Complex Analysis

Lecture 08

Prof. Shreedevi K. Masuti

IIT Dharwad

August 14, 2024

 Announcements

• Quiz 1: Sat August 17, 2024 from 15:00 - 16:00 for 20 marks
• Syllabus for quiz 1: Lecture 01 to Lecture 08 and Tutorial 01 and 02
 Summary of Lecture 07

• Di↵erentiability =) Cauchy-Riemann equations (CR-equations)

Theorem:
Let D ✓ C and f : D ! C be a function. Suppose that
f (z) = f (x + iy ) = u(x, y ) + iv (x, y ) is di↵erentiable at z0 = x0 + iy0 .
Then the partial derivatives of u and v exist at the point z0 = (x0 , y0 ) and

u x = vy , u y = vx , at z0 = x0 +iy0 (Cauchy Riemann equations).

Moreover,

f 0 (z0 ) = ux (x0 , y0 ) + ivx (x0 , y0 ) = vy (x0 , y0 ) iuy (x0 , y0 ).

• CR Equations ; Di↵erentiability
• CR-equations + extra assumptions =) Di↵erentiability
 ⑳
Summary of Lecture 07

Theorem: Let f (z) = u(x, y ) + iv (x, y ) for z = x + iy 2 D where

D ✓ C is an open set. Assume that u and v have continuous first order
partial derivatives throughout D and that they satisfy the
Cauchy-Riemann equations at a point z0 2 D. Then f 0 (z0 ) exists. In fact,

f 0 (z0 ) = ux (z0 ) + ivx (z0 ) = vy (z0 ) iuy (z0 ).

C
D >
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• Analytic functions
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• Entire functions to
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 Learning Outcome

• Consequences of CR-equations
• Harmonic functions and harmonic conjugate
• Application to fluid flow
 >
Consequences of CR-equations
Proposition: Let f = u + iv be a function that is di↵erentiable at every point in a
domain D. Suppose that |f (z)| = K for all z 2 D where K is a constant. Then f is a
constant function on D.
Proof:
• Since |f (z)| = K for all z = x + iy 2 D,

u(x, y )2 + v (x, y )2 = K 2 for all (x, y ) 2 D. (1)

• If K = 0, then clearly u(x, y ) = v (x, y ) = 0 for all (x, y ) 2 D. Hence f (z) = 0
for all z 2 D.
• So, let K 6= 0. Di↵erentiating (1) partially wrt x and y we get

2uux + 2vvx = 0
2uuy + 2vvy = 0
• Since ux = vy and uy = vx , we obtain
uux vuy = 0
uuy + vux = 0
• Solving for ux and uy we get, ux = uy = 0. Hence by CR-equations vx = vy = 0.
• Since D is open and connected, u is constant, say c1 . Likewise v is constant, say
c2 . Hence f (z) = u + iv = c1 + ic2 is constant.
 Consequences of CR-equations
Theorem: Let f be di↵erentiable at every point in a domain D. If
f 0 (z) = 0 for all z 2 D, then f is a constant function.
Proof:
f'(z) = 0
Zen
i know

ixx
equation)
+
= f'(z) = Un CR
(by
o

= ux
-
i
My
is
o a
= =
Vy
=
constant

·
f'cyFiSet
 Harmonic Functions

DR R

Let (x, y ) be a real-valued function of two real variables defined on a region

D. Suppose that x , y , xx , yy , are all continuous on D. The PDE

xx (x, y ) + yy (x, y ) =0

is called the Laplace equation.

Definition: If (as above) satisfies the Laplace equation on D, that is,
xx (x, y ) + yy (x, y ) = 0 for every (x, y ) 2 D, then is called a harmonic
function.
Example: The function : R2 ! R defined by (x, y ) = x 2 y 2 is harmonic.
Solution:
= Py =
-

zy

↑xu = 2
& =
2
Yy
:.
Pac +
Pyg = 0 = & is harmonic
 f is analytic =) Re (f ) and Im(f ) are harmonic
⑪)
Proposition: If f (z) is an analytic function on a region D and if
f (x + iy ) = u(x, y ) + iv (x, y ), then u(x, y ) and v (x, y ) are harmonic
functions on D.
Proof: By CR-equations we have

ux = vy and uy = vx

Di↵erentiating the above equations wrt x and y respectively, we get

uxx = vyx and uyy = vxy

Hence uxx + uyy = vyx vxy = 0 Why vyx = vxy ? Hence u is harmonic.
Similarly, v is harmonic.
We have used the fact that all the second order partial derivatives of u
and v exists. This will follow from the fact that “if f is analytic at a
point, then its derivatives of all orders exist at a point”.
 In
: Harmonic Conjugate
Definition: If u(x, y ) is a harmonic function on the domain D and if we
can find another harmonic function v (x, y ) such that the partial
di↵erentials of u and v satisfy the CR-equations, then we say that v is a
harmonic conjugate of u. Equivalently, f (x + iy ) = u(x, y ) + iv (x, y ) is
analytic on the region D.
Un "y & Ya
Uy
=
= -

2 2
Example: Let u(x, y ) = x y and v (x, y ) = 2xy . Then v is a
harmonic conjugate of u.
Yn =
2y
Up = zu

Vy
- 2
y= ty = 2x

: UnEy & Yn = -

My
Caution: v is a harmonic conjugate of u ; u is a harmonic conjugate of
v.
Exercise: Show that if u is a harmonic conjugate of v and if v is a
harmonic conjugate of u on a region D, then u and v are both constants.
 Example

Example: Show that u(x, y ) = xy 3 x 3 y is a harmonic function and

find the harmonic conjugate of u(x, y ).
3

Ya =
ya -

3x Yy = 3xy - x

6xy
unx = -

Gxy Ryy
=

P
Unex +
=
· .

Yyy
harmonic
Suppose ↓ is a

of
donjugate
u

:
"x =
-

My y =
4x
23
"n =
= 3xy + x
 +
=> y = xy + n
+ p(y)
F
... y =
3 xy + py) = un

> 3xy +
p(y) = y 3xy
=

=> py) =
34
q(y)
7
...
+ C
=

, EIR

+
Exercise: Find an analytic function u + iv such that v (x, y ) = e y sin x.
F
·
f
- Application to Fluid Flow
1. Let !v (x, y ) = p(x, y ) + iq(x, y ) be the velocity function at a point (x, y ).
We also think of v as a function from C to R2 defined as
v (x + iy ) = (p(x, y ), q(x, y )).
2. Consider an incompressible and frictionless fluid flow over the complex
plane with the above velocity function. Assume that the fluid flow is
irrotational and has no sources or sinks.
Proposition: There exists a harmonic function : R2 ! R such that
grad = ! v (x, y )
• Proof: By assumption (2) curl ! v = 0 and div !v = 0.
! ! ! !
• Let 5 = ( @x i + @y j + @z k̂). Recall curl v = 5 ⇥ v and div !
@ ˆ @ ˆ @ ! v = 5 ·!
v.
• Therefore
iˆ jˆ k̂
curl !
v = @
@x
@
@y
@
@z
p q 0
✓ ◆
@ ˆ @ ˆ @ @
= qi + pj + q p k̂
@z @z @x @y

• Since curl !
v = 0, we get @
@x
q @
@y
p = 0, that is, qx = py .
 divv =
Pr + My
• Now div ! v = 0 =) px = qy .
• Thus p and q satisfy the CR-equations for f (z) = p(x, y ) iq(x, y ).
• Assume that the partials of p and q are continuous. Therefore f is
analytic.
• Notice that !
v = p(x, y ) + iq(x, y ) = f (z)
• Fact: Since f is analytic, it has an analytic antiderivative, say F (z).
That is, there is an analytic function F (z) such that F 0 (z) = f (z)
on C.
• Write F (z) = (x, y ) + i (x, y ).
• Using the CR equations for F , we get

grad = x (x, y ) +i y (x, y ) = x (x, y ) i x (x, y )

• Thus f (z) = F 0 (z) = x (x, y ) + i x (x, y ) = grad .

• Thus v = f (z) = grad .
Definition: The function such that grad = v (x, y ) is called the
potential function for v .
 Example
The harmonic function (x, y ) = x 3 3xy 2 is the scalar potential
function for the fluid flow expression v (x, y ) = 3x 2 3y 2 6ixy .

grad p = y

grad p =
fu + i
by
= 3x -

35 -
i6xy
= Y

is
the
scalar potential
...

function for y