "elliptical paraboloid".
2
Sol:

Hyperbolic paraboloid
x2 y2
Next we graph a hyperbolic paraboloid defined by z =K 2 C 2 .
a b
O a := 1; b := 1;
g := -x^2/a^2+y^2/b^2;
plot3d(g, x = -3 .. 3, y = -4 .. 4, style = patchnogrid,
axes = normal);
a := 1
b := 1
g := Kx2 Cy2
 16

11

-4
6
y
-2
-3
1 -2
0 -1
0 x
1 2
-4
2
3 4
-9

Ellipsoid
If surfaces cannot be expressed as the graph of a (single) function of two variables, we can use
the implicit plot command.
2 2 2
x y z
We start with the ellipsoid defined by equation 2 C 2 C 2 =m, of which a sphere is a
a b c
special case.
O with(plots):a := 2; b := 3; c := 1;
m := x^2/a^2+y^2/b^2+z^2/c^2;
implicitplot3d(m = 2, x = -5 .. 5, y = -5 .. 5, z = -5 ..
5, axes = normal, scaling = constrained, style =
patchnogrid, grid = [20, 20, 20]);
a := 2
b := 3
c := 1
1 2 1 2 2
m := x C y Cz
4 9
 5

3
5
4 2
3
2 1
1
-5
00 -4
-3
-1 -2
-1
0 y
1 -1 -2
2 x
3 -3
4
5 -2 -4
z -5
-3

-4

-5

Hyperboloid of one sheet

2 2 2
x y z
The next surface we sketch is a hyperboloid of one sheet defined by 2
C 2 K 2 = n2.
a b c
O a := 1; b := 1; c := 1;
n := x^2/a^2+y^2/b^2-z^2/c^2;
implicitplot3d(n = 1, x = -1.5 .. 1.5, y = -1.5 .. 1.5, z
= -1.5 .. 1.5, axes = normal, scaling = constrained, style
= patchnogrid);
a := 1
b := 1
c := 1
n := x2 Cy2 Kz2
 1.5

1.0

0.5

1.5
1.5 1.0
1.0 0.00.5
0.5 0.0
0.0
-0.5 -0.5
-1.0 -1.0
-1.5
-1.5 -0.5 y
x
z
-1.0

-1.5

Exercise
4. Graph a hyperboloid of one sheet which extends along the x-axis instead of along the z-
axis. Once graphed, click on the contour button to see where the name "hyperboloid"
comes from.
Sol
O a := 1; b := 1; c := 1;
n := x^2/a^2+y^2/b^2-z^2/c^2;
implicitplot3d(n = 2, x = -1.5 .. 1.5, y = -1.5 ..
1.5, z = -1.5 .. 1.5, axes = normal, scaling =
constrained, style = patchnogrid);
Hyperboloid of two sheets.
x2 y2 z2
We move on to hyperboloids of two sheets defined by 2 C 2 K 2 =Kn2.
a b c
O a := 1; b := 1; c := 1;
n := x^2/a^2+y^2/b^2-z^2/c^2;
implicitplot3d(n = -1, x = -3 .. 3, y = -3 .. 3, z = -3 ..
3, axes = normal, scaling = constrained, style =
 patchnogrid, grid = [30, 30, 30]);
a := 1
b := 1
c := 1
n := x2 Cy2 Kz2

-3
0 -2
-3 -1
-2 -1 00
1 x 1 2 3
y 2
3 -1

z
-2

-3

In the degenerate case (right side of the equation = 0), we obtain at a pair of cones, the
geometric foundation for the conic sections.
O a := 1; b := 1; c := 1;
n := x^2/a^2+y^2/b^2-z^2/c^2;
implicitplot3d(n = 0, x = -3 .. 3, y = -3 .. 3, z = -3 ..
3, axes = normal, scaling = constrained, style =
patchnogrid, grid = [30, 30, 30]);
a := 1
b := 1
c := 1
2 2 2
n := x Cy Kz
 3

1
3
2
1
0
-1
3 2 1 0 -2 y -1 -2 -3
-3
x
-1

z
-2

-3

Exercise:
Cut the above surface with a plane such that the intersection curve is an
elliptic/hyperbola/parabola.

Level Curves
Another method for visualizing functions, borrowed from mapmakers, is a contour map on which
points of constant elevation are joined to form contour lines, or level curves.

Definition
The level curves of a function f of two variables are the plane curves with equations
f x, y = k where k is a constant in the range of f.
• You can see from Figure 4 the relation between level curves and horizontal traces.
• The level curves are just the traces of the graph of in the horizontal plane projected down to
the xy -plane. So if you draw the level curves of a function and visualize them being lifted up to
the surface at the indicated height, then you can mentally piece together a picture of the graph.

Example of topographic maps

The level curves are curves of constant elevation
above sea level. If you walk along one of these contour lines you neither ascend nor
descend.
Exam2
A contour map for a function f x, y is shown as the follows. Use it to estimate
the values of f 1, 4 and f 4, 4 .
f 1, 4 = 60, f 4, 4 = 70

Other examples
Example with Maple

O z:=x*exp(-x^2-y^2);
2 K y2
z := x eKx (3.2.1)
O plot3d(z,x=-3..3,y=-3..3);
restart : with plots : with plottools : with Student MultivariateCalculus : p d plot3d x
$exp Kx2 Ky2 , x =K2 ..2, y =K2 ..2, style = contour, contours = 18, thickness = 1 :
2 2
q d contourplot x.exp Kx Ky , x =K2 ..2, y =K2 ..2, filled = true, coloring = red, blue :
f d transform x, y / x, y,K2 :
display p, f q , orientation = 50, 30 ;
Graph of functions of more than 2 variables
• It’s very difficult to visualize a function of three variables w = f x, y, z by its graph, since that
would lie in a four-dimensional space.
• However, we do gain some insight into by examining its level surfaces, which are the surfaces
with equations f x, y, z = k , where k is a constant.

• For example, take a look to the function f x, y, z = x2 Cy2 Cz2

Homework
Sec. 14.1 (9Ed.)
I. 32
II. 1-6 al. 3; 7-16 al. 3; 17-19 al. 1;20-22 al. 1; 23-31 al. 3; 57-60 al. 2 (use software);
III. 61-70; 71-72