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Lect2 Machine Hardware

The document outlines various types of computer hardware, including mainframes, minicomputers, supercomputers, microcomputers, workstations, multiprocessors, multicomputers, distributed systems, handheld systems, and embedded systems. It highlights the evolution of computing technology, the capabilities of different systems, and the importance of efficient resource management in embedded systems. Additionally, it provides a comparison of Intel processors, detailing their cores, threads, and clock speeds.

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akshithareddy2405
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2 views

Lect2 Machine Hardware

The document outlines various types of computer hardware, including mainframes, minicomputers, supercomputers, microcomputers, workstations, multiprocessors, multicomputers, distributed systems, handheld systems, and embedded systems. It highlights the evolution of computing technology, the capabilities of different systems, and the importance of efficient resource management in embedded systems. Additionally, it provides a comparison of Intel processors, detailing their cores, threads, and clock speeds.

Uploaded by

akshithareddy2405
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Machine Hardware

• Essential hardware components include:


– Memory chips, Input/output devices
– Storage devices, Central processing unit (CPU)

Computer system hardware configuration


Machine Hardware
• Unprecedented growth of computing
during the past several decades.
• Desktop workstations execute billions of
instructions per second (BIPS)
• Supercomputers can execute over a trillion
instructions per second
• Computers are now employed in almost
every aspect of life.
1. Mainframes
• Until mid-1960s, computers were classified by
capacity and price
• A mainframe was a large machine—in size and
in internal memory capacity
– In 1964, IBM 360 model 30 required an air-
conditioned room (18 feet square) to house the CPU
– The CPU was five feet high and six feet wide, had an
internal memory of 64K
– A price tag of $200,000 in 1964.
2. Minicomputer

• Minicomputer was developed to meet the


needs of smaller institutions
• Digital Equipment Corporation marketed one
of the early minicomputers
• Price was less than $18,000
• Minicomputers are smaller in size and memory
capacity, and cheaper than mainframes.
3. Supercomputer
• Supercomputer was introduced for military
operations and weather forecasting
– Example: A Cray supercomputer with six to
thousands of processors performing up to 2.4
trillion floating point operations per second
(teraflops)
• Supercomputer’s uses include wide range of
tasks from scientific research to customer
support and product development
4. Microcomputer
• Microcomputer was developed for single
users in the late 1970s
• Tandy Corporation and Apple Computer,
Inc. were the first to offer microcomputers
• These early models had very little memory by
today’s standards—64K maximum capacity
• The distinguishing characteristic of a
microcomputer is its single-user status
5. Workstations
• Workstations: Most powerful microcomputers
used by commercial, educational, and
government enterprises
• Workstations are networked together and used
to support engineering and technical users who
perform:
– Massive mathematical computations
– Computer-aided design (CAD)
– Applications requiring powerful CPUs, large main
memory, and extremely high-resolution graphic
displays
Multiple Processor Systems

6. Multiprocessors
7. Multi-computers (Cluster)
8. Distributed systems
Multiprocessor Systems

• Continuous need for faster computers


– shared memory model
– message passing multiprocessor
– wide area distributed system
6. Multiprocessors:
A computer system in which two or more CPUs
share full access to a common RAM

Multiprocessor Hardware

Bus-based multiprocessors
7. Multicomputers (Cluster Computer)

• Definition:
Tightly-coupled CPUs that do not share
memory

• Also known as
– cluster computers
– clusters of workstations (COWs)
Multicomputer Hardware (1)

• Interconnection topologies
(a) single switch (d) double torus
(b) ring (e) cube
(c) grid (f) hypercube
Multicomputer Hardware (2)

Network interface boards in a multicomputer


8. Distributed Systems :
Definition :A Distributed System is a loosely coupled system consisting
of two or more nodes, each node being a computer system with its own
memory, some communication hardware, and a capability to perform
some of the control function of an Operating System.

Achieving uniformity with middleware


Comparison of three kinds of multiple CPU systems
9. Handheld Systems
• The quest for smaller size of Personal Computers has
spawned an entirely new type of systems over the years
known as Handheld Systems.
• The Newton Message Pad by Apple Computers in 1993.
• These systems encompass a vast category of devices like
Personal Digital Assistant, Handheld Personal Computer
(HPC), Pocket PC and even modern cellular phones with
network connectivity.
• Compared to desktop computers, the Handheld Systems
have much smaller memory, smaller display screen and
slower processor.
• The two most popular operating systems for handheld
systems today are Palm OS from PalmSource and
Windows CE for Microsoft.
10. Embedded Systems:

– Computers placed inside other products to


add features and capabilities
– Operating systems with small kernel and
flexible functions capabilities will have
potential for embedded system
– Provide functionality to devices such as cell
phones and PDAs
– Efficient resource management key to
building successful operating system
Different platforms and operating systems
i3 vs i5 vs i7 vs i9: Which Intel
processor is best for you?

Intel Processor
Comparison Cores Threads Clock Speed
Chart

Intel Core i3-


4 4 Up to 3.6 GHz
8100

Intel Core i5-


6 6 Up to 4.6 GHz
9600K

Intel Core i7-


8 8 Up to 4.9 GHz
9700K

Intel Core i9-


8 16 Up to 5 GHz
9900K

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