Activity 2: Understanding Compound Events (p.

330)
QUARTER 3 Consider the situation below. Use the tree diagram
Module 7 given below in answering the questions that follow. A
school canteen serves lunch for students. A set of
menu consists of 1 type of rice, 1 type of viand, and 1
Lesson 1: Probability of Compound type of drink. The tree diagram below shows the
Events possible menu combinations.

Activity 1: Recalling Probability (p. 328)

Consider the situation below. Use your knowledge on
probability in answering the questions that follow.

1. A die is rolled once. Find the probability of obtaining

a. a 5.
b. a 6.
c. an odd number.

2. A box contains 3 red balls, 5 yellow balls, and 2 blue

balls. If a ball is picked at random from the box, what is 1. Give the sample space of combination of rice, viand,
the probability that a ball picked is a and drink. How many possible outcomes are there?
a. yellow ball?
b. red ball? 2. List the outcomes of selecting a lunch with pineapple
juice.
• Probability is the measure of the likelihood of an
event to happen. 3. How many outcomes are there for selecting any
lunch with pineapple juice?
• Experiment the procedure that can be repeated
and that has a set of well-defined possible
4. How many outcomes are there for selecting a lunch
results or outcomes.
with steamed rice and with pineapple juice?
• Outcomes is the results of an experiment.
• Event is a set of possible outcomes resulting
5. How many outcomes are there for selecting a lunch
from a particular experiment.
with chicken adobo and a pineapple juice?
• Sample space is the set of all outcomes in an
experiment. An event is a subset of the sample
6. How many outcomes are there for selecting a lunch
space.
with pinakbet and an orange juice?

A student taking lunch in the canteen is selected at

❖ Simple Event refers to an event with a single random.
outcome.
7. What is the probability that the student chose
Example: Consider rolling a die. pineapple juice as a drink?
a. “Getting a number 5”.
b. “Getting a 6”. 8. What is the probability that the student chose
steamed rice and pineapple juice?

Probability of Simple Events: If each of the outcomes 9. What is the probability that the student chose
in a sample space is equally likely to occur, then the chicken adobo and orange juice?
probability of an event E, denoted as P(E) is given by:
10. What is the probability that the student chose
pinakbet and pineapple juice?
𝒏𝒖𝒎𝒃𝒆𝒓 𝒐𝒇 𝒘𝒂𝒚𝒔 𝒕𝒉𝒆 𝒆𝒗𝒆𝒏𝒕 𝒄𝒂𝒏 𝒐𝒄𝒄𝒖𝒓
𝑷(𝑬) =
𝒏𝒖𝒎𝒃𝒆𝒓 𝒐𝒇 𝒑𝒐𝒔𝒔𝒊𝒃𝒍𝒆 𝒐𝒖𝒕𝒄𝒐𝒎𝒆𝒔 Reflect:
a. What does the tree diagram tell you?
b. How did you determine the sample space?
c. Differentiate an outcome from a sample space. Give
another example of an outcome.
d. Aside from the tree diagram, how else can you find Illustrative Example: The Venn diagram below shows
the total number of possible outcomes? the probabilities of grade 10 students joining either
e. Describe the outcome in this situation as compared soccer (S) or basketball (B).
to the events that you studied in grade 8.

❖ Compound Events- Events which consist of

more than one outcome. It consists of two or
more simple events.

Example: Finding the probability of “getting a 6 and

a 1” when two dice are rolled is an event consisting of Use the Venn diagram to find the probabilities.
(1, 6), (6, 1) as outcomes. The first die falls in 6 different
ways and the second die also falls in 6 different ways.
Thus, using the fundamental counting principle, the
number of outcomes in the sample space is 66 or 36.
The outcomes in the sample space are: {(1, 1), (1, 2), (1,
3), (1, 4), (1, 5), (1, 6), (2, 1), (2, 2), (2, 3),…,(6, 5), (6, 6)}.
Take note that “getting a 6 and a 1” when two dice
are rolled is an event consisting of {(1, 6), (6, 1)} as Actually, the diagram does not show or represent the
outcomes. This is a compound event. entire sample space for B and S. What is shown are the
probabilities.
Intersection and Union of Sets
a. To find the P(B), we will add the probability that only
Activity 3: Intersection and Union of Sets (p.332) B occurs to the probability that B and S occur to get 0.4
The extracurricular activities in which the senior class + 0.3 = 0.7. So, P(B) = 0.7.
at Kananga National High School participate are shown b. Similarly, P(S) = 0.2 + 0.3 = 0.5
in the Venn diagram below. c. Now, P(BS) is the value 0.3 in the overlapping
region.
d. P(BS) = 0.4 + 0.3 +0.2 = 0.9.
e. P(B’S’) = 1 - P(BS) = 0.1

Complement of an Event

The complement of an event is the set of all outcomes

that are NOT in the event. This means that if the
1. How many students are in the senior class? probability of an event, A, is P(A), then the probability
2. How many students participate in athletics? that the event would not occur (also called the
3. If a student is randomly chosen, what is the complementary event) is 1 – P(A), denoted by P(A’).
probability that the student participates in athletics or Thus,
drama?
4. If a student is randomly chosen, what is the P(A’) = 1 – P(A).
probability that the student participates only in drama
and band? So, the complement of an event E is the set of all the
outcomes which are not in E. And together the event
and its complement make all possible outcomes.
Reflect:
a. How were you able to find the total number of Consider item e, P(B’S’) can be determined by finding
students in the senior class? the part of the diagram where everything outside of B
b. How does the concept of set help you in finding the overlaps with everything outside of S. It is the region
intersection and union of two or more events? outside of both circles and that probability is 0.1.
c. What are some notations that are used in your study Another way to think of this is P(BS)’ or 1 - P(BS).
of sets in grade 7 that you can still recall? Do you think
these are needed in the study of probability of
compound events?
Activity 4: Taking Chances with Events A or B (p. 334) On the other hand, the event of getting a number
Consider the situations below and answer the divisible by 3 or the event of getting a number divisible
questions that follow. by 4 in the set {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14,
15} are not mutually exclusive events. Observe that a
1. A bowl contains 15 chips numbered 1 to 15. If a chip subset of numbers divisible by 3 also contains an
is drawn randomly from the bowl, what is the element which is a subset of the numbers divisible by
probability that it is 4.
a. 7 or 15?
b. 5 or a number divisible by 3? The Venn diagram below shows events A and B which
c. even or divisible by 3? are not mutually exclusive because A and B intersect.
d. a number divisible by 3 or divisible by 4? Note that there are outcomes that are common to A
and B which is the intersection of A and B.
2. Dario puts 44 marbles in a box in which 14 are red,
12 are blue, and 18 are yellow. If Dario picks one
marble at random, what is the probability that he
selects a red marble or a yellow marble?

3. Out of 5200 households surveyed, 2107 had a dog,

807 had a cat, and 303 had both a dog and a cat. What
is the probability that a randomly selected household If two events, A and B, are not mutually exclusive, then
has a dog or a cat? the probability that either A or B occurs is the sum of
their probabilities decreased by the probability of both
occurring. In symbols,
Reflect:
a. How did you answer each question? P(A or B)= P(A)+ P(B) – P(A and B)
b. What do you notice about the events in each
question? (e.g., 1.c as compared to 1. d, question 2 as
compared to question 3).
c. Draw a Venn diagram showing the sample space for Activity 5: More Exercises on Mutually Exclusive and
numbers 3 and 4. What do you notice about the Venn Not Mutually Exclusive Events (p. 336)
diagrams?
Consider the situation below and answer the questions
that follow.
Mutually Exclusive and Non-mutually Exclusive
1. A restaurant serves a bowl of candies to their
Events that cannot occur at the same time are called customers. The bowl of candies Gabriel receives has 10
mutually exclusive events. chocolate candies, 8 coffee candies, and 12 caramel
candies. After Gabriel chooses a candy, he eats it. Find
Consider the Venn diagram below. What do you notice the probability of getting candies with the indicated
about the events A and B? These two events are flavors.
mutually exclusive. In problem 1b of the preceding a. P (chocolate or coffee)
activity, the event of getting a 5 and the event of b. P (caramel or not coffee)
getting a number divisible by 3 from the set {1, 2, 3, 4, c. P (coffee or caramel)
5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15} are mutually d. P (chocolate or not caramel)
exclusive events.
2. Rhian likes to wear colored shirts. She has 15 shirts
in the closet. Five of these are blue, four are in different
shades of red, and the rest are of different colors. What
is the probability that she will wear a blue or a red
shirt?

If two events, A and B, are mutually exclusive, then the 3. Mark has pairs of pants in three different colors,
probability that either A or B occurs is the sum of their blue, black, and brown. He has 5 colored shirts: a white,
probabilities. In symbols, a red, a yellow, a blue, and a mixed-colored shirt. What
is the probability that Mark wears a black pair of pants
P(A or B) = P(A) + P(B) and a red shirt on a given day?
4. A motorcycle license plate has 2 letters and 3
numbers. What is the probability that a motorcycle has Reflect:
a license plate containing a double letter and an even a. How did you answer each question?
number? b. In finding the probability of each event above, what
concepts are needed?
c. Differentiate the event required in question 1 as
Activity 6: Mutually Exclusive or Not? (p. 337) compared to questions 2 and 3.
Consider each problem below. Draw a Venn diagram d. Compare the events in questions 2 and 3. What
for each. Determine whether the events are mutually necessary knowledge and skills did you need to get the
exclusive or not mutually exclusive. Then, find the correct answer? How did you compute for the
probability. probability of an event in each case?

1. Mario has 45 red chips, 12 blue chips, and 24 white

chips. What is the probability that Mario randomly
selects a red chip or a white chip? Activity 8: A Chance to Further Understand
Probability (p. 339)
2. Of 240 students, 176 are on the honor roll, 48 are Answer the following questions:
members of the varsity team, and 36 are in the honor
roll and are also members of the varsity team. What is 1. How does a simple event differ from a compound
the probability that a randomly selected student is on event?
the honor roll or is a member of the varsity team?
2. Differentiate mutually exclusive events from non-
3. Ruby’s dog has 8 puppies. The puppies include white mutually exclusive events.
females, 3 mixed-color females, 1 white male, and 2
mixed-color males. Ruby wants to keep one puppy. 3. Suppose there are three events A, B, and C that are
What is the probability that she randomly chooses a not mutually exclusive. List all the probabilities you
puppy that is female and white? would need to consider in order to calculate P(A or B
or C). Then, write the formula you would use to
4. Carl’s basketball shooting records indicate that for calculate the probability.
any frame, the probability that he will score in a two-
point shoot is 30%, a three-point shoot, 45%, and 4. Explain why subtraction is used when finding the
neither, 25%. What is the probability that Cindy will probability of two events that are not mutually
score either in a two-point shoot or in a three-point exclusive.
shoot?

Activity 7: Counting Techniques and Probability of Activity 9: Where in the real world? (p.340)
Compound Events (p. 338) Answer the following questions. Write a report of your
Consider the situation below and answer the questions answers using a minimum of 120 words. Be ready to
that follow. present your answers in the class.

There are a total of 48 students in Grade 10 Charity. 1. Describe a situation in your life that involves events
Twenty are boys and 28 are girls. which are mutually exclusive or not mutually exclusive.
Explain why the events are mutually exclusive or not
1. If a teacher randomly selects a student to represent mutually exclusive.
the class in a school meeting, what is the probability
that a a. boy is chosen? b. girl is chosen? 2. Think about your daily experience. How is probability
utilized in newspapers, television shows, and radio
2. If a committee of 3 students is formed, what is the programs that interest you? What are your general
probability that a. all are girls? b. two are boys and one impressions of the ways in which probability is used in
is a girl? the print media and entertainment industry?

3. Suppose that a team of 3 students is formed such

that it is composed of a team leader, a secretary, and a
spokesperson. What is the probability that a team
formed is composed of a girl secretary?