8

Mathematics
Quarter 2 – Module 8:
Inductive and Deductive
Reasoning
Mathematics – Grade 8
Quarter 2 – Module 8: Inductive and Deductive Reasoning
First Edition, 2020

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 8

Mathematics
Quarter 2 – Module 8:
Inductive and Deductive
Reasoning
Introductory Message
For the facilitator:
This module is an instrumental material to be used by the learners in
the Public Schools. It is an initiative way to cope-with the goals of continuing
the education despite of the present situation.
It contains nine learning stages; each lesson always starts with the
presentation of Mathematical Concepts. From there the lesson progresses
through various well- rounded mathematical exercises. The content of these
exercises has been structured to suit not only the age level of the learner but
also his experiences at home and in school. What the learner learned in the
previous stages were reinforced by the next stage. And the last stage is the
Reflection, this is a wall were learners will write his understanding about the
lesson.

As facilitator, you are expected to impart the learners on how to use

this module. It is also expected to track and record learners’ progress while
allowing them to manage on their own pace. Lastly, you are expected to guide
and assist the learners as they engaged the exercises in the module.

For the learner:

Welcome to the Mathematics Self-Learning Module on Inductive and
Deductive Reasoning!

This module was pattern to help you, learners, to achieve better

learning outcome and become prepared for the next grade level. This is an
approach that allows you leaners to express and solve mathematical problems
in a meaningful and easiest way.

ii
Lesson Inductive and Deductive
Reasoning
Let Us Learn!
In this lesson, we will learn to;

a. Uses inductive or deductive reasoning in an argument.

INDUCTIVE REASONING – uses specific examples to arrive at general

rule, generalizations or conclusions.

DEDUCTIVE REASONING – uses basic and/or general statements to

arrive at a conclusion.
Parts of deductive reasoning:
• Hypothesis – the statement which is accepted or known at the
beginning
• Conclusion – the statement drawn from the hypothesis

CONDITIONAL STATEMENTS – a conditional statement, symbolized

by p q, is an if-then statement in which p is a hypothesis and q is a
conclusion. The logical connector in a conditional statement is denoted
by the symbol . The conditional is defined to be true unless a
true hypothesis leads to a false conclusion.

POSTULATES – these are the basic assumptions in Geometry.

Postulates are assumed to be true without proof.

Let Us Try!

Complete the truth table for conditional statements below.

p q p q
True True 1.
True False 2.
False True 3.
False False 4.

1
 Let Us Study

Draw a conclusion from each given situation below and

identify if it is inductive or deductive reasoning.

1. 5, 10, 15, 20. The next number is ____.

2. Coplanar points are points on the same plane. X, Y, and Z are coplanar.
Therefore, _______________________.
3. A regular polygon is equilateral. Belen is a regular pentagon. Therefore,
_____________________________.

Answers:
1. 25. Inductive reasoning from specific examples (5, 10,
15, 20) to general rule (adding 5 to get the next number)
2. X, Y, and Z are on the same plane. Deductive reasoning
from the general rule (coplanar points are points on the same
plane) to specific examples (points X, Y, Z are coplanar)

3. BELEN is equilateral. Deductive reasoning from general rule

(a regular polygon is equilateral) to specific example (regular
pentagon BELEN)

Let Us Practice

Make a conclusion for each of the following situations given below

then identify the reasoning method used.

1. A child’s teacher in pre-

school was a female. In his Specific examples
grades 1 and 2, his teachers
were also both female.
Conclusion/General rule
The child may say that
____________ reasoning
____________________.

2. Filipinos are peace-loving people. Conclusion/General rule

Gianna is a Filipino. Specific example
Therefore, _____________________. _____________ reasoning

2
 Let Us Practice More

Write each statement in the If-Then form. Then determine if it is true or

false.

1. All math wizards are male.

Answer: If you are ____________, then you are a ____________.
________________________________________________

2. Collinear points are points that do not lie on the same line.
Answer: If points are ____________, then they ______________.
________________________________________________

Let Us Assess

Write each statement in the if-then form then determine if it is true or false
by giving examples/counterexample.
1. All birds can fly. If _____________, then it can ___________.
Conclusion: ______________________

2. Two adjacent angles If ______________, then ________________.

form a linear pair. Conclusion: ______________________

Let Us Enhance

Represent each statement by Venn diagram and identify if it is true

or false.

insects
Example: “All bees are insects.”

Conclusion: True, since bees

belong to the insects bees
family.

2
 1. Some women are mothers.
2. If a man is an engineer, then he is a college graduate.

Let Us Reflect

Think of a situation/statement and use conditional statement to

decide if it is true or false.

3
 4
Answer Key 1. Therefore, all 1. If you are a math wizard,
teachers are then you are a male. True
1. True female. Inductive since the word wizards refer to
2. False reasoning male.
3. True 2. Gianna is a 2. If points are collinear, then
4. True peace-loving they don’t line on the same
person. Deductive line. False, since collinear
reasoning points are points lying on the
same line.
1. True.
1. If an animal is a bird,
then it can fly. False,
since ostrich and
penguin are birds but
can’t fly. 2. True.
2. If two angles are
adjacent, then they
form a linear pair.
False, since not all
the time that two
adjacent angles form
a linear pair.
Answer key to Activities
 References

Nivera, G.C., PhD. (2014) Grade 8 Mathematics: Patterns and Practices, Makati
City,SalesianaBooks by Don Bosco Press.

For inquiries or feedback, please write or call:

Department of Education – Division of Tagum City

Office Address: Energy Park, Apokon, Tagum City, 8100

Telefax: (084) 216-3504

E-mail Address: [email protected]