Q1 S1 Understanding Culture, Society, and Politics upon them.

Lesson 1.
UNDERSTANDING CULTURE, ■ “If your actions inspire others to dream more,

SOCIETY, AND POLITICS learn more, do more and become more, you are
a leader.” – John Quincy Adams

CULTURE Explanation: A true leader is someone who does

■ The customary beliefs, social forms, and not only lead people, but is a model to the
material traits of a racial, religious, or social people they lead, inspiring them as well to share
group. the leadership skills they have learned.
■ The set of shared attitudes, values, goals, and
practices that characterizes an institution or ANTHROPOLOGY
organization. ■ The study of people and their culture.
■ The set of values, conventions, or social ■ Anthropology is the study of the people and their
practices associated with a particular field, culture from the perspective of someone who is
activity, or societal characteristic. not part of that culture.
■ The integrated pattern of human knowledge, ■ “The purpose of anthropology is to make the
belief, and behavior that depends upon the world safe for human differences.” — Ruth
capacity for learning and transmitting knowledge Benedict
to succeeding generations.
Explanation: Anthropology studies various
SOCIETY cultures and the diversity of humans to
■ An organized group of persons associated understand our differences and foster a safer
together for religious, benevolent, cultural, community for all, especially the minorities.
scientific, political, patriotic, or other purposes
■ A body of individuals living as members of a SOCIOLOGY
community; ■ The study of society, patterns of social
■ Such a system is characterized by its dominant interactions, and culture of everyday life.
economic class or form: middle-class society;
industrial society. Explanation: Sociology is studying one’s own
■ A group of individuals living under one society, with the goal of discovering new things
synonymous purpose. and understanding their culture.
■ “Society has gotten to the point where
everybody has a right, but nobody has a ■ “The function of sociology, as of every science,
responsibility.” is to reveal that which is hidden.” — Pierre
Bourdieu
Explanation: Society provides everyone with
rights they deserve; however, the people within Explanation: Society is constantly changing, and
the society do not recognize the responsibility just as any science continuously discovers new
that comes with those rights things, sociology aims to continuously learn and
discover new things about society and social
Example: Society provides everyone the right to interactions as it shifts and changes.
vote; however, there are people who are not
responsible enough to practice this right in
voting for responsible and deserving leaders.

POLITICS
■ Comes from the Greek word “polis” which
means “city-state.”
■ The art of science of government or
governing, especially the governing of a
political identity, such as a nation, and the
administration and control of its internal and
external affairs.
■ Politics is how the community is governed and
how they act based on laws and regulations set
 time in order to make their writings more reliable
and credible.

Explanation: They live with their subjects for a

long period of time because they need to
experience what their subjects experience to
Lesson 2. create accurate and correct conclusions.
CONCEPT, ASPECTS, AND
CHANGES IN/OF CULTURE AND
SOCIETY SUBJECTS OF INQUIRY
1. Biological anthropology refers to the study of
[1] ANTHROPOLOGY human origins.
WHAT IS IT? ○ Genetics
■ Started as a science during the time of ○ Race
exploration when European countries started to ○ Evolutions
colonize what they considered as primitive ○ Fossils
societies where people were believed to be ○ Primates
savages and barbaric.
■ Let it be clear that anthropology started as the 2. Cultural anthropology is the study of living
study of non-European people by European people.
people (outward). ○ Religion
■ During their colonial encounter with these ○ Social system
people, Europeans started to make written ○ Language
records about non-Europeans. ○ Clothing
■ They focus on kinship, language, race, religion, ○ Foods
cultural perceptions, and others. ○ Beliefs
○ Traditions
Explanation: Anthropology started because
European people became curious of how 3. Linguistics is the study of language, its
primitive societies lived— these are people who evolution, its connection to other languages,
are not part of their own society. Simply put, and others.
Anthropology studies a society and its culture
from the perspective of someone who is not part 4. Archeology refers to the study of dead culture.
of that society. ○ Religion
○ Social system
○ Language
WHO STARTED THIS FIELD? FRANZ BOAS
○ How they dress
○ He is considered as the father of modern ○ Foods
American anthropology. ○ Beliefs
○ His study led to the doctrine of “historical ○ Traditions
particularism,” where he stated that each
society is considered as having a unique form
of culture that cannot be understood under an GOALS
overall definition of general culture. a. See the commonalities among people
(tradition, language, kinship, etc).
Explanation: Historical particularism states that b. Look at what makes us the same to understand
each society is different from one another; thus, more about human nature.
a general term cannot explain all kinds and c. Discover what makes people different from
forms of societies completely. each other to understand and preserve
diversity.
.
CONCEPT
Explanation: Aside from knowing our
● Anthropology is the study of people and their similarities, it is important to know our
culture. differences to know our boundaries and respect
● It uses a special research method known as the culture of others
ethnography.
● In which anthropologists are required to live d. Produce new knowledge and new theories
with their subject of study for a long period of
 about mankind and behavior. - Anything in a society that influences
e. Look at one’s own culture more objectively. people’s lives can be subjects of inquiry, like
different social phenomena, issues, and
[2] SOCIOLOGY problems.
WHAT IS IT? - Sociologists can also look into things that
influence life like family background, socio-
■ Emerged as an academic field right at the
economic status, ethnicity, social classes,
height of the Industrial Revolution in Europe
religion, gender, beliefs, traditions, norms,
which mobilized the entire population in a way
among others.
that had never been before in human history.
- Some fields are
■ This era has brought great changes in the way
1. social organization,
people live in society.
2. social psychology,
■ Started as the study of European society by
3. applied sociology, and
European people (inward).
4. human ecology.
■ During that time, emerging institutions arose
and replaced the old ones such as:
○ how science was taking over religion, GOALS
○ when the reign of kings and queens fell down, a. Obtain possible theories and principles
about society as well as various aspects of
○ and when the era of feudalism had ended. social study of the nature of humanity to further
■ People saw the importance of studying these examine our roles within a society.
emerging institutions and how they started and b. Appreciate that all things in society are
what impact they could make to an individual interdependent.
and the new society in general. c. Expose our minds to different perspectives in
attaining truth in life.
Explanation: Sociology started when Europeans
became curious of their OWN culture as the
Industrial Revolution in Europe changed the way
[3] POLITICS
mankind lived. WHAT IS IT?
■ Politics impacts our lives directly or
WHO STARTED THIS FIELD? AUGUSTE COMTE indirectly, whether we are aware of its effects or
not.
○ French philosopher and mathematician.
○ He coined the term sociology.
Explanation: Politics is how we live and act in a
○ He saw the need for a systematic science of
society guided by the laws and regulations
studying society and in dealing with the solution
provided.
of its basic problems.

Explanation: The changes within society needed EXAMPLES OF POLITICAL SCIENCE

to be seen objectively to be studied more ○ If there is a crime that took place, we call the
accurately and to provide better solutions to the police, and this scheme is part of the
emerging problems of society. government.
○ If there was a fire that occurred, we call the fire
CONCEPT department, and that’s also a part of the
● Sociology is the study of society, patterns of government.
social interactions, and culture of everyday ○ Military is government as well, let alone our
life. civil liberty and our rights which have
● Unlike anthropology, the knowledge created by influences on us daily.
sociology is used to understand one’s own ○ In school, you were asked to read by heart the
society. Constitution.
● Sociologists use qualitative research methods ○ When you are apprehended by an authority, you
in doing their studies. question your violation and insist on your legal
rights.
Explanation: Sociology studies a society and its ○ Even inside your house, there are still a set of
culture out of curiosity from the perspective of rules that are being enforced and followed.
someone who is part of the same society. ○ All these things are related to a field called
Political Science.
SUBJECTS OF INQUIRY
WHO STARTED THIS FIELD? ■ Archaeology is a branch of anthropology that
ANCIENT GREEKS studies the culture of dead people.
○ The study of political science was started by ■ Archaeologists rely on the pieces of evidence
the ancient Greeks. that they exhumed from discovered old cities
○ Aristotle in his book “Politics” stated that Man is and civilizations.
a political animal. ■ We learn many things about our past based on
○ It means that it is our nature to live in a their findings.
society and to have power over another. ■ Today, people can store information digitally
Explanation: Just as how animals fight another and put it in formats that can last for a long
with power, humans see politics as the power to period.
have control over each other.
Explanation: Archaeology exists because
CONCEPT studying the past cultures, societies, and people
● Political Science is the systematic study of can help the present improve for the better.
government, politics, and political power. Moreover, by studying the past, we can know
● It is often defined as who gets what, when, our roots, understand our origins, and continue
where and how. our traditions.

Explanation: Political Science follows a system

based on its political government. Through these
systems, the society is organized and everyone
knows how and what to act within the society.

SUBJECTS OF INQUIRY
- political theory, philosophy and different political
ideologies
- public management
- human rights
- international relations and foreign policies

GOALS
a. Make people a better citizen.
Explanation: Political leaders should set an
example of how to live as an individual within
society which the public will follow.

b. Keep social order and harmony among

different groups of people.
Explanation: Political leaders are expected to
create laws and regulations for the public to
follow to foster an inclusive and respectful
community.

c. Protect the rights of an individual.

Explanation: Political leaders respect the
system and provide justice for crimes. The
rights of the people are acknowledged and
respected by the justice system.

d. Avoid conflict and promote cooperation.

Explanation: political leaders should promote Use at your own discretion. Thank you Tino!
peace within the community and with other Lesson 3.
communities and fellow political leaders CHARACTERISTICS OF CULTURE
1. Culture is learned.
[4] ARCHAEOLOGY
WHAT IS IT?
 ○ We learn everything about our culture from
ETHNOCENTRISM AND
CULTURAL RELATIVISM
parents, peers, media and other
socializing institutions.
○ It includes values, attitudes, world views,
language, etc. ETHNOCENTRISM
2. Culture is shared.
○ The common denominator that makes
actions intelligible to others and allows
people to predict behavior in situations and
react accordingly.

3. Culture is transmitted.
○ Transmission through ideas.
○ Passed on to generations using language
and other symbolic means of ■ Ethnocentrism is judging another culture
communication. based upon the values and standards set in
○ An example is the evolution of cell phones. one’s own culture.
■ It is a form of bias, where we tend to
4. Culture is cumulative. immediately judge another culture as ‘bad’ or
○ Knowledge is stored and passed on from one ‘wrong’ based upon their actions, if their values
generation to the next, and new knowledge are not aligned with our own beliefs.
is being added to what is existing. ■ We all do it, some time or the other, mostly not
○ Each culture has worked out solutions to even realizing that we’re being ethnocentric at
the basic problems of life, which it then that moment.
passes on to its children.
○ The jeepneys and tricycles in the
Philippines are good examples of the EXAMPLE 1: TERRORISM AND HATE CRIMES
cumulative quality of culture.
○ Their invention involved the use of materials
which were invented in different places of the
world (Hunt et al, 1995).

5. Culture is social.
○ Culture is always a product of human
behavior.
○ It is always transmitted through learning.
○ Always gratifies human needs.
○ Always tends toward integrating a society.

6. Culture varies from one society to society

(another). ● Terrorism and hate crimes take place when one
○ Every society has its own culture that religion or community believes that it is
differs from other societies. superior, and better than any other religion
○ Cultures are not uniform. or community.
○ It is unique and cultural elements like ● Ethnocentrism tends to blind people from seeing
customs, traditions, morals, values, and things from another perspective—just because
beliefs are not constant. another community does something that yours
○ Examples are the different languages: hello, doesn’t—like a particular style of worship, for
konnichiwa, ni hao, annyeonghaseyo, and instance, doesn’t make it inferior to yours, and
bonjour. nor does it make the other community’s style of
worshiping incorrect.
7. Culture is gratifying and idealistic.
○ Culture’s provision to satisfy biological and
sociological needs of people i.e. clothing, EXAMPLE 2: IN BUSINESS
shelter, protection, love, security, sex, etc. ● Though it is easy to assume that ethnocentrism
affects only the lesser-educated, less aware
Lesson 4. people in the world, it is not really true.
 ● Ethnocentrism can be seen on a large scale in so many ways in most of us, especially during
in business, and at the workplace. childhood or teenage.
● For instance, an employee may refer to his client
as a 'moron' if the client needed some time to OTHER EXAMPLES OF ETHNOCENTRISM
understand whatever the employee was trying to
Even though we deny it, most of us are
tell him. A business owner might yell at his
ethnocentric at some point in our lives. Some do
foreign employees and call them stupid because
not even realize that they are being ethnocentric at
of their different races, cultures, or values that
that moment. Below are some of the examples of
are different from the boss.
ethnocentrism:
1. American society sees themselves as a
EXAMPLE 3: IN AMERICAN SOCIETY world leader. As a result, they interfere in the
political affairs of other countries and try to
control them, leading to misunderstanding and
miscommunication amongst nations which
sometimes result in war.
2. During the time of Adolf Hitler, Germans
believed that they were a superior race. This
led to the death of 6 million Jews whom they
considered as an inferior race.
3. European countries went beyond their
ethnocentric biases and saw non-European
cultures as uncivilized and underdeveloped
countries of savages and barbarians. They
used this perspective to justify colonialism and
● The popular belief among American ethnocentric imperialism.
people is that their country, culture, values, Cases of hate crimes and terrorism violence can
development, and everything else is superior to usually be traced back to religious conflicts and
every other nation in the world, and that every misunderstandings.
other nation is inferior to the United States.
● This belief has led to political meddling among
the matters of other countries, leading to CULTURAL RELATIVISM
misunderstandings and miscommunication
between different countries in the world.

EXAMPLE 4: ETHNOCENTRISM AND CULTURE

■ Cultural relativism refers to not judging a

culture to our own standards of what is right
● Every culture on earth tends to impart or wrong, strange or normal. Instead, we
ethnocentrism, albeit unintentionally. should try to understand the cultural practices of
● Various aspects of culture such as mythological other groups in their own cultural context.
tales, folktales, legends, religion, songs, ■ For example, instead of thinking, “Fried crickets
proverbs, language, rituals, etc. promote the are disgusting!” One should instead ask, “Why
superiority of that one culture over others. do some cultures eat fried insects?”.
● Though this is an unintentional kind of promotion of
ethnocentrism, it instills the belief that 'my CULTURAL RELATIVISM AS THE OPPOSITE VIEW
race/my culture' is really better than the rest,
● Cultural relativism is a belief that cultures are ETHNOCENTRISM AND CULTURAL RELATIVISM
equally complex. ● Both these viewpoints or concepts present
● There is no such thing as superior or inferior extremist views, i.e. while ethnocentrism leans
culture. towards intolerance, cultural relativism leans
● Cultural relativism is very important in studying the towards incredibly high tolerance of cultural
culture of other people. It is a way of viewing the features.
beliefs, values, and practices of a culture from ● Ethnocentrism in its extreme form gives rise to
its own viewpoint. supremacism, while cultural relativism allows
● Another way to say this is that others should the propagation of certain practices that are
understand an individual’s beliefs and activities basic human rights.
in terms of that person’s own culture. ● In terms of sensitivity, ethnocentrism is
● Cultural relativism promotes greater insensitive to other cultures, while cultural
appreciation of the cultures that an individual relativism shows high cultural sensitivity.
might encounter along the way. ● These views involve examining a culture and all
● Cultural relativism is a good way to rehearse the its aspects and evaluating them. The basis for
norms and values of a society — a requirement evaluation differs according to the view
that one must subscribe to, regardless of his/her employed.
cultural origin.
● It means that the function and meaning of a trait
are relative to its cultural setting.

EXAMPLES IN SOME HOMES

Women are confined to the kitchen and are proud
to play their roles in such a setting while in some
set-ups, women are encouraged to lead and
engage in what would be considered “men’s
fields.”

EXAMPLES IN MANY CULTURES

1. Where Islam is the predominant faith, a more

thorough covering of the body is expected than
in other cultures.
2. What constitutes breakfast varies widely from
place to place. What is considered a typical
breakfast in Turkey is quite different from what
is considered a typical breakfast in the U.S. or
Japan. While it might seem strange to eat fish
soup or stewed vegetables for breakfast in the
U.S., in other places, this is perfectly normal.
Conversely, our tendency toward sugary
cereals and milk or preference for egg
sandwiches loaded with bacon and cheese
would seem quite bizarre to other cultures.

SIMILARITIES AND DIFFERENCES BETWEEN

Lesson 5. creatures that can walk erect during the

BIOLOGICAL AND CULTURAL prehistoric period,

EVOLUTION HUMAN CULTURAL EVOLUTION

■ It is a saying that “human has no contentment”.
[1] BIOLOGICAL EVOLUTION As the environment changes, we continousuly
■ Refers to the changes, modifications, and grow and find ways to maximize our efforts as
variations in the genetics and inherited traits of we live.
biological population from one generation to ■ It is very evident in the different stages of human
another. cultural evolution: Paleolithic Period, Neolithic
■ Scientists study the changes in shape and size Period, and Age of Metal.
of their bones.
[3] PALEOLITHIC PERIOD
[2] CULTURAL EVOLUTION ■ It was coined by archaeologist John Lubbock in
■ Refers to the changes or development in 1865
cultures from a simple form to a more complex ■ It is derived from the Greek word, palaios, which
form of human culture. means “old”; and lithos, “stone”.
■ Scientists study the cultural evolution of humans ■ It happened 2.5 million years ago, is also known
by analyzing the changes in the latter’s way of as “Old Stone Age”
life ■ In the Paleolithic period, the Earth was
. extremely cold and ocean levels were much
lower than they are now. Due to the cold climate,
CHARLES DARWIN much of the Stone Age is also called the Ice Age
■ The evolution of. species happens through the ■ Human beings in this time were grouped
process of natural selection together in small societies such as bands, and
subsisted by gathering plants and fishing,
[3] NATURAL SELECTION hunting or scavenging wild animals.
○ The reason for occurence of evolution. ■ Also in this era, according to study of Dr.JJesus
○ The outcome. processes that affect the T. Peralta of NCCA, respect is given to age, and
frequencies of traits in a particular individual prowess and ability are recognized.
environment. Traits that enhance survival There are no leaders that could be said to be
and reproductive success increase. in above everybody else and whose commands
frequency over time. are obeyed without questions.
■ During these years, people were nomads and
THREE PRINCIPLES OF NATURAL SELECTION: able to use simple tools and weapons made of
unpolished stone. The caves served as their
shelter.
1. Variations
■ Similary, this was the time when people
○ Every species is made up of a variety of
discovered to use the fire, through the use of
individuals wherein some are adapted to their
stone, for their protection against cold
environments compared to others.
temperature and to cook their own food.
2. Heritability
○ Organisms produce progeny with different [4] NEOLITHIC PERIOD
sets of traits that can be inherited. ■ It also comes from the same archeologist, John
Lubbock.
3. Differential Reproductive Stress ■ It came from the Greek work “neo” which means
○ Organisms that have traits most suitable to new and “lithos” meaning stone.
their environment will survive and transfer ■ The “New Stone Age” which happened for about
these variations to their offspring in 10,000 B.C. In this period, the Cro Magnon
subsequent generations. disappeared and the new people who are
considered the modern man appeared.
HOMONIDS ■ The Neolithic Revolution is also called as the
FIrst Agricultural Revolution
○ The general term used to categorize the
■ During this period, there was a wide-scale
group. of early humans and other humanlike
transition of many human cultures from a
lifestyle of hunting and gathering to of agriculture
 and settlement kind of society which eventually alam kung pano ka naggaganun ^8^
led to population increase.
■ People depend on domesticated plants and
animals. They learned to create such crafts as TOOLS
pottery and weaving. They likewise developed Paleolithic
boats as means of transportation and for fishing ○ Small and handy for mobile lifestyle.
as well. Neolithic
■ From being nomads during the early stage, ○ Included a wider array of small and bigger
human began to develop a sedentary type of tools due to sedentary lifestyle
society which they build-up villages and town.
■ Furthermore, they were never content with their PERSONAL PROPERTIES
accomplishments. They kept on discovering Paleolithic
things for their own convenience. So, they ○ Limited to personal accessories and small
discovered metals, and they gradually tools that could easily be carried around
abandoned stone as the basic element for their Neolithic
instrument and tools. ○ Included structures (e.g. houses, decorative
ornaments, large. containers)
[5] AGE OF METAL
■ During this age, agricultural tools were ART
developed with bronze, such as plows and Paleolithic
sickles, military weapons like swords, spears ○ Small and limited to personal ornament,
and shields, as well as household utensils like bigger artworks, werre done but not within a
jars, bowls, and cups. long time frame (e.g. cave paintings)
■ Likewise, more developed social, cultural, Neolithic
political, and economic systems were improved. ○ Included the creation of artworks that
Tribes, empires, and states were recognized at required a longer. length of time and a reater
this point. number of people (e.g. Stonehedge).
■ This period was known as Age of Metals (4000
B.C. - 1500 B.C. SUBSISTENCE
■ The use of metal such as bronze, copper, and Paleolithic
iron produced a new historical development from ○ Foraging
the cradle civilization of Egypt, Mesopotamia, Neolithic
Persia including India, and China which later ○ Agriculture
spread throughout Asia.
There were three stages distinguished within this
■
Age due to the different types of metals that
LEADERSHIP
were used: The Copper Age, The Bronze Age, Paleolithic
and The Iron Age. ○ Not rigid; based on age and. knowledge
■ Copper was the first known metal, it is of a low Neolithic
hardness, and it was used to make ornaments; ○ Semirigid; based on legitimacy (religious
bronze is an alloy of copper and tin, and it is beliefs, social status)
harder and stronger than copper.
■ Several Eastern Mediterranean peoples SOCIAL DIVISIONS
discovered this metallurgy and progressed Paleolithic
rapidly. ○ None, communal lifestyle
Neolithic
STAGES OF CULTURAL DEVELOPMENT ○ Elite vs Working class
■ Social Scientists identify cultures as. passing
through four stages. These are sometimes POPULATION SIZE
called the stages of cultural development. Paleolithic
1. The development and use of tools ○ Small (30-50 people)
2. The control and use of fire Neolithic
3. The development of Agriculture ○ Large (in thousands)
4. The development of a writing system
[6] SOCIOPOLITICAL EVOLUTION
CHARACTERISTICS OF PALEOLITHIC AND ■ The process by which structural reorganization
NEOLITHIC SOCIETIES // naka table format. 2 di ko is affected through time, eventually producing a
 form or structure which is qualitatively different Representative Democracy
from the ancestral form. ○ Is a system where citizens choose
government representatives among their
EARLY CIVILIZATION AND RISE OF THE STATE citizens.

Direct Democracy
ANCIENT STATE AND CIVILIZATION ○ Is where the citizens form a governing body
■ One of the earliest states and civilizations was and vote directly on issues
found in the Fertile Crescent which is known as
the Mesopotamian Civilization Constitutional Democracy
■ The word Mesopotamia is a Greek word for ○ Limits the powers of the government through
“Land between two rivers” which is often referred the nation’s constitution.
to as the cradle civilization. It is the region of the
Western Asia located between the Tigris and
Euphrates Rivers..
■ It is known as the Fertile Crescent where the first
evidence of agriculture was also found.

MODERN STATE AND CIVILIZATION

■ In the European continent, several states and
civilizations grew tremendously over centuries
■ In England, around the 1500s, most of the
people lived in small villages. They paid tithes to
their feudal landlords.
■ Henry VII won the War of the Roses in England,
which led into what is known as the Tudor
dynasty and begun the development of the
English nation-state

THE STATE OF THE PEOPLE: DEMOCRATIC STATE

■ In the recent decade after the two World Wars,
people are becoming more active in their
government and state affairs, in which people
become the source of political power and
government rules.
■ The evolution in the government is known as the
process of democratization, or simply
democracy- the rule of the people.

DEMOCRATIZATION
○ is the transition to a more democratic
political regime, including substantive
political changes moving in a democratic
direction.
○ It may be the transition from an
authoritarian regime to a full democracy,
a transition from an authoritarian political
system to a semi-democracy, or transition
from a semi authoritarian political system
to a democratic political system.

DEMOCRACY
○ is a form of government where the
citizens of the nation have the power to
vote.

TYPES OF DEMOCRACY
Lesson 6. Lesson 7.

TANGIBLE AND INTANGIBLE AGENTS OF SOCIALIZATION

HERRITAGE
CULTURAL HERITAGE
■ Cultural Heritage is an expression of the ways of
living developed by a community and passed on
from generation to generation, including
customs, practices, places, objects, artistic
expressions and values.
■ Cultural Heritage is often expressed as either
Intangible or Tangible Cultural Heritage

[1] TANGIBLE HERITAGE

■ Refers to physical artifacts produced,
maintained, and transmitted intergenerationally
SOCIALIZATION
in a society. ■ Socialization is a process by which individuals
■ It includes artistic creations, build heritage such acquire the knowledge, language, social skills,
as buildings and monuments, and other physical and values to conform to the norms and roles
or tangible products of human creativity that are required integration into a group or community.
invested with cultural significance in a society.
[1] FAMILY AS THE FIRST AGENT OF
EXAMPLE OF TANGIBLE HERITAGE SOCIALIZATION
■ Artistic creations, built. heritage such as ■ Most of the habits, manners, beliefs, and the
buildings and monuments, and other physical or way we think are develop in the family. A huge
tangible products of human creativity that are part of your personality is molded by your family
invested with cultural significance in a society. because this is where you spent your childhood.
■ T’nalak fabric of the T’boli Your family influences you on the way you
■ Taal lake and volcano behave and act as a person. This is when the
■ Dambana ng Kagitingan in Mount Samat socialization process is crucial and intense. Do
■ The UP Oblation you still remember your happy moments in
■ Taka figurines of Paete, Laguna school? Of course, you do.
■ Baro’t Saya
[2] SCHOOL IS ANOTHER AGENT OF
[2] INTANGIBLE HERITAGE SOCIALIZATION.
■ Indicates the practices, representations,
expressions, knowledge, skills — as well as the
instruments, objects, artifacts, and cultural
spaces associated therewith — that
communities, groups and, in some cases,
individuals recognize as part of their Cultural
Heritage.

EXAMPLES OF INTANGIBLE HERITAGE

■ Oral traditions, performing arts, local knowledge,
and traditional skills.
■ O, Maliwanag na Buwan sung by Pilita Corales
■ Parada ng Lechon of Balayan
■ Nuno sa punso ■ Here, you interact or socialize with other people
■ Pagsasanghiyang — your classmates, teachers, administrators,
■ Valenciana Festival of Gen. Trias and others which are outside your family within a
■ Tinikling society. Your socialization with them has made a
■ Kundiman lot of experiences in you. It is in the shool that
■ Noli Me Tangere your behavior and attitude are shape to become
■ Florante at Laura a better member of society. So, a part of your
 personality is developed by this agent. Do you
agree?
[5] ENCULTURATION
■ Enculturation is the process by which a person
[3] PEER GROUP adopts the behavior patterns of the culture he
lives in.
■ We are living in a society of many cultures.
Culture is the customary beliefs, social forms,
and material traits of a racial, religious, or soial
group (Merriam-Webster.com). These cultures
make people different from one another. A group
has a set of shared attitudes and practices which
are partially or even totally apart from what
others have.
■ As an individual grows up in a social group,
he/she. learns to understand his/ her identity.
This is where enculturation comes in.
■ Your circle of friends is also an agent of
Enculturation is the process by which people.
socialization. It is called a peer group. Your learn the requirements of their surrounding
peers usually have similar ages, social status, culture and acquire values and behaviours
and share interests. Your peer group influences appropriate or necessary in that culture
■ According to Stephen A. Grunland and Marvin K.
you on the way you can accept yourself. It is
with your peer group that you find yourself Mayers (1988) (as cited from Hoebel, 1982),
belonged. I'm sure you learned a lot from your enculturation is both a conscious and an
friends, didn’t you? So, you are right when you unconscious conditioning process whereby man,
think that they are also important agents in as child and adult, achieves competence in his
shaping your personality. culture, internalizes his culture and becomes
thoroughly enculturated. Socializing with people
plays a great part in achieving it. He/she deals
[4] SOCIAL MEDIA with it. An individual also learns from observing
the surroundings he/she is in.

EXAMPLES OF ENCULTURATION
IN FAMILY
■ As a child lives with his family and the
community, he/she adapts socially accepted
values (e.g. attending to religious obligations,
respecting the elders, etc.). At a very young
age, a child is instilled with values by his/her
parents and family. He/she sees the importance
■ Social media as an agent of socialization plays of being together as respected when they eat.
a. crucial role in shaping your personality as Also he/she learns the foundations of learning;
well. Majority of us, young and old, are be it reading the alphabet and counting of
connected through social media. Much of our numbers.
waking time is spent on using social media.
■ So this agent of socialization influences your
way of life intensively thus doing a large part in IN SCHOOL
your personal development. There are other
socialization agents who are also important in
molding you as a person: the community, the
church, and the government

You see? What you are now is a product of

socialization. You have been socializing from the
time you were born until now. Socialization is a
continuing process until we die. Socialization is
really a necessity for it develops you as a person
■
■ In school, he/she learns to be a socially
educated person as he/she observes and adapts
the behavior of other people (e.g. singing the
National Anthem, paying respect to the flag,
showing respect to teachers, and valuing
friendship among friends and classmates).
■ A person becomes more civilized as he learns
more of culturally accepted behavior and
knowledge in school. ■ The government upon its imposition of law
refines a person’s way of living, Through which
he/she learns his civil rights and exercises them
IN COMMUNITY righteously. Likewise, he/she learns to respect
government policies and abides by them,
knowing that every action has limitations.

IN RELIGION

■ In a community, a person may be inspired to

practice social duties and obligations as
observed and learned from those who do great
contributions for the welfare of most people. In
these practices, one may also become a ■ In his/her dealing with religious affiliations, a
steward of goodwill. person’s beliefs in Omnipotent Being is
strengthened. This cultivates the idea that
IN PEERS everyone is like a brother and a sister. Thus,
respecting one another is valued. He or she
learns to respect differences in faith.

INITIATORS
■ Parents and other authorities are called the
initiators of enculturation. As one is encultured
by those initiators, the process is manifested in
his/her actions, choices, and decisions. If it is not
because of enculturation, a person will not
become the way he/she is in society.
■ One will not be able to discern what is right from
wrong or even make actions to handle problems
■ A teenager learns to clothe himself/herself like encountered. Because of enculturation, an
his/her friends or in great chances, adapts how individual knows the boundaries of his/her
they behave and act. He/She appreciates the actions, words, and ideals. As a learned
value of friendship, learn to find joy in sharing individual, one becomes accepted by the group
commonalities and accepts differences in he/she belongs with.
choices and decisions. His/her confidence in ■ Enculturation teaches a person of his/her roles
dealing with people can be rooted from a well- in the society. True enough, he/she becomes a
maintained relationship with friends. functional member of society.

IN GOVERNMENT

Lesson 8.
SOCIAL GROUPS AND [6] NETWORK
■ A collection of people tied together by a specific
ORGANIZATIONS pattern of connections.

SOCIAL GROUP
■ Families, companies, circle of friends, clubs,
local chapters of fraternities and sororities, and
local religious congregations.

[1] PRIMARY GROUP

Basic Characteristics
1. Personal and intimate relationship
2. Face to face communication
3. Permanence (long-lasting or stable)
4. A strong sense of loyalty or “we” feelings
5. Small in size
6. Informality
7. Traditional or non-traditional decision-making

EXAMPLES OF PRIMARY GROUPS

■ Families
■ Gangs
■ Cliques
■ Play groups
■ Friendship Groups

[2] SOCIAL GROUP

1. Relationship is personal, aloof
2. Communication is indirect
3. Duration is temporary.
4. Group cohesiveness is weal and are
based on self-interest
5. Group boundaries
6. Structure is formal
7. Decisions are based on rationality and
rules

EXAMPLES OF SECONDARY GROUPS

■ Industrial Workers
■ Business associates
■ Faculty staff
■ Company employees

[3] IN GROUP
■ Belonging to the same group who share
common bonds and interests who understand
each other.

[4] OUT GROUP

■ Those who do not belong to the in-group

[5] REFERENCE GROUPS

■ A collection of people that we use as a standard
of comparison for ourselves regardless of
whether we are part of that group. We use them
to evaluate us.