Language Fundamentals
1. Identifiers
2. Literals
3. Keywords/Reserved words
4. Operators
1. Identifiers
Identifiers are symbolic names used to uniquely identify
programming elements such as variables, functions, classes, and
other entities in a program. They play a crucial role in making the
code more readable, maintainable, and understandable by
providing meaningful names to different elements, aiding both
programmers and the compiler in effectively communicating the
program's logic and structure.
OR
Identifier is a name assigned to the programming elements like
variables, methods, classes, abstract classes, interfaces.
Rules and regulations For Identifiers:
• Identifiers should not be started with any number
• identifiers may be started with an alphabet, '_' symbol, '$'
symbol,
Examples:
Valid Identifiers
1. userName
2. calculateSum
3. _counter
4. $totalAmount
5. StudentInfo
6. MAX_VALUE
7. isPrime
8. userInput
9. PI
10. Book
Invalid Identifiers
11. 123numbers (starts with a digit)
12. my-variable (contains a hyphen)
13. illegal@char (contains special characters)
14. class (a reserved keyword)
15. 3DArray (starts with a digit)
16. my space (contains whitespace)
17. void (a reserved keyword)
18. if (a reserved keyword)
19. @symbol (starts with a special character)
20. return (a reserved keyword)
Questions(Home Work):
int salary=10000
int 11salary=999
String _addr="Agra"
float $sal=10000.0f
String student11No="V132-1111"
String std_Name="Ashwani Upadhyay"
float emp$Sal=50000.0f
NOTE: Identifiers are not allowing all operators and all special
symbols except '_' and '$' symbols
More Examples:
int stdNo=111; ========= valid
int std+No=111;=========Invalid
String std*Name="Ashwani";===== Invalid
String #stdAddr="Delhi";====Invalid
String std@id="123";===Invalid
float std.Fee=50000.0f;=====Invalid
String std-Addr="Hyd";======Invalid
String std_Addr="Hyd";======Valid
Note 2: Identifiers are not allowing spaces in the middle.
Valid Identifiers:
• myVariable
• totalAmount
• userInput
• className
• isPrime
Invalid Identifiers:
• my Variable (contains a space)
• illegal char (contains a space)
• user input (contains a space)
• class name (contains a space)
• invalid identifier (contains a space)
Note 3: Identifiers should not be duplicated with in the
same scope, identifiers may be duplicated in two different
scopes.
class Student {
int num=10;-----> Class level
short num=20;----> Error
double sal=33.33---> No Error
void print() {
float sal=22.22f; -----> local variable
double fsal=33.33;---> Error
long num=30;---> No Error
}
}
Note 4: In java applications, we can use all predefined class
names and interface names as identifiers.
Examples:
1. String
2. List
3. Scanner
4. Math
5. Runnable
6. Exception
7. String
2. Literals
literals are fixed values that are directly used in your code. They are
used to represent specific data types like numbers, characters,
strings, and Boolean values. Literals make your code more readable
and help you initialize variables and constants with specific values.
Let's explore the different types of literals in Java.
OR
Literal is a constant assigned to the variables
Example
int a=10;
int ----> data types
a ------> variables/ identifier
= ------> Operator
10 -----> constant [Literal].
; ------> Special symbol.
Numeric Literals
Numeric literals represent numerical values. They can be categorized
into integers and floating-point numbers.
Integers
An integer literal is a whole number without a decimal point. It can be
written in different number bases
Decimal: Default base. Example: 123
Binary: Prefixed with 0b or 0B. Example: 0b1010 represents 10.
Octal: Prefixed with 0. Example: 075 represents 61.
Hexadecimal: Prefixed with 0x or 0X. Example: 0x1A represents 26.
Examples:
int decimal = 123;
int binary = 0b1010;
int octal = 075;
int hexadecimal = 0x1A;
Floating-Point Numbers
A floating-point literal represents a real number with a decimal point. It
can be written in standard or scientific notation.
Examples:
double normal = 3.14;
float small = 2.0f;
Character and String Literals
Character literals represent single characters enclosed in single
quotes ' '.
Examples:
char letterA = 'A';
char digit5 = '5';
String Literals
String literals represent sequences of characters enclosed in double
quotes " ".
Examples:
String message = "Hello, World!";
String empty = "";
Boolean Literals
Boolean literals represent the two truth values: true and false.
Examples:
boolean isRaining = true;
boolean hasCoffee = false;
Escape Sequences
Escape sequences are used to represent special characters within
character and string literals. They are written as a backslash \ followed
by a character.
Common escape sequences include:
\' for single quote
\" for double quote
\\ for backslash
\n for newline
\t for tab
\r for carriage return
\b for backspace
Examples:
char singleQuote = '\'';
String quoteExample = "She said, \"Hello!\"";
String newLine = "First line.\nSecond line.";
Null Literal
The null literal represents the absence of a value. It is often used to
indicate that a reference does not refer to any object.
Example:
String name = null;
Java Keywords (Reserved Words)
In Java programming, keywords are special words that have predefined
meanings and functionalities. They are reserved and cannot be used
as identifiers (such as variable names, class names, etc.). Keywords
play a crucial role in defining the structure and behavior of your Java
programs.
Data Types
3. byte: Represents a small integer data type.
4. short: Represents a short integer data type.
5. int: Represents an integer data type.
6. long: Represents a long integer data type.
7. float: Represents a floating-point number data type.
8. double: Represents a double-precision floating-point number
data type.
9. char: Represents a character data type.
10. boolean: Represents a boolean data type.
Control Flow
1. if: Used for conditional branching in decision-making.
2. else: Part of the conditional branching for alternative paths.
3. switch: Enables multiway selection based on different values.
4. case: Specifies different cases within a switch statement.
5. default: Provides a default case within a switch statement.
6. while: Creates a loop that executes while a condition is true.
7. do: Starts a loop that executes at least once and then checks
the condition.
8. for: Initiates a loop with initialization, condition, and
increment/decrement.
9. break: Terminates the current loop or switch statement.
10. continue: Skips the rest of the loop iteration and starts the next
one.
Classes and Objects
1. class: Declares a class.
2. new: Creates a new instance of a class.
3. this: Refers to the current instance of a class.
4. super: Refers to the parent class of a subclass.
5. instanceof: Checks if an object is an instance of a particular
class.
Methods
1. void: Specifies that a method does not return any value.
2. return: Exits a method and returns a value to the caller.
3. static: Declares a method or variable as static (belonging to the
class rather than instances).
4. public: Specifies the accessibility of a class, method, or variable
as public (accessible from anywhere).
5. private: Specifies the accessibility of a class, method, or
variable as private (accessible only within the same class).
6. protected: Specifies the accessibility of a class, method, or
variable as protected (accessible within the same package and
subclasses).
Exception Handling
1. try: Defines a block of code to be tested for exceptions.
2. catch: Catches an exception and specifies how to handle it.
3. finally: Defines a block of code to be executed after try or catch,
regardless of whether an exception occurred.
Miscellaneous
1. package: Declares a package (a collection of related classes).
2. import: Imports classes from other packages for use in the
current program.
3. interface: Declares an interface (a contract for classes to
implement).
4. extends: Indicates inheritance, where a class inherits from
another class.
5. implements: Specifies that a class implements an interface.
6. throws: Specifies that a method may throw a specific type of
exception.
Java Operators
In Java programming, operators are special symbols or keywords that
perform operations on operands (variables, values, or expressions).
Operators play a critical role in manipulating data and controlling
program flow. They allow you to perform tasks such as arithmetic
operations, comparisons, and logical operations.
OR
Operator is a symbol; it will perform a particular operation over the
provided operands.
Arithmetic Operators
Arithmetic operators perform basic mathematical operations.
Operator Description Example
+ Addition int sum = 10 + 13;
Operator Description Example
- Subtraction int difference = 12 - 4;
* Multiplication int product = 2 * 2;
/ Division int quotient = 12 / 2;
% Modulus (remainder) int remainder = 6 % 3;
Increment and Decrement Operators
Increment and decrement operators modify a variable's value by 1.
Operator Description Example
++ Increment int incremented = x++;
-- Decrement int decremented = y--;
Assignment Operators
Assignment operators assign values to variables.
Operator Description Example
= Assign int x = 10;
+= Add and assign x += 5; // x is now 15
-= Subtract and assign x -= 3; // x is now 12
Operator Description Example
*= Multiply and assign x *= 2; // x is now 24
/= Divide and assign x /= 4; // x is now 6
%= Modulus and assign x %= 3; // x is now 0
Comparison Operators
Comparison operators compare values and return a Boolean result.
Operator Description Example
== Equal to boolean isEqual = x == y;
!= Not equal to boolean notEqual = x != y;
< Less than boolean less = x < y;
> Greater than boolean greater = x > y;
<= Less than or equal boolean lessEqual = x <= y;
>= Greater than or equal boolean greaterEqual = x >= y;
Boolean Logical Operators
Logical operators perform logical operations on Boolean values.
Operator Description Example
& Logical AND boolean result = x && y;
| Logical OR boolean result = x || y;
^ Logical XOR boolean result = x ^ y;
A B A&B A|B A^B
T T T T F
T F F T T
F T F T T
F F F F F
Bitwise Logical Operators:
Bitwise Logical operators perform operations at the bit level.
Operator Description
& Bitwise AND
| Bitwise OR
^ Bitwise XOR
<< Left Shift
>> Right Shift
Bitwise AND (&) Operator
A B A&B
0 0 0
0 1 0
1 0 0
1 1 1
Bitwise OR (|) Operator
A B A|B
0 0 0
0 1 1
1 0 1
1 1 1
Bitwise XOR (^) Operator
A B A^B
0 0 0
0 1 1
1 0 1
1 1 0
Bitwise NOT (~) Operator
A ~A
0 1
1 0
Ternary Operator (Conditional Operator)
The ternary operator is a shorthand for an if-else statement.
Operator Description Example
condition If condition is true, evaluate expression int max = (x > y) ? x :
? before: y;
Short-Circuit Operators
• &&
• ||
Operator precedence
