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Requirements
Writing for System
Engineering
—
Project success through realistic
requirements
—
George Koelsch
 Requirements
Writing for System
Engineering

George Koelsch
Requirements Writing for System Engineering
George Koelsch
Herndon, Virginia, USA
ISBN-13 (pbk): 978-1-4842-2098-6 ISBN-13 (electronic): 978-1-4842-2099-3
DOI 10.1007/978-1-4842-2099-3
Library of Congress Control Number: 2016956399
Copyright © 2016 by George Koelsch
This work is subject to copyright. All rights are reserved by the Publisher, whether the whole
or part of the material is concerned, specifically the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of
illustrations, recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on microfilms or in any other physical
way, and transmission or information storage and retrieval, electronic adaptation, computer
software, or by similar or dissimilar methodology now known or hereafter developed.
Trademarked names, logos, and images may appear in this book. Rather than use a trademark
symbol with every occurrence of a trademarked name, logo, or image we use the names, logos,
and images only in an editorial fashion and to the benefit of the trademark owner, with no
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The use in this publication of trade names, trademarks, service marks, and similar terms, even
if they are not identified as such, is not to be taken as an expression of opinion as to whether or
not they are subject to proprietary rights.
While the advice and information in this book are believed to be true and accurate at the
date of publication, neither the authors nor the editors nor the publisher can accept any legal
responsibility for any errors or omissions that may be made. The publisher makes no warranty,
express or implied, with respect to the material contained herein.
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Printed on acid-free paper
This is dedicated to the people who work to protect others around the world, men
and women, military and civilian, especially those I served with in Afghanistan
(yes, you too, Blue Devil).
Contents at a Glance

About the Author ............................................................................ xxi

Acknowledgments ........................................................................ xxiii

■Part I: The Foundation of Requirements ......................... 1

■Chapter 1: The Importance of Requirements .................................. 3
■Chapter 2: What Makes a Good Requirement? ............................. 31
■Chapter 3: Specialized Language ................................................. 75

■Part II: Types of Requirements ..................................... 81

■Chapter 4: Functional Requirements ............................................ 83
■Chapter 5: Nonfunctional Requirements..................................... 107
■ Chapter 6: Lists of Items and the Order of
Steps and Data Elements ............................................................ 151
■Chapter 7: Data Interfaces and Documents ................................ 169
■Chapter 8: Physical Requirements ............................................. 195

■Part III: Cradle to Grave Requirements ....................... 209

■Chapter 9: How to Collect Requirements .................................... 211
■Chapter 10: User Interface Requirements .................................. 245
■Chapter 11: Managing Requirements ......................................... 257

v
■ CONTENTS AT A GLANCE

■Part IV: Alternatives to Shall Requirements ............... 273

■ Chapter 12: Supplementing or Replacing
Standard Requirements .............................................................. 275
■Chapter 13: User Stories............................................................. 301
■Chapter 14: Use Cases ................................................................ 327
■ Chapter 15: Revisiting Requirement Problems and
Their Solutions ........................................................................... 349

■Part V: Appendixes ..................................................... 357

■Appendix A: Acronyms and Abbreviations ................................. 359
■Appendix B: Requirements Documents ...................................... 365
■Appendix C: Section 508 Compliance ......................................... 369
■Glossary...................................................................................... 379
■Bibliography ............................................................................... 389

Index .............................................................................................. 393

vi
Contents

About the Author ............................................................................ xxi

Acknowledgments ........................................................................ xxiii

■Part I: The Foundation of Requirements ......................... 1

■Chapter 1: The Importance of Requirements .................................. 3
Requirements Conventions Used in the Book ......................................... 5
Projects Used in This Book ...................................................................... 6
FBI Record Management Project .............................................................................. 7
Radiation Dosimetry Project ..................................................................................... 7

Basic Definitions ..................................................................................... 8

Definitions of Requirements-Related Terms ............................................................. 8
How Long Does It Take Requirements Engineers to… ............................................. 9

What Makes a Good RE? ....................................................................... 11

Personality Traits .................................................................................................... 11
Good Communications Skills .................................................................................. 17
Summary ................................................................................................................ 19
Challenges for Writing Effective Requirements ..................................... 19
Insufficient Requirements ...................................................................................... 19
Scope...................................................................................................................... 21
Requirements Creep ............................................................................................... 22
Volatility .................................................................................................................. 22
Stove-Piped Requirements ..................................................................................... 23

vii
■ CONTENTS

Users Are Not Sure What They Need....................................................................... 24

User Needs Not Satisfied ........................................................................................ 25
Multiple Interpretations Cause Disagreements ...................................................... 26
Are the Requirements Verifiable? ........................................................................... 26
Wasted Time and Resources Building the Wrong Functions................................... 27
Summary ................................................................................................................ 28

References ............................................................................................ 29
Exercises ............................................................................................... 29
Exercise 1 ............................................................................................................... 29
Exercise 2 ............................................................................................................... 29

■Chapter 2: What Makes a Good Requirement? ............................. 31

Understanding Requirements ................................................................ 31
The Form of a Requirement .................................................................................... 31
Dealing with Negatives in Requirements................................................................ 33

Attributes of a Good Requirement ......................................................... 34

Accurate ................................................................................................................. 36
Atomic .................................................................................................................... 36
Complete ................................................................................................................ 38
Concise ................................................................................................................... 43
Consistent ............................................................................................................... 44
Does Not Conflict with Other Requirements ........................................................... 46
Does Not Duplicate Other Requirements ................................................................ 47
Independent............................................................................................................ 48
Prioritized ............................................................................................................... 51
Realistic .................................................................................................................. 53
Traceable ................................................................................................................ 55
Unambiguous.......................................................................................................... 58
Understandable by Stakeholders ............................................................................ 64

viii
 ■ CONTENTS

Unique .................................................................................................................... 66
Verifiable................................................................................................................. 66
One More Attribute: Modifiable .............................................................................. 70

Capability Within a Requirement ........................................................... 71

Types of Errors That Can Occur with Requirements .............................. 71
Dangerous or Toxic Requirements .......................................................................... 72
Extra, Superfluous Requirements ........................................................................... 72
Incomplete Requirements....................................................................................... 72
Others ..................................................................................................................... 73

References ............................................................................................ 73
Exercises ............................................................................................... 73
Exercise 1 ............................................................................................................... 73
Exercise 2 ............................................................................................................... 74
Exercise 3 ............................................................................................................... 74
Exercise 4 ............................................................................................................... 74
Exercise 5 ............................................................................................................... 74

■Chapter 3: Specialized Language ................................................. 75

The Use of Language ............................................................................. 75
Defining Specialized Terms ................................................................... 77
Acronyms and Abbreviations ................................................................. 78
Summary ............................................................................................... 80
Exercises ............................................................................................... 80
Exercise 1 ............................................................................................................... 80
Exercise 2 ............................................................................................................... 80

ix
■ CONTENTS

■Part II: Types of Requirements ..................................... 81

■Chapter 4: Functional Requirements ............................................ 83
Understanding Types of Requirements.................................................. 83
Types of Functional Requirements ........................................................ 84
Business Rules ....................................................................................................... 85
Transactions ........................................................................................................... 86
Administrative Functions ........................................................................................ 88
Authentication ........................................................................................................ 89
Authorization Levels ............................................................................................... 90
Audit Tracking ......................................................................................................... 91
External Interfaces ................................................................................................. 92
Certification Requirements ..................................................................................... 93
Searching and Reporting Requirements ................................................................. 94
Compliance, Legal, or Regulatory Requirements .................................................... 97
Historical Data ........................................................................................................ 98
Archiving................................................................................................................. 99
Structural .............................................................................................................. 100
Algorithms ............................................................................................................ 101
Database............................................................................................................... 101
Power ................................................................................................................... 102
Network ................................................................................................................ 103
Infrastructure ........................................................................................................ 103
Backup and Recovery ........................................................................................... 104

Summary ............................................................................................. 105

Exercises ............................................................................................. 105
Exercise 1 ............................................................................................................. 105
Exercise 2 ............................................................................................................. 105

x
 ■ CONTENTS

■Chapter 5: Nonfunctional Requirements..................................... 107

The Types of Nonfunctional Requirements .......................................... 107
Architectural ......................................................................................................... 108
Capacity ................................................................................................................ 109
Constraints ........................................................................................................... 110
Documentation ..................................................................................................... 111
Efficiency .............................................................................................................. 111
Effectiveness ........................................................................................................ 112
Fault Tolerance ..................................................................................................... 112
Privacy .................................................................................................................. 113
Quality................................................................................................................... 113
Resilience ............................................................................................................. 114
Robustness ........................................................................................................... 114
Environmental....................................................................................................... 115
Data Integrity ........................................................................................................ 115
Standards ............................................................................................................. 115
Performance ......................................................................................................... 116
Reliability, Availability, and Maintainability (RAM) ................................................. 121
Security ................................................................................................................ 129
Scalability ............................................................................................................. 136
Usability ................................................................................................................ 139
Accessibility.......................................................................................................... 140
Interoperability ..................................................................................................... 141
Portability ............................................................................................................. 142
Stability................................................................................................................. 143
Supportability ....................................................................................................... 144
Testability ............................................................................................................. 144
Recoverability ....................................................................................................... 145
Serviceability ........................................................................................................ 145
Manageability ....................................................................................................... 146

xi
■ CONTENTS

Summary ............................................................................................. 146

References .......................................................................................... 147
Exercises ............................................................................................. 147
Exercise 1 ............................................................................................................. 147
Exercise 2 ............................................................................................................. 147
Exercise 3 ............................................................................................................. 147
Exercise 4 ............................................................................................................. 147
Exercise 5 ............................................................................................................. 148
Exercise 6 ............................................................................................................. 148
Exercise 7 ............................................................................................................. 148
Exercise 8 ............................................................................................................. 148
Exercise 9 ............................................................................................................. 149
Exercise 10 ........................................................................................................... 149
Exercise 11 ........................................................................................................... 149

■ Chapter 6: Lists of Items and the Order of

Steps and Data Elements ............................................................ 151
Lists of Items in Requirements............................................................ 151
Lists of Data Elements......................................................................... 155
Diagnostics Request ............................................................................................. 156
Diagnostics Response .......................................................................................... 157
Image Request Message ...................................................................................... 159
Image Response Message .................................................................................... 159

Order of Steps in Requirements .......................................................... 164

Order of Data Elements in Requirements ............................................ 166
Exercises ............................................................................................. 167
Exercise 1 ............................................................................................................. 167
Exercise 2 ............................................................................................................. 168

xii
 ■ CONTENTS

■Chapter 7: Data Interfaces and Documents ................................ 169

Defining Requirement Data Elements ................................................. 169
Defining Data Elements Within a Requirement ..................................................... 169
Defining Data Elements Within a Database .......................................................... 171

Interface Control Documents............................................................... 174

Input/Outputs ...................................................................................... 177
Outputs ................................................................................................................. 177
Inputs .................................................................................................................... 179
Transformations .................................................................................................... 180

Interface Control Document Formats .................................................. 181

HUD Guidelines for the Data Requirements Document Checklist ......................... 182
DoD ....................................................................................................................... 184
NASA Training Manual for Elements of Interface Definition and Control .............. 187
Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services CMS eXpedited Life Cycle (XLC).......... 192

References .......................................................................................... 193

Exercises ............................................................................................. 194
Exercise 1 ............................................................................................................. 194
Exercise 2 ............................................................................................................. 194

■Chapter 8: Physical Requirements ............................................. 195

Physical Hardware Characteristics...................................................... 195
Overall Weight....................................................................................................... 196
Size ....................................................................................................................... 196
Geometric Shape ................................................................................................. 197
Volume ................................................................................................................. 198
Density.................................................................................................................. 198
Center of Gravity ................................................................................................... 198
Human Portable .................................................................................................... 199
Safety Features .................................................................................................... 199

xiii
■ CONTENTS

Storage ................................................................................................................. 200

Packaging, Cooling, Heating, and Integration Constraints .................................... 200
Power Consumption ............................................................................................. 201
Material ................................................................................................................ 201
Surface Coefficient of Friction .............................................................................. 202
Physical Robustness ............................................................................................. 202
Reliability .............................................................................................................. 202
Throughput ........................................................................................................... 202
Physical Computer Characteristics ....................................................................... 203

Throughput Characteristics ................................................................. 204

Throughput ........................................................................................................... 204
Latency ................................................................................................................. 206

References .......................................................................................... 207

Exercises ............................................................................................. 207
Exercise 1 ............................................................................................................. 207
Exercise 2 ............................................................................................................. 207

■Part III: Cradle to Grave Requirements ....................... 209

■Chapter 9: How to Collect Requirements .................................... 211
Elicitation............................................................................................. 212
Techniques of Elicitation ..................................................................... 213
Elicitation Basics .................................................................................................. 213
Requirements Sources ......................................................................................... 213
An Overview of Elicitation Techniques .................................................................. 214
Questionnaires/Surveys........................................................................................ 216
Group Meetings .................................................................................................... 217
Interviewing .......................................................................................................... 220
Following People Around/Observation .................................................................. 226
Models .................................................................................................................. 227

xiv
 ■ CONTENTS

Document Analysis ............................................................................................... 227

Prototyping ........................................................................................................... 231
Use Cases/Scenarios/User Stories ....................................................................... 231
Working in the Target Environment ...................................................................... 232
Request for Proposals .......................................................................................... 232
Reverse Engineering............................................................................................. 232
Tools ..................................................................................................................... 233
Purpose of Elicitation ............................................................................................ 234

Problems with Elicitation..................................................................... 238

Problems of Scope................................................................................................ 239
Problems of Understanding .................................................................................. 239
Problems of Volatility: Requirements Evolve......................................................... 241

Process Improvement ......................................................................... 241

References .......................................................................................... 243
Exercises ............................................................................................. 243
Exercise 1 ............................................................................................................. 243
Exercise 2 ............................................................................................................. 243

■Chapter 10: User Interface Requirements .................................. 245

Introducing UI Requirements ............................................................... 245
Improving the User Interface ............................................................... 247
Government UI Improvements .............................................................................. 247
Candidate UI Topics for Requirements .................................................................. 249
Error Conditions .................................................................................................... 250
Human Factors ..................................................................................................... 251

Section 508 Compliance...................................................................... 253

References .......................................................................................... 254
Exercises ............................................................................................. 255
Exercise 1 ............................................................................................................. 255

xv
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was the tomb of his father drowned at sea, whose body had been
washed ashore.
“Age thirty-two,” he said in a puzzled tone, “it is strange.” And he
turned with her and walked by her side without speaking.
“Mr. Halley,” she said to break the silence, “you will please forgive
me asking this question, but you seem so entirely alone, I have often
wondered whether you have any relations living. You don’t mind, do
you?”
“Not in the least, Miss Sefton,” he replied with that peculiar sad
smile of his “I can answer the question very simply. I have no
relations, and no friends.”
“That is unkind of you,” she said “surely you count us as friends.”
“I would like to think so,” he said “but we have only known each
other a short time.”
“Do you think friendship must necessarily be a growth of years?”
she asked.
“On the contrary,” he replied, “I believe that when people meet for
the first time they are either friends or not, there is a sort of
instinctive affinity or repulsion, although it may not be felt at the
moment.”
She looked at him with a roguish smile. “And which was it in my
case?” she said.
He did not answer to her mood. “You are on dangerous ground,
you do not know who you are taking as a friend.” There was almost a
note of warning in his voice. He had always been reserved and self-
contained, but of a sudden he stopped and said with emotion:
“Would to God I had never come to England!”
She was startled, for it was the first revelation of what had been
dimly at the back of her mind, that he was not entirely English.
He collected himself, and then walked on.
“I am sorry, for forgetting myself, perhaps I ought to tell you I was
born in Italy and my mother was Italian, although my father was
English. I shall be going back soon, when my work is over.”
“Your work!” she said.
“I have a task to accomplish,” he said in a solemn tone “and I
cannot allow my thoughts to stray to—other things. What am I to do
with love or the lighter side of life?” It was almost as though he was
talking to himself, but a deep blush spread over Ena’s face, and she
turned her head away.
As they emerged from the churchyard avenue the village was
spread out below them in all its hideousness, like some great Fair,
when the show is over. As they came to the foreshore, a figure rose
over the bank from the beach. It was Fletcher, and a look of
annoyance crossed his face when he saw Halley, although he tried
to hide it.
“Good morning, Miss Sefton, I suppose you have been to church. I
should hardly have thought that was in Mr. Halley’s line,” he said with
a sneer.
“Right,” said Halley. “I did not go to church, but I met Miss Sefton
there. I have been looking at your interesting graveyard.”
“What a cheerful subject,” said the other. “I am not much
interested in tombstones myself.”
Halley darted a keen glance at him. “They say,” he said, “there are
sermons in stones, there may be also stories on tombstones of even
greater interest and value.”
“Well, I prefer something a little more amusing,” said Fletcher, and
there was something in his tone which seemed to anger Halley.
Very quietly he said, “I suppose the investigation of crime is an
amusing subject.”
Fletcher stopped dead, and his face went white. “Crime!” he said
“what on earth do you mean?”
Ena was looking from one to the other of the two men.
“Only this,” said Halley lighting a cigarette, “that as you are a
Scotland Yard detective, I suppose most of your life is spent in that
way.”
“A Scotland Yard detective,” blurted out Fletcher.
Halley held up his hand. “Please do not take the trouble to deny it.
I know you were sent down by Scotland Yard to investigate the
murder.”
Fletcher’s mind was in a whirl, it was obviously impossible to deny
the statement made in such an emphatic tone.
“How on earth do you know anything about me?” said he
unguardedly.
Halley shrugged his shoulders.
 “What about you?” said Fletcher angrily. “Who and what are you?
You have come here from no one knows where, and have no
apparent occupation except loafing about and enquiring into other
people’s business, and imposing on trusting girls.”
A look of contempt was on Ena’s face.
“Is it true, Mr. Fletcher? Are you really a detective?”
“It is quite true, Miss Sefton, though how your friend became
acquainted with this, I do not know.” There was an unpleasant
emphasis on the word “friend.” “I suppose you have no objection to
detectives?”
“A man’s business is his own,” she replied with spirit, “but I do not
like anyone who goes under false pretences.”
Fletcher’s usual self-control was deserting him. He saw the
interest which this girl might have had in him gone for ever.
“False pretences,” he repeated “and what about him? Who is he?
For all you know he may be the criminal we are after.”
“If you are going to say things like that,” she replied, “perhaps we
had better say good-day,” and she turned away without another
word.
Halley gave one glance at the angry detective and then followed
her.
“All right, my boy!” said Fletcher to the departing couple. “You’ve
scored one point, but wait until I have got a little more information
and then we will see what opinion Miss Ena will hold of you!”
Ena walked in silence for a while.
“How horrible,” she said at length. “That man came down with me
by the same train, and scratched up an acquaintance. I suppose he
was trying to ‘pump’ me, as they say; that is why he came the other
night, with the police sergeant. I will never trust anyone again.”
Halley looked at her for a moment.
“Did I not tell you not to make friends at sight?” he said bitterly, but
she turned quickly to him.
“Oh! I am so sorry, I did not mean that, of course I was not
referring to you.”
“But why not? You know as little about me as you did about
Fletcher.”
She was confused, and took refuge in his own words.
 “But then you said friendship was an instinctive thing. I never took
to Mr. Fletcher, though I knew nothing against him, and he was a
stranger.”
The lunch at the Sefton’s bungalow was cheerful, in spite of the
cloud hanging over the affairs of all three. Jack was a changed being
now that he had taken his resolve, and listened with interest to the
tales of foreign travel with which Halley regaled them, for Halley was
in a mood they had never seen before. His usual gravity was gone,
and they realised what a wonderful talker he could be when he liked,
and in the days which followed they looked back on this meal with
especial pleasure. The men had just settled to smoke, when there
came a hasty knock at the door. Southgate was standing outside
panting, for he had walked fast, and his face was red, but there was
an anxious look in his eyes.
“Come away at once, Mr. Halley,” he said urgently. “I have
something to tell you.”
With apologies Halley went outside.
“I am sorry,” he said when he returned to the others “I must go with
Southgate, and I am afraid I shall have to go to London to-morrow. I
will get back as soon as I can.”
 Chapter XI.
The Meaning of “The Red Cote”
The following Saturday Sefton was waiting in his bungalow, and
Ena was with him, rather nervous, but glad that the shadow was to
be lifted at last. Jack had written to Andrews to tell him that he was
going to make an explanation with regard to The Red Cote, and
asked him to be present. Fletcher he had deliberately ignored,
though he felt certain that he would turn up. Halley had not returned
from London, and there had been no news of him.
Andrews arrived punctually to the minute, and as was expected,
Fletcher was with him. Sefton found seats for them, and began in
quiet tones, different indeed from the irritable manner of the past
weeks.
“You asked me the other day, what I was doing at The Red Cote. I
am now in a position to tell you, thank God. When my father died, I
had almost finished my course at the Hospital, and was within sight
of being a qualified doctor. I was unable to go on through lack of
funds. Before he died, my father entrusted a secret to me. He had
been carrying out researches in certain obscure nervous diseases.
My father firmly believed in Psychoanalysis, and had also a special
appliance of an electrical nature with which he was experimenting.
“Not being qualified, I could not practice openly, nor did I wish to
reveal to the medical world the exact nature of the process, until I
had thoroughly tested it. You will remember, Ena,” he said turning to
his sister, “that when we first came here, I was writing a large
number of letters, and you thought that I was trying to get work of
some sort. My real object was to get hold of patients, who wished to
be treated privately. I was obliged to take a bungalow for the
treatment, and was perhaps over-anxious to keep the matter secret,
so constructed a room in which I could work, in the centre of the
bungalow. I rather foolishly thought that if the place was lighted up it
would be less conspicuous than if it was in darkness, but it seems to
have called attention to it instead.
“I could not bring them here as they were practically lunatics.
“Among my patients was Summers the bank manager from
Tunbridge Wells.” The listeners gave a start of surprise.
“Summers was in a curious state when he came to me,” Sefton
continued. “He was not mad, but was on the border-line, and I was
afraid that he would commit suicide. He should have told his people,
but I could see that the slightest suggestion of such a thing would
have spelt disaster. He was convinced that he was dead. The
treatment was doing him good, and I had hopes that he would make
a complete recovery, when you got busy over the so-called mystery,
and I had to exercise the utmost caution. Then Summers
disappeared.”
Andrews lifted his eyebrows and glanced at Fletcher.
Sefton was quick to notice it. “No,” he said. “I should not have
been quite such a fool as to tell you this story, if I could not produce
the man. He will be here presently, but for obvious reasons an
explanation was first necessary.”
“When you called on me I had no more idea where he was than
you had, and I could see that if he had committed suicide, my
position would be black.”
Fletcher’s face was suffused with red, and he banged the table.
“I see it all now,” he said. “Summers and Halley are one and the
same man. That’s what he was doing here.”
There was a look of contempt on the face of Sefton.
“If that’s what a detective is paid for I don’t think much of the
service. Wasn’t Halley here last week when you came to ask
questions? If I am not mistaken here is Summers himself.”
In answer to a knock, Ena went to the door, and admitted a tall
man answering exactly to the description given in the papers and on
the wireless of the missing man. He bowed to the company, and
shook hands with Sefton.
“This is Mr. Summers,” said he introducing him to the others.
Summers passed a nervous hand over his eyes, and said “I am
afraid I can’t talk much. I am not very well, but thanks to Mr. Sefton I
am making a wonderful recovery. He has told me I was wrong to run
away, but I had dreams and was haunted; now I can see things
better.”
Ena went to him with the instinct of a true woman. “My brother has
been telling us all about you. You will be all right now; you are
among friends, and must come and stop here till you are well.”
A look of deep gratitude come to his thin face, and he seemed
calmer and more self-possessed.
“Thank you,” he said. “I have entire confidence in your brother, and
I will do whatever he wishes.”
So here was the explanation of The Red Cote, commonplace as
all explanations are when you hear them.
Fletcher felt that he had cut a poor figure, and was eager to
retrieve his reputation; he had another shot in his locker, but to use
this would extinguish his last chance to stand well with Ena. He
glanced at her and hesitated. Andrews rose to his feet.
“Your story has been quite interesting, and as far as I am
concerned, convincing,” he said holding out his hand. “You could not
have done otherwise than you have done.”
“One moment,” said Fletcher, having made his decision. “Mr.
Sefton, can you explain with equal ease how it was that you changed
a five pound note at the Black Horse with Southgate which was one
of those stolen from Lord Reckavile?”
There was an ominous silence in the room; Ena’s eyes flashed,
while Andrews looked at the floor, marvelling at the crudity of the
question, but Sefton remained calm.
“If you had asked your question in a less offensive manner, I would
have answered you; now you can find out for yourself.”
He saw the look of pain in Ena’s eyes, and remembered how
worried she had been about the money.
“But for my sister’s sake I will tell you,” he added. “I have only
changed one such note at the Black Horse, and that was for old
Giles. He asked me whether I could change it for him, and I did so.
You can ask him yourself.”
“Humph,” said Fletcher, “we shall see about that,” and he rose.
“Come on, Andrews, we shall do no more with these people.”
 Chapter XII.
The Unknown Speaker
The whole case was getting on Fletcher’s nerves. He had paid a
visit to Giles, to follow up the clue about the money.
The old man was quite straightforward; it was true, he had asked
Sefton to change a five pound note for him, which had been given
him by Lord Reckavile as wages. When his Lordship was away he
never sent any money, but when he came home, he had been in the
habit of giving the old servant quite large sums to carry on with.
It was quite possible, and there was nothing to be said about this,
but yet Fletcher felt somehow that all these people were combining
to thwart his efforts and were secretly laughing at him.
What was Halley doing in Portham? And what was Southgate up
to in his nocturnal visit to the castle, for he was sure that that was
where he had gone in the night, though he had no definite proof.
Halley had returned from London, so much he had learnt, and was
again visiting the Sefton’s bungalow, where Summers was now
openly staying as a paying guest, under Sefton’s care.
He returned from a troubled walk; his stay at Portham was already
lasting too long, and hints from Headquarters had been thrown out
that if he could not manage the job, he had better return.
He had allowed his thoughts to stray to the fair grace of Ena
Sefton, only to have the cup dashed to the ground by the revelation
of his profession, as if there was anything to be ashamed of in being
a detective. It was better than an unknown adventurer anyhow, he
kept on telling himself in self pity.
He arrived at the Club in a despondent mood, and was met by
Brown, the constable.
The latter had an air of mystery about him.
“Well, what is it, Brown,” he asked “anything fresh?”
 “Yes, sir,” said the other, glancing round.
“It’s all right, you may talk here,” said Fletcher testily.
“Well, sir, you remember that I told you that when I heard that Mr.
Halley speaking it reminded me of something. I have been worrying
over it, and it has all come back to me now. I am quite certain that it
was he who was in the room with Lord Reckavile when he was
murdered. It was his voice we heard. It came through two doors and
was muffled, but there is no mistaking his tone.”
Fletcher started back; here was news indeed.
“Are you absolutely certain, Brown?” he said “remember this is of
the very utmost importance, you must not make a mistake.”
“I am certain,” said the constable doggedly.
“And I’ll tell you another thing, sir, when I found those two men in
the library, although I only had a glimpse, I am nearly positive one of
them was Halley.”
“Can you swear to that?” said Fletcher gripping the other’s arm in
his excitement.
“No, sir, I can’t swear to that, only in my own mind I am pretty
sure.”
“Well, we have something to go upon at last,” said Fletcher. “Not a
word of this to anyone. We must get some more details. I knew that
fellow with his superior manners and hypocritical ways was a crook,
though why he should make love to a penniless girl like Ena Sefton,
is beyond me.”
But if he had hit at last on the real criminal, there was something
still hidden. What could be more stupid than for a man to commit a
murder, and then remain on in the village for no reason, unless …
He recalled to his mind cases where men who had fallen in love
had committed every kind of indiscretion and jeopardised their
safety. He had on his journeyings visited the Castle of Blois, and
seen the spot where the Duc de Guise had stood eating prunes,
while waiting for the summons of the King which had been a call to
death, and all because in spite of warnings, he had remained on, in
attendance on his mistress.
Giles, when he was examined was less sure than the constable.
“I couldn’t be sartin’,” he kept on repeating, “I were that flustered,
and I be ’ard of ’earing. No I dun’no as ’ow I cud swear to any voice
for sartin’.”
Fletcher was cute enough to see that such evidence was
worthless, and that the stubborn old man would not alter his
evidence in the Box.
But a startling new piece of information came to hand by accident,
when he returned to the Club, and fell into conversation with the
steward.
Their talk turned on Sefton, and the mystery which was no longer
a mystery.
“Yes, sir,” said the steward, “I knew he was a doctor. He brought a
gentleman in here sometime ago, who was bleeding like a stuck pig.
I held the basin for him, and the way he bound him up showed me
he had some experience.”
“When was this?” said Fletcher without suspecting anything
important. The other laughed; “I can easily tell you that,” said he “it
was the night the murder took place at the castle.”
“What?” said Fletcher “and who was the man?”
“That I can’t tell you for certain. He was on a seat outside the Club,
and the night was dark. Mr. Sefton thought he had fallen down and
cut himself. I thought it was just a case of drunkenness. I believe it
was Mr. Halley who’s staying in the village.”
There was only one thing to do, although Fletcher knew he would
not meet with a genial reception from Sefton.
He made his way to his bungalow, and asked for him. The tousled
maid who did odd jobs, and did them mighty badly, informed him that
the “Doctor,” as she called him, was in, but Miss Sefton was out, at
which Fletcher was rather relieved.
Sefton came to the door and eyed his visitor with little favour.
“Well, what is it?” he asked.
“Mr. Sefton,” said the Detective formally “I would not come to you if
it was not on a matter of great importance, but I believe you can give
me some information.”
“What is it now?” said Sefton.
“On the night of the murder, I understand you bound up a man
who was wounded or injured in some way, at the Club. Would you
mind telling me who that was?”
 “Really, Fletcher,” said Sefton “you have a lot to learn in your
profession. Your questions are very crude. If I treat a man medically I
no more disclose his name than a priest does one who comes to
confession.”
His manner annoyed Fletcher.
“That’s all nonsense,” he said “you are not a real doctor and in any
case in the interests of justice …”
Sefton cut him short.
“The interests of justice are concerned with criminals, and as the
man in question had nothing to do with the crime, there is no reason
to reveal his name. You will excuse me, but I am rather busy.”
“Yes, and I know why you refuse,” said Fletcher “because it was
that fellow Halley. I believe you are all conspiring together to shield
him but I’ll …”
Fletcher was left to face a closed door, and turned away with
death in his heart. Were the whole village in league to cheat the
ends of justice?
In a furious mood he made his way to the telephone to call up
Sergeant Andrews.
 Chapter XIII.
Detained on Suspicion
“Mr. Halley, will you accompany us to Ashstead, I have a car
outside; you will probably know why we have come.”
It was Sergeant Andrews who spoke these ominous words. By his
side was Fletcher with a smile of triumph on his face. He had run his
enemy to earth at last, and even though he might be treated with
scorn by Ena, what would be her opinion of his rival? There was a
tense silence; Halley stood motionless, not a muscle moved.
Fletcher with deliberate cruelty had staged this scene at the Sefton’s
Bungalow.
“As you are police officers, I suppose I may take it that you
suspect me of some crime,” said Halley calmly.
“We wish to ask you some questions with regard to the murder of
Lord Reckavile, and these are better dealt with by the proper
authorities,” said Andrews, who disliked his task.
“I will come with you,” said Halley. “Am I to be handcuffed or
anything of that sort?” There was irony in his tone which was galling
to Fletcher.
“Not at present,” he said sharply.
Before another word could be said there was a cry, a door was
flung open, and Ena came into the room. Her eyes were blazing with
anger, as she walked straight across to Halley and stood by his side.
“What was this I heard,” she said “Police! Arrest! They must be
mad.”
“We shall see about that,” said Fletcher, “when your precious
friend is in the Dock.”
“It is untrue,” she said. “Tell them that it is utterly false.” In spite of
her complete trust in him there was a terrible lurking suspicion at the
back of her mind. She knew that he was not a murderer, but the facts
that had leaked out from her brother’s statement, that a struggle had
taken place at the castle might mean that he had acted in self-
defence, but surely not with a knife, she could not believe that he
would, even in anger, deal so cowardly a blow.
Halley spoke.
“Miss Sefton,” he said, “to these police officers I would have said
nothing, but since you have asked me, I can tell you that I did not
commit this crime.” Fletcher gave a contemptuous laugh, which
made even Sergeant Andrews look at him in reproof—it was
unprofessional.
Halley continued calmly. “What is more to the point is that I can
easily prove my innocence.”
Her faced cleared. “I knew there must be some terrible mistake,”
she said.
Sergeant Andrews felt the conversation had gone far enough.
“I am very sorry, Miss Sefton, that you were here at all. Mr.
Fletcher told me that you were not at home, and that we merely
came for Mr. Halley. I had just driven to fetch him, so we had better
get off.”
Ena came to the door, her face was white, but she had a look of
pride and confidence.
“Come back to us soon,” she said, “you will receive a warm
welcome,” and she glanced a look of hatred and contempt at
Fletcher.
“Do not worry about me, it will only be a matter of a few hours,”
Halley said as the car drove off.
The examination was short, but Halley for the first time felt the
indignity of his position, for the surroundings in which he found
himself were enough to disgust any man of decent breeding.
The police at the station pushed him along as though he had been
caught in the act of stealing a purse or cutting a throat. He realised
how utterly futile is the old adage that a man under British Law is
considered innocent until he is proved guilty.
The short sharp questions of the Inspector grated on him, and
behind it all was the vision of one young girl torn with anxiety and
waiting to know the issue of this day’s business.
 His pride would have made him keep silent, but the image ever
before him forced him to speak.
“If I studied my own interests,” he said “I would let you go on with
this absurd charge, and burn your fingers over the matter. If you are
wise you will let me clear myself immediately. The murder of which
you accuse me took place on the 20th of January and on that night I
have at least three witnesses who can testify that I was with them
during the entire evening, and therefore could not have been at
Reckavile Castle.”
The firmness of his tone and the quiet manner in which he spoke
disconcerted the Inspector, and he turned to Fletcher for advice.
“I have evidence,” said Fletcher “of the most compromising
character, and in spite of what this man says I would strongly advise
that he be detained, and brought before the Magistrates, where the
whole matter can be gone into. I may add,” he said with meaning,
“that I represent Scotland Yard in this matter.”
The Inspector was at a loss as to what to do; on the one hand he
had a heavy respect for the Yard; on the other Halley’s manner had
impressed him.
“Who are your witnesses?” he asked Halley.
“If you care to send for a certain Mr. Southgate of the Black Horse
at Portham Village and his wife, they will both confirm what I have
said. And there is a fisherman who also saw me there on that night. I
merely say this in your own interests,” he added “for it does not bring
the police force into good repute when they make wrongful arrests.”
The Inspector scratched his head in perplexity.
“I think, Mr. Fletcher,” he said “we had better either send for these
witnesses, or wire for instructions from Scotland Yard.”
For the first time, serious doubts crossed Fletcher’s mind and he
addressed Halley in a more conciliatory tone.
“But if you can prove an alibi, can you account for the fact that
Brown is willing to swear an oath that it was you who were talking
with Lord Reckavile immediately before his murder.”
Halley shrugged his shoulders. “It is not for me to prove my
innocence,” he said, “but for you to prove my guilt. I am always to be
found, I do not intend to run away, but you must have better
evidence than you have at present before you can prove your case.”
 “I think on the whole,” said the Inspector, “we had better send for
these people.”
Fletcher remained silent, and the Inspector took this for
acquiescence. He rang his bell, and an officer appeared.
“Tell Sergeant Andrews,” he said “to motor in at once and bring out
the landlord of the Black Horse, and his wife, and get the name of
the fisherman whom Mr. Halley says was with him on the night of the
murder.”
The officer saluted and went out.
There was an awkward pause. The Inspector had not any special
liking for the interference of Scotland Yard, and was rather pleased
with the prospect of proving their envoy in the wrong.
“Can you help us to throw any light whatever on this mysterious
matter?” he said to Halley.
“I could say a good deal,” said Halley, “but while I am an accused
person I refuse to make any statement whatever.”
“Then I may take it that you have information which might lead to
the detection of the criminal and are deliberately withholding it?”
“Which criminal?” said Halley.
The Inspector gave an impatient gesture. “You know what I mean,
the murderer of Lord Reckavile.”
“Oh, I understand, I thought you meant the other.”
“Are you talking in riddles to amuse yourself?”
Halley shrugged his shoulders. “Perhaps you will learn the answer
some day.”
After a wait of half an hour, Sergeant Andrews arrived in the car
accompanied by Southgate, his wife and a fisherman. There was a
look of vexation on the Sergeant’s face.
“I am afraid there is something wrong, sir,” he said to the
Inspector. “It appears that on the night when the murder took place,
Mr. Halley was at the Black Horse with Southgate and his wife, and
was also seen by a considerable number of other people. I would not
trust the landlord much myself, but the evidence of an alibi is
overwhelming.”
Fletcher intervened. “There are certain movements of Southgate’s
which require explanation. He had a habit of going out at night on the
excuse of fishing, when it is impossible for anyone to put a boat to
sea.”
The landlord grinned broadly. “I am afraid this gentleman suffers
from nerves. ’E was very scared when ’e stopped at my poor place.”
When all the evidence had been heard, there was only one thing
to do; Halley was released with profuse apologies from the Inspector,
and was sent off in the same car in which he had been brought in as
a suspected person. The police officers stared blankly at each other.
The Inspector was a man of few words.
“You have made a pretty mess of things,” he said to Fletcher, “I
should think Scotland Yard will be rather pleased.”
Fletcher flushed angrily.
“If all the information that your police officers give me is as
accurate as what I have just had, I do not think much of their
efficiency.”
“Well, it is no good quarrelling,” said the other “you have tried to
pin the crime on to young Sefton, on to Mr. Halley and now I can see
you suspect Southgate, though he also has a complete alibi. Who is
going to be your next victim?”
Halley got out of the car before he reached Portham, and walked
slowly to the Sefton bungalow. Sefton was at The Red Cote, where
he worked all day, and Halley knew that Ena would be alone and
anxious. He softly approached the house and walked in without
knocking, as he had been accustomed to do for some time. There
were no signs of the girl in the lounge, and he tapped softly on her
door.
“Who is that?” a muffled voice replied.
“It is I, Halley,” he said.
There was a sharp cry from within, and Ena came out; her face
showed signs that she had been crying, and she had a strained look,
but she came forward with a glad welcome and took both his hands
in a frank open manner.
“Oh, I am so glad you are back,” she said “I know it was all a
mistake, but how terrible it has been for you.”
He did not let go of her hands, but said quietly:
“And for you too?”
 She looked down now and murmured. “The most terrible time of
my life.”
“Ena,” he said, and she did not resent the use of her Christian
name, “even you were not quite sure of my innocence; I could see
it.”
“Oh! don’t think that,” she replied “it is not true, I knew you had
never committed a murder, but I thought …” and she stopped.
“What was it you thought?” he said almost sternly.
“Oh, you know what my brother says about the struggle in the
room, and that Lord Reckavile must have struck his assailant, and
the words he said suggested a quarrel. I thought perhaps he might
have assaulted you.”
“And that I had stuck a knife into him,” he said sadly.
“Oh. No! No! I knew you could not have done that.”
A sudden look of amazement came into Halley’s face.
“My God,” he said “I think I can see light, but if so how devilish!
How fiendishly cunning!”
She was startled and tried to release her hands, but he led her
gently to a seat and sat beside her.
“Let us forget this horrible business if we can. I want to tell you
something. There is a mystery in my life, which I cannot explain even
to you at present. Some day perhaps I may be able to do so. This
alone has prevented me from saying something to you which has
been burning into my head since first I saw you.”
Ena gave him a quick glance, and then looked down.
“I think you can guess what it is, and if you have nothing to say to
me, I will walk out of this room and out of your life sooner than hurt
your feelings. When first I met you on that windy afternoon, when
you were battling against the storm so bravely, and I learned that this
was the symbol of your life—battling against the Storm, my heart
went out to you in sympathy such as I have never felt to anyone else
in the world, and during those following days, when your sweet
companionship meant so much to me—more than you perhaps will
ever know—I knew that for the first time in my life I loved, and would
go on loving for all time, whether you cared for me or not.”
His voice was very tender.
 “Love I take it,” he said “is sacrifice and service. My whole mind
and body has been in your service and yours only since first we met,
and if my life could have been given to lift the burden, which I saw
was hanging over you, I would willingly have made the sacrifice.”
“I know,” she said softly, and tears were falling unrestrainedly and
she made no effort to wipe them from her face.
He waited for a moment and then continued.
“It is possible that I have hurt you by what I have said. I will not
insult you with the usual question as to whether there is someone
else to whom you have already given your heart, nor will I ask you
for an answer now.”
Then she looked up at last.
“Surely you men must be completely blind. I think you are the only
one of our acquaintances who has not seen the truth that I have
loved you all the time.”
With a great sigh he gathered her into his arms. She nestled her
head on his shoulder and with a happy laugh said,
“If you had not spoken to me, I think I should have to have spoken
to you. My brother has been constantly warning me that I am
throwing myself away on you. Fletcher taunted me with the same
thing, and I am sure all those police constables must have seen the
state of things to-day, when I gave myself away completely.”
His manner was gay, in contrast to his usual gravity.
“Well you have given yourself away now completely, I hope.
Come, let’s walk to The Red Cote, and tell your brother.”
With a happy smile, she took his hand and they went out together.
 Chapter XIV.
A Vision of the Night
The news that Halley and Ena were engaged was the last straw to
Fletcher. One thing was now firm in his mind, to find out the truth of
the whole matter, and not to fail in this at any rate, for failure was
intolerable after all the indignities he had suffered.
In spite of his common-sense mind, he began to have a feeling
that something not altogether natural had played a hand in the affair.
There was the mysterious “Other Man” who obtruded himself at
every turn, elusive and vague, but always felt.
The man who had talked with Reckavile, and whose voice Brown
had sworn was Halley’s. The man who had been in the library with
one who, he was morally certain, was Southgate. The one who had
appeared to him in the library under such strange circumstances,
and the man with a bleeding wound who had been bandaged up by
Sefton.
At every turn he was met by this mysterious individual. Was there
anything in this Curse theory after all? Surely we had outgrown these
ideas!
There was only one thing to do; for some unexplained reason
attempts had been made to get into the library after the murder.
What was the object? And had that object been accomplished?
The queer old man, the memory of whom sent a cold shudder
down his back, had done nothing, and the supposed burglars had
been disturbed, but had they tried to come again?
Here was evidently the key to the mystery.
Fletcher made up his mind that he would spend his nights in the
room, and stake all on this chance.
For nights he watched, a tortured man. He sat in the dark, and
tried to reconstruct the scene. Here was Lord Reckavile talking to—
someone. Then there was a sudden attack—but by whom?
Reckavile or the other. By the evidence Reckavile was the
aggressor, but nothing could alter the fact that a knife was sticking in
his ribs.
His mind turned in a curious way to the round leather object found
on the dead man. What was it, and had it any bearing on the crime?
There were signs of the coming dawn, and a very dim light was
filtering into the room, for the blinds were not drawn, when very
faintly a slight jarring noise came to his ears; someone was
approaching through the Hall. He silently slid behind the sofa, and
lay there clutching the powerful electric torch which he had brought
with him. The sounds grew louder and there was a creak of a board,
then he heard a whisper which told him that more than one person
was approaching. His senses were strained to catch the slightest
indication as to who the visitors might be. He was convinced now
that they were standing close to him. He could hear rapid breathing,
but no other sound broke the silence. Now was the time for action.
This time he had come armed, and holding his revolver in the right
hand, he rose to his feet and switched on the torch.
Utter amazement kept him spellbound. Close to the old desk, and
bending over it were two men, who rose and faced him at the
sudden flood of light. The one was his mysterious visitor, the old man
who had appeared before, but strange as this was, the sight of the
other is what filled him with astonishment, for this was no other than
Sinclair, his own Chief at Scotland Yard.
“Who is that?” asked Sinclair shading his eyes from the glare of
the torch.
Fletcher advanced. “I am Fletcher, sir. But what on earth are you
doing here?”
With all his sense of respect, there was a note of suspicion in his
voice, at which Sinclair laughed heartily.
“Oh! we are not committing a burglary,” he said “but as things were
hanging fire, I thought I had better come down and have a look at
matters for myself.”
“And may I ask,” said Fletcher rather annoyed that his Chief had
come without informing him, “who is that with you?”
The old detective seemed to hesitate for a moment.
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