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com/

ENVIRONMENT

The six years since the Paris Climate Agreement have been the six hottest years on record. Our
addiction to fossil fuels is pushing humanity to the brink. We face a stark choice: Either we stop it
— or it stops us. 3 It’s time to say: enough. Enough of brutalizing biodiversity. Enough of killing
ourselves with carbon. Enough of treating nature like a toilet. Enough of burning and drilling and
mining our way deeper. We are digging our own graves. 4 Our planet is changing before our eyes —
from the ocean depths to mountain tops; from melting glaciers to relentless extreme weather
events. Sea-level rise is double the rate it was 30 years ago. Oceans are hotter than ever — and
getting warmer faster. Parts of the Amazon Rainforest now emit more carbon than they absorb. 5
Recent climate action announcements might give the impression that we are on track to turn things
around. This is an illusion. The last published report on Nationally Determined Contributions
showed that they would still condemn the world to a calamitous 2.7 degree increase. And even if
the recent pledges were clear and credible — and there are serious questions about some of them
— we are still careening towards climate catastrophe. 6 Even in the best-case scenario,
temperatures will rise well above two degrees. So, as we open this much anticipated climate
conference, we are still heading for climate disaster.
--Antonio guterres, COP 26--

One of the first conditions of happiness is

that the link between man and nature
shall not be broken.- Leo Tolstoy

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What we are doing to the forests of the

world is a mirror reflection of what we are
doing to ourselves and one another. -
Gandhiji

We won't have a society if we destroy the

environment. -Margaret Mead

We do not inherit the earth from our

ancestors, we borrow it from our children.
The best time to plant a tree was 20
years ago. The next best time is today. -
Chinese proverb

In the era of global warming, nothing

is really far away.

-Amitav Ghosh

ME:

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The ground zero of

climate change is a
Bhola Island of
South Bangladesh
or a Mousini Island
of the Sunderbans.
Regions that are not
only being affected
first, but regions
with immense Rising sea levels in sunderbans 3 times
poverty,
impoverishment and the global average
neglect.
Geographies where
climate change is a
body blow to the
very existence of
people--their
livelihood, culture,
community and
existence.

ENVIRONMENT
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Kinna sona desh hain mera,

Dharti sunehri, Ambar neela, Har mausam rangeela, Aisa Desh hai mera.
Bole papiha, koyal gaye
Sawan Ghir Ghir aaye
Aisa Desh hai mera
Genhu ke khete me, kanghi jo kare hawaye
rang birangi kitni, nadiya udti jaye
"The earth is golden, the skies are blue,
Every season is colourful,
such is my country.
The cuckoo talks and the Koel sings,
The monsoon clouds arrive
such is my country"
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Movie: Hamraaz, Singer: Mahendra Kapoor, Lyrics: Sahir Ludhianvi

"Beneath the blue sky,
The love of earth blossoms
In this place the morning arrives,
In this place the evening falls
Beneath the blue sky
The love of earth blossoms"

Hey.. Neele gagan ke tale, dharti ka pyaar pale -2

Aise hi jag mein, aati hain subhein, aise hi shaam dhale
Hey.. Neele gagan ke tale, dharti ka pyaar pale

People to Remember

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Planted over 1 lakh trees in Karnataka

Stories to Remember

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Minara Begum:
of Bhola District of South
Bangladesh had to migrate to Dhaka
as her house, land, farms started
submerging within water due to sea
level rise.

Bhola Island is the “ground zero” of

climate change, and home to what
have been called the world’s first
climate refugees.
Bangladesh’s largest island is
located where one of the country’s
mightiest rivers, the Meghna, meets
the Indian ocean at the Bay of
Bengal.

Simon Kofe
"In Tuvalu, we are living the reality of
climate change, sea level rise. We
cannot wait for speeches. take bold
alternative action today to secure
tomorrow"

Quotes to

Problems

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1. Comprehensive Water Management

Index, Niti Aaayog: 600 million
people in India facing high to
extreme water stress.
2. 40% Indians will have no access to
drinking water by 2030
3. Figures revealed by Ministry of Jal
Shakti
Water 1. iron, arsenic, uranium, cadmium,
fluoride.
2. Heavy salinity, nitrate, heavy
metals
3. 152 districts in 18 states: more
than 0.03 mg per litre of
uranium found in groundwater.
4. Diseases
1. cholera, diarrhoea,
salmonellosis, shigellosis
Oceans More than 90% of the energy trapped by
greenhouse gases goes into the oceans.
Wetland
Air
Land
1. Sixth Mass Extinction upon us.
2. Recently, scientists found that
Bramble Cay Melomys-an
Biodiversity Australian rat like rodent went extinct
due to rising seas inundating its tiny
coral island. This is the first mammal
confirmed to be pushed to extinction
entirely due to climate change.
Climate Change

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1. Rising temp--rising demand for

space cooling
Energy 2. Met by thermal power, further
adding to GHG
3. Thermal power plants---water
intensive---water demand increase
1. 25% of total anthropogenic
emissions done by agriculture
2. Economic Survey 2018: farmers
Agriculture income losses from climate change
will be between 15-18% on average
3. IPCC: Agricultural productivity to
decline by 5 to 30% by 2050.
Food Insecurity
Environment and
Conflicts
Climate refugees

Impact

1. Heat island affect

2. severe effect on children and elderly
3. rise of heat strokes, cardiovascular
diseases, neurological diseases,
stress related disorder.
4. Wet Bulb temperatures rising:
Health Humidity so high that the body cannot
cool down despite sweating,
potentially fatal
5. Reduced nutritional intake
6. reduced nutritional value of crops---
food insecurity

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1. 50% rainfed agriculture in India

2. Economic survey-- reduced
remuneration of farmers due to
climate change------
Food Insecurity 3. Extreme weather events---crop
destruction----local storms like Kaal
Baisakhi new intensity// cyclones//
unprecedented rain/// or
unprecedented break in cyclone, for
eg: Bihar this year
Social
Political
1. World Bank: Climate change could
push 45 million Indians into extreme
Economic poverty over next 15 years.
2. High sea temp threaten coral reef
survival which generate $375 billion
per year in goods and services
Cultural
World Migration Report 2020: Largest new
Internal displacement in Asia resulted from
People/Migration disasters. Eg: Bhola Island BG to
Dhaka//Mousuni Island, Sunderbans---
Kolkata

Changes in Climate in India: Ministry of Earth Sciences: 'Assesment of Climate Change over
the Indian Region

1. Frequency of heat waves over

Temperature Rise India projected to be 3 to 4
times higher
Sea Surface Temperature of Indian
Sea LevelRise Ocean risen by 1 degree celsisu
during 1951-2015

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1. Summer monsoons declined by

Change in Rainfall 6% between 1951-2015
pattern 2. Frequency of localised heavy
rain occurences has
significanyly increased by 75%
1. Flooding events have increased
Floods since 1950
2. Whether Annual Assam, Kosi,
Mumbai urban flloods, Chennai
1. Area affected by droughts has
Drought increased 1.3% per decade
over last 6-7 decades
1. Intensity closely linked to
Tropical Cyclonic ocean sea surface temperature
Storm 2. Increasing occurence in
Arabian Sea also
International Centre for Integrated
Mountain Development: Hindu Kush
Himalayan Cryosphere Himalaya Assesment---- over 1/3rd of
the glaciers in the region could retreat
by 2100 even if global temperature
capped at 1.5 degree celsisu

Efforts

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1. Natyional Innovations on Climate

resilient Agriculture: NICRA---ICAR
2. COP 26 Glasgow
3. NAPCC
4. Climate Change Action Programme
5. FAME
6. BS VI
7. ECBC
8. UJJWALA
9. UJALA
10. AMRUT
11. SBA
12. GRIHA
13. National Adaptation Fund for
CLimate change
14. Green bonds
15. Polluter pays principle
16. Perform, Achieve and Trade
scheme
17. Carbon tax
18. Energy saving certificates
19. Satellite
1. HySis
2. Megha Tropiques
3. SARAL mission
20. ISA
21. CDRI
22. Living car free saves about 2.4
tonnes of Co2 equivalent per
year
23. Community Natural Reserves---
Senegal--financial aid from UNDP

ENVIRONMENT

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https://indianexpress.com/article/opinion/columns/narendra-
modi-un-champions-of-the-earth-award-swachh-bharat-
environment-5385279/

“यस्यां समुद्र उत सिन्धुरापो यस्यामन्नं कृ ष्टयः संबभूवुः । यस्यामिदं जिन्वति

प्राणदेजत्सा नो भूमिः पूर्वपेये दधातु ॥३॥ ” It means: Salutations to
Mother Earth. In Her is woven together Ocean and River
Waters; in Her is contained Food which She manifests when
ploughed; In Her indeed is alive all Lives; May She bestow
us with that Life

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Nature 1980 world conservation strategy of IUCN

1992 Forest Principles
CBD:
all 3 recognise role of community conservation and its
essentiality
Nature / Biodiversity has both
Instrumental value
Intrinsic value: DEEP ECOLOGY PROPONENTS
CBD COP 11 Hyderabad:
Prakruthi Rakshati Rakshita
Nature Protects if she is protected
GLOBAL PROBLEM LOCAL SOLUTIONS:
community conservation India: bishnoi, Nyishi,
Dongriya Kondh
Local Agenda 21
Forest Principles
Joint Forest Management

LOCAL PROBLEM, GLOBAL SOLUTIONS

Climate change: Kyoto: CDM: Delhi Metro
CNG tech transfer from Germany
CONSERVATION MINUS THE PEOPLE?

India's Conservation policies reveal a DICHOTOMY OF

INTENT AND ACTION.
Prof. M.S. Swaminathan:
Our Biodiversity hotspots are PARADISES fo
Fragmented policy landscape:
Valuable Genes but fast becoming Paradise lost
WPA: wildlife-------Indian Forest Act: forest and its
Indira Gandhi:
resources
Interest in conservation is not a sentimental one, it is
FRA under Tribal Ministry; Conservation---MoEFCC
a rediscovery of truth that ancient sages knew too
well. Indian tradition teaches us all life forms:
INCLUDE THE POOR IN BIODIVERSITY
human, animal and plant are so closely interlinked
CONSERVATION
that disturbance in one gives rise to imbalance in
57% of Income derived from ecosystem services, ex:
others.
25% of population dependent on non timber forest
HARVARD BIODIVERSITY VISIONARY: Prof.
produce for livelihood
Edward O. Wilson:
UNDP+GEF: Gulf of Mannar Biosphere Reserve:
Highest loss of biodiversity during the 6th
coral regeneration: led to livelihood diversification
Mass extinction
and increased Income

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ENVIRONMENT

From nature, so much to learn

Degrowth
Chemistry nobel 2018- directed evolution pathbreaking
Social and environmental development > Crude
cancer treatments, biofuel engineering. to observe nature,
GDP
learn from the principles of nature
Gandhian Sarvodaya
African Ubuntu: You are therefore I am
Frances Arnold, Chemistry Nobel laureate: The very best
Latin American: Buen Vivier: Good Life for
inventor and engineer of all times who has not been
humans and ecosystems
awarded yet is nature. Intricate principles that support and
create new life. New solutions to important problems, lie in
nature

Wangari Mathaai
In trying to explain this linkage, I was inspired by a
traditional African tool that has three legs and a basin to
sit on. To me the three legs represent three critical pillars
of just and stable societies. The first leg stands for
democratic space, where rights are respected, whether they are
human rights, women's rights, children's rights, or
environmental rights. The second represents sustainable and
equitable management and resources. And the third stands for
cultures of peace that are deliberately cultivated within
communities and nations. The basin, or seat, represents
society and its prospects for development. Unless all three
legs are in place, supporting the seat, no society can thrive.
Neither can its citizens develop their skills and creativity.
When one leg is missing, the seat is unstable; when two legs
are missing, it is impossible to keep any state alive; and when
no legs are available, the state is as good as a failed state. No
development can take place in such a state either. Instead,
conflict ensues

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Conservation and Environmental Degradation

IF AVERAGE GLOBAL TEMPERATURE RISES BY MORE THAN 1
IPCC REPORT DEGREE CELSIUS FROM PRESENT, INDIA WILL ANNUALLY
SUFFER FROM HEAT WAVES LIKE 2015 WHICH KILLED 2000
GLOBAL NET HUMAN CAUSED EMISSIONS NEED TO COME
DOWN TO NET ZERO AROUND 2050

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Introduction:
The concept of Compensatory Afforestation modelled
into the legislation of Compensatory Afforestation Fund
Act 2016 seeks to ensure development and
environmental conservation take place simultaneously.
For any amount of deforestation for development
purposes, compensation via afforestation has to be done.
A seemingly well meaning legislation has exposed
several problems in its implementation :
Compensatory afforestation has been reduced to
merely planting a particular number of trees.
Numbers have taken precedence, AN ECOLOGICAL
APPROACH is missing.
Often the barren land used in suburbs are not
feasible, else they would have been already
cultivated. The trees there need extra care, often die
down.
Critically analyse whether The ecological function of a full grown tree,
Compensatory afforestation particularly in tackling pollution cannot be matched
within CAMPA is ecologically by a sapling plantation. Environmental loss continues.
sound? Often saplings of ornamental value are chosen over
native trees. Example- plantation of Vilayati keekar
indigeneous to Mexico in Compensatory
afforestation drives in Delhi.
The need therefore is to reassess the implementation of
the concept. Developmental imperatives and ecological
conservation should go hand in hand.
An ECOLOGY WIDE APPROACH needs to be adopted.
Further, our architectural designs should be designed
around the trees to minimise losses. Concept of Green
Buildings should find precedence.
Conclusion:
A recent World Bank report titled Hotspots of South
Asia reports that climate change can cost India a loss
of 2.8% of GDP by 2050. The economic, human,
developmental and social costs demand that we
redetermine how Compensatory afforestation is done, in
practice

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All Animals legal entities with rights and duties of person, all
citizens of UK- face of animal welfare: UK HC
The greatness of a nation can be judged by the way its animals
are treated. GANDHI
Central Govt- Recovery Programme for critically
endangered species
Northern Indian Terrapin (Batagur Baska)--
species of riverine turtle,
found Eastern India,
hunted for meat,
BG, Camb, Ind, Indo, Malay
Clouded Leopard:
Himalayan foothills,
habitat loss,
poaching for skin,
Central Govt- Recovery live pet trade
Programme for critically Arabian Sea Humpback Whale:
endangered species all major oceans,
threats from ship stirkes,
fishing gear,
unfogiving seismic exploration.
migrates from Oman coast through Arabian sea,
along Indian coasts to SL
Red Panda:
montane forests,
Sikk, WB, Arunachal.
pached for meat/medicines/pet
legal sanction against hunting, fin assist to states to
pretect species, creation of sanctuaries, CBI's assist-
persecute poachers

IPCC

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USE FOR FUTURE AGREEMENT
INCREASE PRESSURE ON IND CHINA
ALARM BELL TO THE WRLD- 1.5 IS ACHIEVABLE, NEED TO BE DONE
GOOD ENVIRONMENTAL AND DEVELOPMENTAL POLITICS TO FOCUS ON 1.5
BRIDGE GAP BETWEEN SCIENCE AND POLITICS: EX NETHERLANDS EXPLORING OIL IN
ARCTIC, GERMANY SEEKING TO EXTRACT COAL
LOUD CLARION CALL: UNPRECEDENTED CHANGES
droughts in north, floods in south, heat wave in europe, forest fires- California
greatest emittors- China, USA//
no agreement in force now-- Paris in 2020-voluntary target/// Kyoto not ratified by all
failure of kyoto model
adopt developmental pathways to attain targets
Clean energy, less water intensive crops, govt to install systems for cleaner energy, FAME-few
takers
FOCUS ON CLIMATE RESEARCH- INDIA CENTRIC
we live in tropics- several changes dependent on water
What to do?
excessive investment in afforestation
energy transition to non carbon based
electric transportation
people's participation, IEC
Climate research

COMMUNITY FOREST RESOURCE:

CSE's People's Forests Report
National Forest Policy, 1988 paved way for semi-decentralisation of forest governance in
country and emergence of joint forest management (JFM)
led to increased availability of non-timber forest produce.fuelwood, improved forest
protection
2006 Forest Rights Act/ *Scheduled Tribes and other Tradtional Forest Dwellers (Recognition
of Forest Rights) Act passed-
recognises forest lands as CFR
rights based, democratic and decentralised governance of forests
rights:
Individual forest rights-legally hold-forest land where one is residing or held.
Community rights: of ownership, use and disposal of 'minor forest prduce'/non-
timber produce. grazing/firewood collection/fish/intellectual property
Community forest resource rights: protect, regenerate, conserve or manage
forest resources for sustainable use, community governance
most empowering-restores Gram Sabha's control on governance > Forest
department: democratising colonial forest governance
CFR management committees-prepare conservation and management plan
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CSE report finds: significance of CFR

Poor implementation- few states recognised rights of forest dwelling communities
There exists global acceprance of CFR, at least 15.5% under community control
CFR governance helps in forest conservation
has improved collective bargaining power of community-reduced poverty, migration
Increased new employment opportunities in CFR
Strengthening PVTG statis, as groups benefit-livelihood, development of this group
Challenges:
Operational challenge due to stiff resistance from forest departments
Administrative reluctances: state and district administration taken little initiatives to
scale up recognition and support management
Questions on ecological integrity and scientific rigour in CFR plans- sometimes focus
on short term gains
Conflicting legislations like NTCA order denied forest rights to communities in
critical tiger habitats
lack of awareness, many gram sabhas unaware
infrastructure and marketing constraints

Joint Forest Community Forest

Management Management
lacked legal sanctity under FRA, central
legislation
local people as new category of
partners in protection forest area under
and management of record of rights
forests implemented maintained by forest
through state department
resolutions
customary forest
ad hoc allocation of boundaries of village
forestland under JFM identified and
by forest department demarcated by gram
sabhas

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Joint forest CFR management

management comprise members
committee- number of exclusively from
members from forest Gram Sabha, no
department, also few representation of
from panchayat forest/other officials

Way forward:
Convergence of Plans: CFR management be integrated with existing programmes like
MGNREGA, National Bamboo Mission, National Horticulture/Aspirational Districts
Technology: GPS devices can be used- identify and map locations in CFR areas that need
intevention
Adopt best practiceS: knowledge sharing between states
CAMPA fund, lying unitilised be used for CFR activities like fire protection
Clear guidelines about government's role in CFR areas
Build capacity and leadership of CFRMCs
develop multi tier FRA monitoring and information system
Revise framework for CFR Governance to ensure ecological sustainability, financial
transparency and social equity in CFR governance/

Dust Storms:
common phenomenon in hot and dry climates
known as Haboob, Arabic for violent wind
large availability of dust and sustained wind needed
Why recent storms devastating?
huge thunderstorm complex
high temperatures in Rajasthan
presence of easterly wind that brought in moisture
intensity of western disturbances increased
unsustainable farming practices- deteriorated soil profile aiding erosion
more deaths due to lack of disaster resilient infrastructure
Impact:
loss life and property
biggest contributor to polution
carry harmful particles
prolonged exposure to dust: silicosis: lung cancer
get deposited in ocean changing salinity, affecting marine ecology
Way fwd:
check desertification-1/4th of nation affected
permaculture, organic farming- encouraged
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protect green belts- barriers like Delhi ridge and Aravali

reduce dust due to construction, unpaved roads
investment in disaster resilient infrastructure like storm shelters

GADGIL PANEL--KASTURIRANGAN:
Western Ghats Ecology Expert Panel WGEEP: Madhav Gadgil
to study impact of population pressure, climate change and development activities on WG
Functions:
assess current status of ecology of WG
demarcate areas that need to be notified as Ecologicall sensitive
recommendation for conservation, protection and rejuvenation of WG
Recommendations:
ENTIRE WESTERN GHATS AS ECOLOGICALL SENSITIVE AREA
THE WESTERN GHATS ESA DIVIDE IN TWO PARTS:
PROTECTED AREAS-WS,NP
3 ECOLOGICALLY SENSITIVE ZONES, ESZ 1,2,3
WESTERN GHATS ECOLOGY AUTHORITY, as a statutory authority under MoEF, GOI
under EPA 1986
LOCAL PARTICIPATION in development plans
HIGH LEVEL WORKING GROUP KASTURIRANGAN:
find holistic way to protect biodiversity + inclusive growth and sustainable development
Recommendations:
DISTINCTION BETWEEN NATURAL LANDSCAPE AND CULTURAL LANDSCAPE: used
remote sensisng technology, made distinction between
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DILUTED ES AREA from 1,37,000 km2 to 60,000 km2
not forbid business enterprises but incentivise them for greener practices
remove plantation crops from protected areas
PROMOTE SUSTAINABLE AGRICULTURE
ENCOURAGE ECOTOURISM FOR LOCAL BENEFITS
ENABLE GEOSPATIAL ANALYSIS AND POLICY SUPPORT
HIGH RESOLUTION MAP, woth area demarcation in public domain
IMPLEMENT FOREST RIGHTS ACT 2006, letter and spirit
BAN MINING, QUARRYING, THERMAL PLANTS- 60,000 KM2 PROTECTED AREA
COMPARISON:
EXTENT OF AREA UNDER PROTECTION:
Gadgil- entire WG as ESA and ESZ 1,2,3
Kasturirangan- reduced area of ESZ, removed already disturbed areas out of protection
regime/reduced- 60,000 km2
BAN ON POLLUTING/ENVIR HARMFUL ACTIVITIES:
Gadgil: blanket ban on all activities harmed/will harm-pesticide/GM/plantation
Kasturirangan: recommended restrictions on highly damaging activities like mining in very
limited protected area
GOVERNANCE FRAMEWORKS
Gadgil- National level WESTERN GHATS ECOLOGY AUTHORITY
Kasturirangan: strengthen existing framework of environmental clearances/set up
monitoring agency

MADHAV GADGIL: A PEOPLE'S CAMPAIGN TO REBUILD KERALA:

Root causes:
flouting of laws to safeguard natural capital
Shah Commission inquiry into illegal mining in Goa- observe mining beyond permitted
levels- great damage
ignoring serious degradation of human capital/health, employment
scientific knowledge and advice has been continually disregarded
serious erosion of social capital
ecological activists- threatened/killed
Need: man made, natural, social and human capital
need to acknowledge the stake of the local communities in the health of their ecosystem.
hence, implement 73rd, 74th CAA in letter and spirit.
local communities should be able to decide- use of land, budget
set up BIODIVERSITY MANAGEMENT COMMITTEES of citizens- empower them to
document status of local biodiversity
give positive incentives-
payment of conservation service charge for protecting sacred groves
payment towards soil carbon enrichment by switching to organic farming
fully implement FRA- rights of tribals and all forest dwellers should be secured
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transparency of all environment related data

public and transparent database on enciromental parameters from People's biodiversity
registers, community forest management etc.
WGEEP, Kasturirangan, Oommen V Oommen
Tech+ smart phone , also user friendly

JANKI ANDHARIA OF TISS:

strengthen land use planning
create River Regulation zones

MAHADAYI RIVER WATER DISPUTE

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Tribunal award given

two states accepted positively
satisfied farmers group of KN
mahadayi originates bhimgad wildlife sanctuary in Karnataka, Belgavi district
flows westerly direction
2/3rd of journey in Goa, important ecological role
most of Goa rivers salt water, hence Mahadayi key for water security
1980s onwards KN created chain of dams and canals to channel Mahadayi river water to
Malaprabha, Krishna tributary
citing endemic water crisis
Tribunal order set up agency lines of Cauvery Water Management Authority-most contentious
stage
role of agency key-balance water needs of Karnataka which is drought prone and imperatives
of Goa's ecology

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AIR POLLUTION: CRACKERS

Centr govt ruled out national ban
sugegsted production fo green crackers
crackers could be burst in pre designated areas, not residential colonies
green crackers- eco friendly/ traditional-strontium, barium and perchlorate
ban on series crackers and laris
suggest community firework events in major cities
work with CSIR, etc to reduce pollution
set up raw material characterisation facilities
reduced emission fire crackers- low emission, sound, light, less PM reduction 30-35
reduction in nitrogen oxide, sulphur dioxide
how? dust suppresenta, in situ water generation

NATIONAL CLEAN AIR CAMPAIGN:

aim to tackle air pollution
evolve effectiove ambient air quality monitoring network
collaborative and participative approach covers all sources of pollution in India
key role to technology, hence: Technology Assesment Cell: Advanced Tech for prevention
of Air pollution
Components::
city specific abatement action plan
increase monitoring stations
data dissemination
set up Air Information Centre for data analysis
NATIONAL AIR QUALITY MONITORING PROGRAMME:
Pollutants:
sulphur dioxide
oxides of nitrogen
SPM (PM 10)
Fine PM (PM 2.5)
continuous ambient air quality monitoring system across country
NATIONAL AQI:
effective communication of air quality status to people in terms easy to understand
number, nomenculature and colour- common people ca underdtsnd
pollutants: (8)
PM 10
PM 2.5
NO2
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So2
CO
O3
NH3 (ammonia)
Pb
GRAP:
plan prepared by SC mandated EPCA:
EPCA-SC mandated. notified by Union Environment ministry in 1998 under the
Environment Protection Act
lays down stratified actions that need to be taken as and when concentration of pollutants
reaches a certain level
number of anti pollution measures, specific actions for each category- moderate to poor,
very poor, severe and emergency
measures like:
stopping diesel sets
fourfold increase in parking rates
enhanced bus and metro services
newspaper, TV, radio alerts on daily basis
advice to people with respiratory and cardiac problems
Way forward:
power plants must use beneficiated coal and deploy catalytic converters to reduce
and trap particulate matter
citizens be educated to dangers- crackers/burning trash

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NATIONAL RIVER LINKING PROJECT:

envisages trnasfer of water from water surplus basins where there is flooding to water deficit
basins where there is drought or scarcity
links rivers by network of reservoirs and canals
components:
northern himalayan rivers
southern peninsular component
intra state river linking component
benefits:
34,000 MW energy generation
provide additional irrigation in water scarce western and peninsular regions
ground water recharging
create path for aquatic ecosystems to migrate from one river to another, create livelihoods
address inter state river water disputes
overall socio economic development of regions, which is linked to water as key resource
Challenges/Criticism:
Univeristy of Colorado research:
reduce inflow of northern rivers
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reduce sediments deposited by rivers ind eltas

fertile deltas will be threatened
coastal erosion will threaten local land and livelihood
MEDHA PATKAR: HYDROLOGICAL, CULTURAL AND ECOLOGICAL SIGNIFICANCE OF
RIVERS ARE NEGLECTED
ECOLOGICAL IMBALANCE
Mass deforestation- to create canals and reservoirs
huge displacement of people
every river- salient qualities- ex- some polluted- all will be.
Canadian inter basin transfers and Chinese river linking projects have both yielded
adverse effects on the ecology of the regions.
Way forward
pilot basis
ecology of rivers be preserved for sustainable development
technological
NITIN DESAI- former Deputy SECy gen, Envir, UN:
highlights areas to focus

Ernst Friedrich Schumacher

Small is Beautiful (1973)
championed cause of human-scale production
advanced a 'Buddhist' economic philosophy: ECONOMICS as if people mattered:
stressing on importance of morality and right livelihood

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Arne Naess
Ecology, Community and Lifestyle
Advocate of Deep Ecology
Ecology should be concerned with every part of nature on an equal basis because natural
order has an intrinsic value

Garrett Hardin
The Tragedy of the Commons (1968)
Lifeboat Ethics (1974)
developed an uncompromising form of ecologism that warned against the dangers of
population growth and freedom

Murray Bookchin
parallels between anarchism and ecology through the idea of social ecology'
critical of the 'mystical' ideas of DEEP ECOLOGY, which he dubbed 'eco-la-la'
The Ecology of Freedom
Re-enchanting Humanity

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Carolyn Merchant
Death of Nature
Radical Ecology
Ecofeminist philosopher
and historian of science
Nature as the benevolent mother of all undermined by the 'dominion' model of nature
that emerged out of the scientific revolution and the rise of market society

Vandana Shiva
Monocultures of the Mind (1993)
Stolen Harvest (1999)
advance of Globalisation has threatened biodiversity and deepened poverty,
particularly among women
James Lovelock

The Environment as a Global Issue

Emerged as a backlash against unbridled industrialisation
Rachel Carson: The Silent Spring (1962)
damage done to wildlife and human world by the increased use of pesticides and other
agricultural chemicals
Murray Bookchin: Our Synthetic Environment
examines how pesticides, food additives and X-rays cause a range of human illnesses,
including cancer
New generation of activist NGOs
Greenpeace
Friends of the Earth
Animal liberation activists
eco-warrior
Campaigns on
issues like dangers of pollution
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dwindling reserves of fossil fuels

deforestation
animal experiments
Political parties like GERMAN GREENS
pioneering effort, high on political agenda
The environmental movement addresses three general problems
1. Resource problems
1. conserve natural materials through reducing use of non-renewable resources
2. increasing use of renewable resources
3. reducing population growth etc
2. Sink problems
1. reduce damage done by waste products of economic activity
2. reducing pollution levels
3. increasing recycling
4. developing greener technologies
3. Ethical problems
1. restore balance betwenn humankind and nature through wildlife and wilderness
conservation
2. respect for other species
3. changed agricultural practices
SPACESHIP EARTH
KENNETH BOULDING (1966): human beings had traditionally acted as though they lived in a
'cowboy' economy, an economy with unlimited opportunities like the American west during
frontier period
However, as a spaceship is a capsule, it is a closed system and all closed systems tend to
exhibit evidence of entropy in that they decay because they are not sustained by external
inputs
Global Finiteness
Only One Earth: Ward and Dubois 1972
The Limits to Growth: Club of Rome
Internationalisation
Regional impact of acid rain
Ozone depletion
1972 UN Conference on the Human Environment at Stockholm
Stockholm Conference led to the establishment of UNEP: responsible for coordinating
environmental activities and states
1970s global recession and onset of 'Second Cold War' early 1980s: environmental issues low
on agenda
Revival
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1984 Bhopal chemical plant disaster
1986 Chernobyl nuclear disaster
Environmental degradation was closely associated with advance of Globalisation
1987 Brundtland Commission Report 'Our Common Future'
emphasis on sustainable development
provided the world dominant mainstream framework for understanding and
addressing environmental issues
RIO 1992 Earth Summit
1990s onwards
focus on climate change
global warming
greenhouse gases
UNFCCC established
first attempt to stabilise greenhouse gas concentrations at a level that would
prevent dangerous anthropogenic climate change
IPCC: reporting on implementation of UNFCCC
1997 KYOTO
Reformist and Radical Ecology
REFORMIST ECOLOGY
Environment Kuznets Curve
Reformist ecology seeks to reconcile principle of ecology with central features of capitalist
modernity: individual self-seeking, materialism, economic growth etc.) ; therefore also called
'modernist' ecology
Form of humanist or 'shallow ecology'
JOHN LOCKE: Human beings are 'the masters and possesors of nature'
Influence on UTILITARIANISM: based on classical liberal thining
J S Mill: justified a 'steady state economy'(without economic growth on grounds of
contemplation of nature as a HIGHER PLEASURE
Peter Singer
justified animal rights on the grounds that all species and not just humans have a right to
avoid suffering
practices 'ENLIGHTENED ANTHROPOCENTRISM'
Key feature of reformist ecology is the recognition that there are 'limits to growth'
and that environmental degradation ultimately threatens prosperity and economic
performance
'Weak' sustainabiity
'getting rich more slowly'
damage to the environment is an external or social cost
by taking account of such costs, balance between modernisation and sustainability
Three solutions of REFORMIST ECOLOGY
'Market Ecologism' or 'Green Capitalism'. ex green taxes

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Human ingenuity and development of green technologies: drought resistant crops,

energy efficient forms of transport and 'clean coal'
International regimes and systems of transnational regulation.
Global governance offers prospect that the impact of ;tragedy of the commons' can be
reduced even though it can never be removed

Radical Ecology
far reaching and revolutionary changes are needed
they do not seek to reconcile ecology with capitalist modernity
These theories view capitalist modernity, its values, structures and institutions as the ROOT
CAUSE of ENVIRONMENTAL DEGRADATION
SOCIAL ECOLOGY
explain balance between humankind and nature largely by reference to social structures
Three ways
Ecosocialism: advances an environmental critique of capitalism. Capitalism's anti-
ecological bias stems from private property and commodifification
Eco-Anarchism: environmental critique of hierarchy and authority
Ecofeminism: environmental critique of patriarchy.
Morality springs not from human beings but from human nature itself, supporting the idea of
BIOCENTRIC EQUALITY

Climate Change
What is it: Diagram also

What are its global consequences: IPCC recent report

What are the challenges to addressing this global concern: ANDREW HEYWOOD
1. Tragedy of Commons
1. Tackling global warming imposes costs on individual states in terms of investment in
sometimes expensive mitigation and adaptation strategies as well as accepting lower
levels of economic growth
2. States often encouraged to be free riders enjoying benefits of a healthier atmosphere
without having to pay for them
2. Developed vs Developing
1. exposes significant divisions between developed world and developing
2. widens North South divide
3. shift of polluting industries to the Global south
4. Developing world feels: developed world has a historic responsibility
3. Radical ecologists argue the problem is structural
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1. Not simply a manifestation of the difficulty of bringing international cooperation

2. but the forces that have shaped capitalist modernity
3. Green capitalism is mere contradiction
4. Value transformation is needed
5. Conflict between collective good and national interests
6. Tensions between developed and developing states
7. Economic obstacles
8. Ecological obstacles
How to do it: Way Forward
1. Profoundly difficult because it is the basis for industrialisation itself, and thus key to economic
growth
2. Provide an alternative to 'carbon industrialisation' or make sacrifices in terms of economic
growth and material prosperity
3. International cooperation
1. Rio Earth Summit 1992
2. UNFCCC
3. Kyoto
4. Mitigation technologies adapted by IPCC
1. fuel switching from coal to gas
2. wider use of nuclear power
3. greater use of renewable heat and power (hydropower, solar, wind, geothermal, bio
energy)
4. Early application of carbon dioxide capture and storage
5. more fuel efficient vehicles
6. hybrid and cleaner diesel vehicles
7. Decarbonised transport
5. Adaptation strategies
1. reolcation of settlements, especially coastal zones
2. improved sea walls and storm surge barriers
3. expanded rainwater harvesting and improved water storage and conservation techniques
4. adjustment of planting dates and crop varierties
5. crop relocation and improved land management
6. improved climate sensitive disease surveillance and control

The crisis is what Aurobindo Ghosh would call the domination of TAMAS: or Animal extincts.
The solution in attaining SACHIDANAND: Flowering of the mind

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Conclusion: As Jedediah S. Purdy (Columbia Law Prof) argues in his monumental book " After
Nature: Politics for the Anthropocene": the spirit of environmentalism can only be realised when
it becomes fundamental to democracy; when the ecological and egalitarian projects fuse together.

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