 Angles

CONTENTS An angle is formed when two rays/two lines/two

line segments initiate from the same initial point.
 Definitions of lines and angles
We find many examples of angles in our
 Intersecting lines surroundings like between two walls of a room,
between edges of a table, road crossing, etc.
 Transversal line  Right angle

 Parallel lines
An angle of measure 90° is called a right angle.
In figure BOA is a right angle.

 Point
A fine dot made by a sharp pencil or a
geometrical figure having no length, breadth and
height is called a point.  Acute angle

 Line Segment An angle whose measure is between 0° and 90° is

called an acute angle.
A geometrical figure obtained by joining two
points is called a line segment.

Here AB is a line segment.

It has definite length.
 Line
 Obtuse angle
If we extend the two end points in either direction
An angle whose measure is more than 90° but less
endlessly, we get a line.
than 180° is called an obtuse angle.
It has no definite length.

 Ray
A ray is a geometrical figure which has one end
point. P is an end point.

 Straight angle
 An angle of 180° is called a straight angle.

 Complete angle
An angle of 360° is called a complete angle.

Note :

 Complementary Angles (a) APB and APC are not adjacent

angles because their other arms PB and
Two angles are said to be complementary if the PC are not on the opposite sides of the
sum of their measures is 90°, and each angle is common arm PA.
said to be complement of each other.
(b) If a ray stands on a line then the sum of the
For example, (45°, 45°), (10°, 80°), (20°, 70°), adjacent angles so formed is 180°.
(30°, 60°).
 Linear Pair Angles
Note :
Two adjacent angles are said to form a linear pair
(a) If two angles are complement of each other if their non-common arms are two opposite rays.
then each angle is an acute angle, but any two
acute angles need not be complementary, for In figure, POQ and QOR form a linear pair as
example, 20° and 60° are acute angles but are their non-common arms OP and OR are two
not complement of each other. opposite rays i.e., POR is a line.

(b) Two obtuse angles and two right angles

cannot be complement of each other.
 Supplementary Angles
Two angles are said to be supplementary if sum of
their measures is 180°, and each angle is said to
be supplement of each other.
Note :
For example, (10°, 170°), (20°, 160°), (30°, 150°),
(a) Two linear pair angles can also be
(40°, 140°), (50°, 130°) etc. are all pairs of
adjacent angles but it is not necessary
supplementary angles.
that two adjacent angles will be linear pair
Note : angles.
(a) Two acute angles cannot be supplement of (b) A pair of supplementary angles forms a linear
each other. pair when placed adjacent to each other.
(b) Two right angles are always supplementary.  Vertically Opposite Angles
(c) Two obtuse angles cannot be supplement of Two angles formed by two intersecting lines
each other. having no common arm are called vertically
 Adjacent Angles opposite angles.

Two angles are called adjacent angles if

(i) they have a common vertex (in figure, point P
is common vertex).
(ii) they have a common arm (in figure, PB is
common arm).
(iii) their other arms lie on the opposite sides of In figure, two lines PQ and RS are intersecting at
the common arm (in figure, PC and PA) point O. We observe that with the intersection of
these lines, four angles have been formed.
So, in figure, APB and BPC are adjacent
angles.
 POR and SOQ form a pair of vertically The complement of x = 90° – x
opposite angles, while POS and ROQ form
According to the question :
another pair of vertically opposite angles.
angle = complement of angle
Note :
so, x = 90° – x
Vertically opposite angles are always equal.
 x + x = 90°
Important Facts :
 2x = 90°
(1) The sum of all angles formed on the same side
of a line at a given point on a line is 180°.  x = 45°
(2) The sum of all angles around a point is 360°. So, angle is 45°.

EXAMPLES  Ex.4 In the adjoining figure

Ex.1 Find the complement of the following angles:

(i) Is 1 adjacent to 2 ?
(ii) Is AOC adjacent to AOE ?
(iii) Do COE and EOD form a linear pair?
(iv) Are BOD and DOA supplementary ?
(v) Is 1 vertically opposite to 4 ?
(vi) What is the vertically opposite angle of
Sol. Complement of 20° = 90° – 20° = 70°. 5 ?
Complement of 63° = 90° – 63° = 27°. Sol. (i) Yes, 1 is adjacent to 2 (by definition
of adjacent angles)
Complement of 57° = 90° – 57° = 33°.
(ii) No, AOC is not adjacent to AOE as
Ex.2 Find the supplement of each of the following OC and OE are not opposite of side OA
angles : (common arm)
(iii) Yes, COE and EOD form a linear
pair as COE + EOD = 180°.
(iv) Yes, BOD and DOA are
supplementary angles.
BOD + DOA = 180°
(v) Yes, 1 and 4 are vertically opposite
angles.
(vi) The vertically opposite angle of 5 is
Sol. Supplement of 105° = 180° – 105° = 75°. COB.
Supplement of 87° = 180° – 87° = 93°. Ex.5 Find the values of the angles x, y and z in
Supplement of 154° = 180° – 154° = 26°. each of the following :
Ex.3 Find the angle which is equal to its
complement.
Sol. Let angle = x
 a = 20°.
Hence, a = 20°.

Two lines are said to be intersecting if they have a

point in common. This common point is called the
Sol. (i) x = 55° (vertically opposite angle)
point of intersection of intersecting lines.
x + y = 180° (linear pair angles)
55° + y = 180°
y = 180° – 55°
y = 125°
z = y In figure, AB and CD are intersecting lines and O
z = 125°. (vertically opposite angles) is intersecting point.
(ii) 40° + x + 25° = 180° For example, letter X made up of line segments
contains intersecting lines.
(angles on a straight line)
x + 65° = 180°
x = 180° – 65° A line that intersects two or more lines at distinct
 x = 115° points is called a transversal line.
z = 40° In figure, t is a transversal to lines p and q.
y + z = 180°
(vertically opposite angles)
y = 180° – 40° (linear pair angles)
y = 140°
Ex.6 Determine the value of a.

Two lines l and m are said to be parallel if (i) they

lie in the same plane (ii) they do not intersect
when produced indefinitely in either direction and
we write l || m (which is read as 'l is parallel to m')
l || m also implies that m || l.
Sol. Since ROQ and TOU are vertically
opposite angles. The distance between two parallel lines is same
everywhere or if the perpendicular distances
TOU = ROQ between two lines are equal, lines are parallel,
 TOU = 4a (ROQ = 4a given) other wise not.
SOT + TOU + UOP = 180° For example, the distance between two Railway
lines.
(angles on straight line)
a + 4a + 4a = 180°
Angles formed when a transversal cuts two
9a = 180° lines :

a= Let two lines p and q be cut by a transversal t,

then the following angles are formed.
 Exterior Angles
Alternate interior angles :
Angles which do not contain the segment of the
(i) have different vertices,
transversal between the two lines are called
exterior angles. (ii) lie on opposite side of the transversal, and
 Interior Angles (iii) lie between the two lines.
The angles whose arms include the line segment In other words, A pair of angles in which one arm
of the transversal between the two lines are called of each of the angle lies on opposite side of the
interior angles. transversal and other arm of the angle is the
segment of the transversal, made by the two line
 Corresponding Angles
is called a pair of alternate interior angles.
Observe the angles marked in each of the figure.
 Alternate Exterior Angles

A pair of angles in which one arm of both the

angles is on opposite side of the transversal and
whose other arms do not include the segment of
the transversal, made by the two lines, and are
directed in opposite sides of segment of the
transversal is called a pair of alternate exterior
angles.

The angles which

(i) have different vertices
(ii) lie on the same side of the transversal and
(iii) are in corresponding positions (above or
below, left or right) relative to the two lines
are called corresponding angles.
In other words, two angles on the same side of the
transversal either above or below the two given S. Name of angles Angles
lines are called corresponding angles.
No.
 Alternate Interior Angles
(i) Interior angles 2, 4, 5 and 6
(ii) Exterior angles 1, 3, 7 and 8 (ii) If 4 = 6, then a || b (if alternate interior
angles are equal the lines are parallel or
(iii) Pairs of corresponding 1 & 5, 2 & 7, alternate interior angle property)
angles 3 & 6, 4 & 8
(iii) If 4 + 5 = 180°, then a || b
(iv) Pairs of alternate 4 & 5 and
interior angles [as interior angles on the same side (co-interior
2 & 6 angles) of the transversal are supplementary].
(v) Pairs of alternate 3 & 7 and Ex.8 In the adjoining figure, identify
exterior angles
1 & 8 (i) the pairs of corresponding angles
(vi) Pairs of interior angles 4 & 6 and (ii) the pairs of alternate interior angles
on the same side of the
2 & 5 (iii) the pairs of interior angles on the same
transversal
side of the transversal
(vii) Pairs of exterior angles 3 & 8 and
(iv) the vertically opposite angles
on the same side of the
1 & 7
transversal
Note :
(i) If two or more parallel lines are cut by a
transversal, then each pair of the
corresponding angles have equal measure.
(ii) If two parallel lines are cut by a transversal, the
pair of alternate (interior as well as exterior)
angles are equal. Sol. (i) The pairs of corresponding angles are :

(iii) If two parallel lines are cut by a transversal, (1, 5), (2, 6), (4, 8) and (3, 7).
then each pair of interior angles as well as (ii) The pairs of alternate interior angles are :
exterior angles on the same side of the
transversal are supplementary. (2, 8) and (3, 5).
(iii) The pairs of interior angles on the same side
EXAMPLES  of the transversal are (3, 8) and (2, 5).
Ex.7 State the property that is used in each of the (iv) The pairs of vertically opposite angles are
following statements : (1, 3), (4, 2), (5, 7) and (6, 8).
(i) If a || b, then 1 = 5 Ex.9 In figure, p || q. Find the values of a, b, c, d, e
(ii) If 4 = 6, then a || b and f.

(iii) If 4 + 5 = 180°, then a || b Sol. e + 125° = 180° (linear pair angles)

e = 180° – 125°
e = 55°
f = e (vertically opposite angles)

Sol. (i) If a || b, then 1 = 5.  f = 55° (e = 55° from (1))

(if lines are parallel then corresponding angles  p || q.
are equal or corresponding angle property)
So, a = f (alternate interior angles)
 a = 55° ( f = 55°)
 c = a (vertically opposite angles)
 c = 55° (a = 55°)
d = 125° (corresponding angles)
b = d (vertically opposite angles)
 b = 125° (d = 125°)
Ex.10 Find the value of x, if l || m.
x + 2x = 180°
(co-interior angles on the same side
of transversal are supplementary)

 3x = 180° x =

x = 60°. Hence, x = 60°.

Sol.  l || m and t is transversal Ex.13 In the given figures below, decide whether
l || m.

(i)

So, a + 110° = 180° (linear pair angles)

a = 180° – 110°
a = 70°
x = a (alternate interior angles)
x = 70° (a = 70°)
Ex.11 Find the value of x, if l || m.

(ii)

Sol.  l || m (iii)
So, x = 100°. (corresponding angles)
Ex.12 Find the value of x, if l || m.
Sol.  l || m
Sol. (i) Sum of co-interior angles
= 126° + 44° = 170° 180°.
 Sum of co-interior angles  180°.
 So, l is not paralle to m (l m). Ex.14 In figure below, l || m. Find the values of
x, y, z and t.

Sol.  l || m and PQ is transversal

(ii) x + 75° = 180° (linear pair angles) x = APQ (alternate angles)
x = 180° – 75°  x = 65° (APQ = 65°)
 x = 105° Now, z + PRD = 180° (linear pair)
and 1 = 75° (given) z + 100° = 180°
 1 and x are corresponding angles and z = 180° – 100°
as these are not equal so, (l m).
z = 80°.
As l || m and PR is transversal.
 t = z (alternate angles)
t = 80° (z = 80°)
Now, 65° + y + t = 180°
(angles on straight line)
(iii) 1 + 123° = 180° (linear pair) 65° + y + 80° = 180°
1 = 180° – 123° 145° + y = 180°
1 = 57° y = 180° – 45°
y = 35°
2 = 57° (given)
as 1 = 2, which are corresponding angles
so, l || m.

EXERCISE # 1

Q.1 Observe the following figures and complete S. Figures Lines Rays Line
the table : No. Segments
 Line l Q.6 Observe the following figures and complete
(i)  & the table :
(XY) S. Figures Naming angles Arms
No in
three ways
(ii)

(i) AOB BO  O OA

A 1 B
(iii)

(iv)
(ii)

Q.2 Name the initial point of the following rays :

(iii
Q.3 Differentiate between a line, a line segment,
)
and a ray.

Q.4 State whether the following statement are true

(T) or false (F) :
(i) A point has no length and no breadth.
(ii) A ray has one end point B.
(iii) The length of a line can be measured
using a ruler.
(iv) A line segment extends endlessly on both Q.7 Which pairs of the following angles are
sides. complementary ?
(v) Infinite number of lines can be drawn
through a point.
(vi) Infinite number of rays can be drawn
from a point.
(vii) The number of points on a line segment
can be counted.

Q.5 Fill in the blanks :

(i) The shortest distance between two points
is known as a…….
(ii) The point O is known as an ……. of the
ray .
(iii) An angle of 180° is called a …….. angle.
 Q.10 Find the supplement of each of the following
angles :
(i) 95° (ii) 110°

(iii) (iv)

Q.11 Fill in the blanks :

(i) The supplement of an obtuse angle is
an ………
(ii) The supplement of an acute angle is
an …….
Q.8 Find the complement of each of the following (iii) The supplement of a right angle is a …...
angles :
Q.12 Fill in the blanks :
(i) 45° (ii) 75° (iii) 80°
(i) If two angles are complementary, then
(iv) (v) 50.5° the sum of their measures is ……
(ii) If two angles are supplementary, then the
Q.9 Find the pairs of supplementary angles in the sum of their measures is …….
following figures :
(iii) Two angles forming a linear pair
are …..
(iv) If two adjacent angles are supplementary,
they form a ……
(v) Two lines intersect at a point. If one pair
of vertically opposite angles are acute
angles then other pair of vertically
opposite angles are …….

Q.13 Observe the figure which of the following are

pairs of adjacent angles. Justify your answer.

(i) AOB and BOD

(ii) AOD and BOC
(iii) AOC and BOC
(iv) AOD and AOB
(v) BOC and BOA
Q.14 Observe the angles marked with 1 and 2 in Q.18 Find the value of the letters given in each of
the figure. Are they adjacent ? If not, why? the figures below :

Q.19 In the figure, OE  AC.

Q.15 Two angles form a linear pair. If one of them

is :
(i) an acute angle (ii) an obtuse angle
(iii) a right angle
then what type of the angle is the other ?

Q.16 Two angles are supplementary. Can both of (i) Find out angles forming a linear pair.
them be :
(ii) Find out the pair of supplementary
(i) acute angles ? (ii) obtuse angles ?
angles.
(iii) right angles ?
(iii) Find out the pair of vertically opposite
Q.17 Observe the following figure and write : angles.
(iv) Find out the pair of complementary
angles.

Q.20 If an angle is more than 30°, then its

complementary angle is :
(i) greater than 60°
(i) Linear pairs of angles (ii) less than 60°
(ii) Vertically opposite angles
(iii) equal to 60°
(iii) Adjacent pairs of angles
Q.21 In the figure, if ray rotates to the left of
its initial position then,

(i) AOC will decrease or increase

(ii) COB will increase or decrease
(iii) Suppose AOC decrease, what changes
should take place in BOC so that both
the angles still remain supplementary.

Q.22 In the given figure, is 1 adjacent to 2 ?

Justify your answer.

Q.23 In the figure, name the following pairs of Q.25 Mark the pairs of remaining exterior angles
angles : with the numerals 3 and 4, in figure.

(i) Equal supplementary angles

Q.26 Mark the remaining interior angles with the
(ii) Vertically opposite angels
numerals 3 and 4, in figure
(iii) Unequal supplementary angles
(iv) Adjacent complementary angles
(v) Obtuse vertically opposite angles
(vi) Adjacent angles that do not form a linear
pair.

Note : In Q.No. 24 to 37 the parallel

lines are indicated by big arrows
(>).
Q.24 In the following figure, find the transversal
line :
Q.27 In figure, write down the angle that Q.29 In the following figure, find the value of each
corresponds to the shaded angle : marked letter.

Q.28 Write down the angle that is alternate to the

Q.30 Write down the measure of the angle marked
shaded angle in the following diagrams :
in each of the following diagrams, if line
marked with arrow are parallel.

Q.31 In figure, AB || CD find the values of x, y, z

and t.
Q.32 In figure, DE || BC find the values of x, y
and z.

Q.33 In figure, AB || CD and AD || BC. Find the Q.36 In the following figure, use the information
values of x, y and z. given to find the measures of p and q. Then
find the sum of p and q.

Q.34 Find the size of each marked angle in the

following figure.

Q.37 Find the size of each marked angle.

Q.35 Find the size of each angle marked with a

letter in figure
 ANSWER KEY
1.
S.No. Lines Rays Line Segments
(ii) Ray
(iii)

(iv) Line n Ray

etc.
etc.
etc.

2. P, Q, A, O
4. (i) T (ii) F (iii) F (iv) F (v) T (vi) T (vii) F
5. (i) Line segment (ii) Initial point (iii) Straight
6. (ii) XOY, YOX, x, OX, OY (ii) POQ, QOP, a, OP, OQ
7. Complementary : (i), (iii)

8. (i) 45° (ii) 15° (iii) 10° (iv) (v) 39.5°

9. Supplementary angles : (i), (ii) and (iv)

10. (i) 85° (ii) 70° (iii) (iv)

11. (i) acute angle (ii) obtuse angle (iii) right angle
12. (i) 90° (ii) 180° (iii) Supplementary (iv) Linear pair (v) Obtuse angles
13. (i) no (ii) no (iii) no (iv) yes (v) yes
14. Adjacent angle : (i), (ii) and (iv)
15. (i) obtuse angle (ii) acute angle (iii) a right angle
16. (i) no (ii) no (iii) yes
17. (i) Linear pair : 1, 2 ; 2, 3 ; 3, 4 ; 4, 1 ; 6, 7 ; 7, 8 ; 8, 5 ; 5, 6
(ii) Vertically opposite angles : 1, 3 ; 2, 4 ; 6, 8 ; 5, 7
(iii) Adjacent angles : 1, 2 ; 2, 3 ; 3, 4 ; 4, 1 ; 6, 7 ; 7, 8 ; 8, 5 ; 5, 6
18. (i) 105° (ii) x = 130°, y = 80° (iii) 40° (iv) x = 35°, y = 36°
19. (i) EOC and EOA ; EOD and EOB ; AOB and AOD ; DOC and COB ; BOC and AOB
(ii) EOC and EOA; EOD and EOB; AOB and AOD; DOC and COB; BOC and AOB
(iii) AOB and DOC ; AOD and BOC (iv) EOD and DOC

20. (ii) Less than 60°

21. (i) decrease (ii) increase (iii) COB should not be a straight angle.
22. (i) No (ii) No
23. (i) AOC and AOD; COB and BOD; AOC and BOC; AOD and BOD
(ii) AOD and COB; AOC and BOD; AOE and BOF; EOC and DOF; EOD and COF; BOE
and AOF
(iii) EOC and EOD; FOD and FOC; AOF and FOB; AOE and EOB
(iv) AOE and EOC; DOF and FOB
(v) EOB and AOF; EOD and COF
(vi) EOA and EOC; DOF, BOF; AOD and AOE; EOC and COB; COB and BOF; FOD
and DOA
24. (i) line n (ii) line n (iii) line AB (iv) line p (v) line l

25. 26.

27. (i) f (ii) b (iii) b (iv) k 28. (i) d (ii) a (iii) b (iv) c (v) c (vi) d
29. (i) a = 50°, b = 130°, c = 130° (ii) a = 40°, b = 140° (iii) a = 50°, b = 130°
30. (i) d = 60° (ii) d = 60° (iii) d = 100° 31. x = 55°, y = 125°, z = 55°, t = 125°
32. x = 80°, y = 45°, z = 55° 33. (i) x = 115°, y = 65°, z = 115° (ii) x = 40°, y = 35°, z = 105°
34. (i) e = 80°, f = 50°, g = 100°, h = 130° (ii) a = 130°, b = 70° (iii) p = 70°, q = 80°, r = 70° (iv) d = 40°, e = 120°
35. (i) p = 130°, q = 50° (ii) s = 40°, t = 60°, r = 260° (iii) d = 50°, e = 70°
36. (i) p = 70°, q = 110°, p + q = 180° (ii) p = 130°, q = 50°, p + q = 180° (iii) p = 140°, q = 40°, p + q = 180°
(iv) p = 120°, q = 60°, p + q = 180°
37. (i) x = 85° (ii) x = 130°, y = 50°, z = 130° (iii) r = 100°, s = 40°, t = 60° (iv) a = 80°, b = 100°, c = 80°, d = 100°

EXERCISE # 2
Q.1 Find the complement of each of the following
angles :
(i) 40° (ii) 86°
(iii) 55° (iv) 34°
(v) 0° (vi) 90°

Q.2 Find the supplement of each of the following Q.6 Observe the following figure and answer the
angles : questions :
(i) 80° (ii) 130°
(iii) 145° (iv) 90°
(v) 0° (vi) 180°

Q.3 Find 'y' in each of the following figures :

(i) Are u and t supplementary ?

(ii) Is y vertically opposite to u ?
(iii) Do AOB and BOD form a linear
pair?
(iv) Is BOC adjacent to BOD ?
(v) Is x adjacent to y ?

Q.7 Name the linear pairs, and pairs of vertically

opposite angles in the following figure.

Q.8 In figure below, 1 = 52°, find the other

angles.

Q.4 Can two angles be complement, if both of

them be
(i) acute
(ii) right
Q.9 In the given figure (below) identify
(iii) obtuse ?
(i) the pairs of corresponding angles.
Q.5 Name the two pairs of supplementary angles (ii) the pairs of alternate interior angles.
in the figure : (iii) the pairs of consecutive interior angles.
 Q.14 In the given figure, a || b and l || m, find the
measures of the angles x, y, z and t.

Q.10 State the property that is used in each of the

following statement :
(i) If l || m, then d = h Q.15 Two interior angles on the same side of the
(ii) If d = f, then l || m transversal measure (a – 6)° and (5a – 6)°.
(iii) If c + f = 180°, then l || m Find the measure of each angle.

Q.16 In the figure below, prove that CD || EF.

Q.11 In the figure below, if 1 = 55°, find all the Q.17 In the adjoining figure, p || q and p || r.
remaining angles. (i) Is q || r ? Why ?
(ii) Find the values of a, b and c.

Q.12 In the figure given below, 1 = 60°,

8 = 65°. Is l || m ?
Q.18 In the figure, find AOC if AB || CD.

Q.19 If ray PO stands on line RS such that

Q.13 In the given figure, l || m, find x, y and z.
POS = POR then POR = 90°.

Q.20 In figure below, if x – y = 40°, find x and y.

Q.21 In figure below, p || q and t is transversal.
Find the values of a, b, c.

Q.22 In figure below, find the values of a, b, c, d, e

and f.

ANSWER KEY

1. (i) 50° (ii) 4° (iii) 35° (iv) 56° (v) 90° (vi) 0° 2. (i) 100° (ii) 50° (iii) 35° (iv) 90° (v) 180° (vi) 0°
3. (i) y = 30° (ii) (22.5)° (iii) 45° (iv) 125° (v) 20° (vi) 15°

4. (i) Not always (ii) no (iii) no 5. (1, 2) and (3, 4)

6. (i) yes (ii) no (iii) yes (iv) no (v) yes

7. Linear paired angles are : (1, 2), (1, 4), (2, 3), (4, 3), (5, 6), (5, 8), (6, 7), (7, 8) ;
Vertically opposite angles : (1, 3), (4, 2), (5, 7), (6, 8)

8. 3 = 52°, 2 = 4 = 128°

9. (i) (a, e), (b, f), (c, h), (d, g) (ii) (b, h), (d, e) (iii) (b, e), (d, h)

10. (i) corresponding angles are equal (ii) if alternate interior angles are equal, lines are parallel
(iii) cointerior angles are supplementary

11. 3 = 6 = 8 = 55°, 4 = 2 = 5 = 7 = 125° 12. No

13. x = 60°, y = 40°, z = 80° 14. x = 75°, t = 105°, z = 75°, y = 105°

15. 26°, 154°

17. (i) yes (ii) b = c = 70°, a = 110°

18. 130° (Hint : through O, draw a line parallel to AB or CD)

20. x = 110°, y = 70°

21. a = 130°, b = 50°, c = 130°

22. a = b = c = d = e = f = 30°