MA 201 - Complex Analysis

Lecture 06

Prof. Shreedevi K. Masuti

IIT Dharwad

August 9, 2024
 Announcements

• Class timings: Mon 15:00-15:50,16:00-16:50, Wed 16:00-16:50, Fri

14:00-14:50
• Quiz 1: Sat 17th August from 15:00-16:00 for 20 marks
 Summary of Lecture 05
4
De >
f
-

• Limits of complex functions

lim f(z)

& 2770
 Learning Outcome

• Continuity of a complex function

• Complex di↵erentiability
 Limits involving infinity
-

himf(z) lin f(z)

=

= 0
&

z - 20 z + 0

Definition: Let D ✓ C and f : D ! C be a function and let z0 be a limit point

of D. We say that lim f (z) = 1 if given M > 0 there exists a corresponding
z!z0
> 0 such that for any z 2 D and 0 < |z z0 | < , |f (z)| > M.
Equivalently, given M > 0 there exists a corresponding > 0 such that

z 2 D \ B 0 (z0 ; ) =) f (z) 2 {w 2 C : |w | > M}(= neighborhood of 1).

1
Example: lim =1 E
G
z!0 z

#
:

?? "(
&

f(z)
Definition: We say lim f (z) = L if given ✏ > 0 there exists M > 0 such
z!1
that |f (z) L| < ✏ whenever |z| > M. Equivalently, for every ✏ > 0 there
exists M > 0 such that

z 2 D \ {w : |w | > M} =) f (z) 2 B(L; ✏).

-A
I

i
i -

/
T
 1
Example: lim =0
z!1 z

Given 270
,
choose u
=
t
s .

01
1217 m = ) 1 f(z) -

E
-I
=

[im
3z 2 3
Exercise: Show that lim = .
z!1 (1 + i)z 2 z +2 1+i
 D

I Continuity of a complex function

Definition Let D ✓ C and f : D ! C be a function. Then f is said to

be continuous at a point z0 2 D if lim f (z) = f (z0 ). Equivalently, for
z!z0
every ✏ > 0 there exists a > 0 such that

|f (z) f (z0 )| < ✏ whenever |z z0 | < and z 2 D.

A function is said to be continuous if it is continuous at every point in

its domain.
Proposition (sequential definition of continuity): Let D ✓ C. A
function f : D ! C is continuous at a point z0 2 D if and only if for
every sequence (zn ), where zn 2 D for all n,

zn ! z0 =) f (zn ) ! f (z0 )

Example: Polynomial and rational functions are continuous.

 I

⑭ - - (zo
↑
flen)

D
on 4,
Eno is
continuous
z
f(z)
=

Since "foracomial
f(z) =
p(z)"
for any

P
/

f(z) =
rational
function
 Characterization of Continuous Functions
Proposition: Let D ✓ C and f , g : D ! C be continuous at z0 2 D. Then
1. f ± g , fg are continuous at z0 .
2. If g (z0 ) 6= 0, then f /g is also continuous at z0 .

Theorem: Let D ✓ C. A function f : D ! C is continuous if and only if the inverse

image of an open set in C is open in D.
Proof:
• Let f : D ! C be continuous and U ✓ C be open.
• We want to show f 1 (U) is open.
• If f 1 (U) = ;, then clearly f 1 (U) is open.
• Suppose f 1 (U) 6= ; and z0 2 f 1 (U). Hence f (z0 ) 2 U.
• Since U is open, there exists r > 0 such that B(f (z0 ); r ) ✓ U.
• By continuity of f at z0 , there exists 1 > 0 such that
|z z0 | < 1 and z 2 D =) |f (z) f (z0 )| < r

• As D is open, there exists 2 such that B(z0 ; 2) ✓ D.

• Let D =: min{ 1 , 2 }.
• Claim: B(z0 ; ) ✓ f 1 (U)
Why? Let z 2 B(z0 ; ). Then |z z0 | <  1 , 2 =) |z z0 | < 1 and
z 2 D =) |f (z) f (z0 )| < r . Thus f (z) 2 B(f (z0 ); r ) ✓ U which implies that
z 2 f 1 (U).
• Conversely, suppose that f 1 (U) is open for every U open in C.
• Let z0 2 C and ✏ > 0. Consider U = B(f (z0 ); ✏).
• Since U is open, by assumption f 1 (U) is open.
• As z0 2 f 1 (U), there exists > 0 such that B(z0 ; ) ✓ f 1 (U)

• Now |z z0 | < and z 2 D =) z 2 B(z0 ; ) ✓ f 1 (U)

=) f (z) 2 U = B(f (z0 ); ✏)

=) |f (z) f (z0 )| < ✏
 criterion for f to be
Sequential
:
continuous

⑤
6
i 1
&

rope
is t
open
5) D is

Em)
Il

f (u)
(x -D :
 Complex Di↵erentiability

⑳
Definition: Let D ✓ C and a 2 D. Assume that B(a; r ) ✓ D for some
r > 0. Then f is said to be di↵erentiable at a, if the limit

f (a + h) f (a)
lim
h!0 h
exists. If this limit does not exist, then we say that f is not di↵erentiable
df
at a. The value of the limit is denoted by f 0 (a) or dz |z=a and is called the
derivative of f at the point a. If f is di↵erentiable at every point in its
domain, then we say that f is di↵erentiable.
Example 1: Let f : C ! C be given by f (z) = z. Then f is
di↵erentiable at every point z0 2 C, and f 0 (z0 ) = 1 for all z0 2 C.
 z
Here f(z)
.

Fix 4
zot .

(z0) -
-20th)
-

lim
h
h - > 0
Zo
zoth-
-

-
lim -

L
h >0-

= lim ↓ = (

h
n >e-

.. f (z0) = 1
 C
3z
Example 2: Let D = C \ {i} and let f : D ! C be given by f (z) = z i.
Then f is di↵erentiable at every point z0 2 D.
Solution:
ZED
+ (20th)
-
- (z)
line -
So
h -0

-fin
-
oh
n 70
-

L
(20th i)
(zori)
-

30
3(20
-

+
lim
#zo
=

n +0
i) (20th-i)
-

= lim - 3i(zoth) + 3 zoi

v -

#20
0

1) (E0th-i)
-
T lim -
ih
n T
-

n (Eri)2zothri)

-i)2
= -
Example 3: Show that f : C ! C defined by f (z) = zRe (z) is
di↵erentiable only at 0.

Write z =
x +
in

f(x + y) = (x + :y)x L

= + isy
Zoi Botiyo
- (zoth)
f(z)) -

lim - h = h + ihz
u
,

h -0
(othi) zox :

(Zoth)
-

=
lim
-
4 -T0 h

=
 T

- zoh lim to -
h + e
lim
Whe hize

:
V -0 T
T
-
O

-
TS f is
d Herential

↑
-
f zo fo
S ~in t
lim

= 0
 eithe
# not
hi = 0

en
ha
a
h
=

differentiable
-

·
- is

at to %o.
Exercise: Show that f : C ! C defined by f (z) = |z|2 is di↵erentiable
only at 0.