HALF YEARLY EXAMINATION

SCIENCE II COMPILED NOTES

Chapter-1

FOOD: WHERE DOES IT COME FROM?

ANSWER IN ONE WORD.

1. The Materials that we require to prepare a dish are called ingredients.

2. The ingredients that are used to prepare cooked rice is raw rice and water.
3. All the organisms that make their own food are called producers.
4. The extra glucose that plants do not use is converted to starch.

5. The process of making food by green plants is called photosynthesis.

6. Spices are the part of the plant that are used in foods for flavouring.

7. Human beings are omnivores.

8. Microorganisms are tiny living organisms that are too small to be visible.

9. Different organisms eat different kinds of food.

10. Sugar is obtained from sugarcane and sugar beet.
11. Housefly is a scavenger that also eats fruit bearing plants.

VERY SHORT ANSWER.

1. Which part of the plant do we eat generally?
We generally eat fruits of many plants, because it is highly rich in minerals and
vitamins.
2. Write the names of the plant part that provide us food.
Fruits, vegetables, cereals, grains, pulses, oil, root, stem, flowers and
leaves
3. Why food is considered important in living things?
Food is considered important in living things for the following reasons
 to promote growth
 to provide energy for doing work.
 to repair and replace damaged tissues.
 to increase the resistance and get protection against infections & diseases

4. What are meat yielding animals? Give 2 examples.

Ans: The animals that are used as food in our diet and domesticated for their flesh are
called meat yielding animals. Examples: Chicken, goat, sheep.
5. What are scavengers? Why ants and vultures are called scavengers?
Ans: The animals that feed on dead and decaying animals are called scavengers. Ants
and vultures feed on dead and decaying animals. Hence they are called scavengers.
6. How do decomposers clean the environment?
Ans: Decomposers feed on dead and decaying organisms and convert them into simper
substances. These simpler substances get mixed with the soil and enhance the quality of
soil. This way they clean the environment from the dead and decaying organisms and
also enhance the quality of soil.
7. What is a food chain? Explain with an example.
Ans: A sequence of organisms that are related to each other due to their food is called
food chain. This also shows the flow of energy in the form of food from one organism to
another.
Example: Sun---Plants----Deer--- Lion
8. Make a flow chart for preparation of ghee.
Cow---Cow gives milk---- Cream is extracted butter is boiled---
ghee isformed.

Short Answer
1. What is the difference between scavengers and decomposers?
Ans: Scavengers feed on the dead and decaying organic matter such as plants, and
animals and break them into smaller particles. Example: Hyena, crow.
Decomposers feed on the smaller particles produced by the scavengers to break
them into simpler substances. Decomposers are also called saprotrophs.
Example: Earthworm, bacteria, fungi.
2. Name the different groups of animals.
Ans: The animals are in three groups. They are
o Herbivores: The animals that eat only plant products are called herbivores. Eg:
Cow, Horse
o Carnivores: The animals that eat the flesh of other animals are called carnivores.
Eg:Tiger, Lion
o Omnivores: The animals that eat both plants and animals are called omnivores. Eg:
monkey, human being.
3. What is honey? What is its importance?
Ans: A sweet substance [liquid] prepared by bees from the nectar of the flowers, is called
honey.
Honey consists of water, sugar, minerals and enzymes. It is easily digestible, and
used in medicines as an antiseptic [which destroys the growth of microorganisms.]
DETAIL ANSWER
1. What is food? What are the sources of food with example?
The component that we consume, which provide nourishment to the body is
called food. E.g.: rice, fruits, milk, curd etc. The materials required to prepare
food item are called as ingredients. These ingredients can be obtained from either
plants or animals.
Plant product: the food products that we get from plants are called as plant
product.
Example:
Roots- Carrot, Beetroot
Stem-Potato, Ginger
Leaves-Spinach, Coriander
Flowers- Cauliflower, Banana flower
Fruits- Apple, Grapes
Vegetables- Brinjal, Cucumber
Seeds-Wheat, Cumin.

Chapter 2
Components of food

Fill in the blanks.

1. For proper growth and maintenance ,our body needs adequate food.
2. Sprouts are very good sources of protein.
3. Micro minerals are minerals that are required in very less quantities.
4. Vitamin D is also called the sunshine vitamin.
5. Sea food is a rich sources of iodine.
6. Vitamins helps in protecting our body against diseases.
7. Wounds take longer time to heal when we have deficiency of Vitamin C.

Very short answer

1. Define the term [a] Nutrients (b) Nutrition
Ans: Nutrients: The components of food that are necessary for growth and
development of our body are called nutrients.
Nutrition: The process of taking nutrients from our food for the growth and
development of body and to obtain energy is known nutrition.
2. Name the different food groups.
Ans: Food can be broadly sub divided into three groups
 Energy giving food-- Carbohydrates and Fats
 Body building food— Proteins
 Protective food—Vitamins and minerals
3. How are vitamins classified? Ans:
Vitamins are classified into two
 Water soluble vitamins. Vitamin B and C
 Fat soluble vitamins. Vitamin A,D, E, K
Short Answer
1. What are Carbohydrates? Name the types of Carbohydrates with example. Ans:
Carbohydrates are energy giving food. It provides energy to carry out our daily
activities.
The different types of carbohydrates are.
Simple carbohydrate
Complex carbohydrate
Simple carbohydrates break down quickly in the body to be used as
energy. Eg: Sugar, fruits
Complex carbohydrate takes more time to break down into
glucose. Eg: Wheat, Turnip.
When sugar molecules link together in a chain, they form a
complex carbohydrate.

2. What are the various functions of proteins?

 Proteins are the ‘Building blocks’ of our body.
 Proteins strengthen our muscles, skin, hair, and nails.
 Protein helps in repairing damaged cells, replacing worn-out or dead cells and
tissues.
 Protein help the body to develop resistance against various infections.
 Proteins forms the red pigment (Hemoglobin) in blood which acts as
oxygen carrier.
 Components of food
1. Define balanced diet.
A. A diet containing all the nutrients in adequate quantity is known as a balanced diet.
A balanced diet is not same for everyone. It varies with age, sex and the type of work
that one does.

2. What is roughage? Why is its presence in our food important?

A. The rough, fibrous content of food is called roughage. Green vegetables like spinach,
cabbage, lady’s finger and beans contain a good amount of roughage.
Roughage helps in the movement of bowel. Roughage prevents constipation.

3. What is the importance of water in our body?

A. Water helps us to absorb nutrients from food. It also helps to get rid of wastes in the
form of urine and sweat.

4. Write the symptoms of goiter and suggest what kind of diet should be taken to avoid
such diseases.
A. Symptoms are:
i. Swelling at the base of the neck.
ii. Tight sensation in the throat and the neck.
iii. A large goiter may cause difficulty in swallowing and breathing.
By using iodized salt, goiter can be prevented, as iodized salt contain
iodine. Iodine helps to prevent the disease goiter.

5. List the symptoms of Kwashiorkor and Marasmus.

A. SYMPTOMS OF KWASHIORKOR:
 Swelling of face and limbs
 Distended stomach (Pot –like belly)
 Diarrhoea
 Skin Problems
 Discoloration of hair

SYMPTOMS OF MARASMUS:

 Poor muscle development

 Loss of appetite
 Weak legs
 Anaemia
  Poor resistance to disease
 Mental retardation
 Slow pulse and breathing rates

ACTIVITY BASED QUESTIONS:

1. Ramesh attends his friend’s birthday party and eats too many burgers, pastries and
cake. How would Ramesh feel after overeating?
A. Over eating is the stage where a person eats beyond his/her limit of food intake. This
causes problem to the body. Our body has a limit upto which it can convert food into
energy. In case of over eating, there is too much food to digest, which gives rise to
health issues.
2. Why do dieticians advise to include brown rice in our meals?
A. Brown rice is a source of roughage. Fibre or roughage helps to absorb nutrients and get
rid of undigested food. Roughage is mainly obtained from whole grain cereals, brown
rice, fruits, pulses and vegetables.
 GETTING TO KNOW PLANTS
I. Keywords
1. Node
2. Internode
3. Transpiration
4. Photosynthesis
5. Venation
6. Pollen grains
7. Pollination
8. Stamen
9. Carpel
10. Stilt roots

II. Short answer type questions.

1. What is photosynthesis?
A. The process in which leaves use water and carbondioxide in the presence of sunlight and
chlorophyll, to prepare their food is called photosynthesis.

2. What is transpiration?
A. The process which involves the loss of water through plant parts such as leaves.

3. What are petals and sepals in the flower?

A. Petals are the colourful part of the flower. Sepals are leaf – like structures located below
the petals.

4. Name the male and female reproductive part of the flower.

A. Pistil is the female reproductive part of the flower. Stamen is the male reproductive part
of the flower.

III. Give differences between the following.

1. Parallel venation and Reticulate venation.
Parallel Venation Reticulate Venation
1. In parallel venation, veins run parallel to In reticulate venation, veins form a net – like
one another. structure on both sides of the midrib.
2. Ex: Grass, Wheat, Rice etc,. Ex: Tulsi, coriander, China rose etc,.

2. Climbers and Creepers.

Climbers Creepers
1. Plants that have weak stem and take the Plants that have weak stems and cannot
support of neighbouring structure in stand upright are called creepers. These
order to climb up are called are called plants spread on the ground horizontally.
 climbers.
2. Ex: Money plant, Pea plant. Ex: Water melon, Pumpkin.

3. Tap root and Fibrous root.

Tap root Fibrous root
1. Tap root has one main root and various Fibrous roots do not have a main root.
smaller roots that are called lateral
roots.
2. Plants with tap root usually have Plants with fibrous roots usually have
reticulate venation. parallel venation.
3. Ex: carrot, beetroot etc,. Ex: wheat, maize, rice etc,.

IV. Long Answer Type Questions.

1. Explain the structure of a leaf with the help of a diagram.
i. The flat green portion of a leaf is called leaf blade or lamina.
ii. The leaf blade is attached to the stem by short stalk called petiole.
iii. Petiole continues into the leaf as the midrib.
iv. The midrib branches out to form a network of veins.
v. The design made by the veins in a leaf is called leaf venation.
- If the veins run throughout the leaf on both the sides of the midrib, the venation is
called reticulate.
- If the veins are parallel to each other, the venation is called parallel venation.

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2. Explain the different parts of a flower with a neat labeled diagram.
A. Flower is the reproductive part of a plant. It appears on the plant after it is fully grown.
The flower consists of the following parts.
i. PEDICEL – The cylindrical portion which attaches the flower to the stem is called the
pedicel or the stalk.

ii. THALAMUS - In some flowers, the pedicel swells up or flattens to bear the other parts of
the flower called thalamus.

iii. WHORLS – The parts of the flower called sepal, petals and the reproductive organs are
arranged in circles called whorls. The whorls of a plant flower are thus arranged in a
distinct pattern.

iv. SEPAL- The outermost whorl of a flower which is green and protects the other parts in
the bud stage is called sepal or calyx.

v. PETAL – The other whorls of a flower which is colourful and bright is called the petal. It
attracts insects for pollination. It is also called corolla.

vi. STAMEN – Stamen is the male reproductive part of a flower that consists of a stalk – like
structure called the filament and a sac – like part on the top called the anther. Anther
contains pollen grains. Stamen is also called androecium.
vii. PISTIL or CARPEL- This is the female reproductive part of the flower. It is further divided
into stigma, style and ovary. It is also called gynoecium.