Dr. B.R. AMBEDKAR OPEN UNIVERSITY HYDERABAD Scanned with CamScannerCONTENTS Block/ Unit Title Page BLOCK. BASICS OF INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY o1 Unite: Information Technology: Definition, Components and Characteristics, 02 Unit-2: Information Technology: Hardware and Software 15 Unit-3 : Information Technology Applications 30 INTERNET APPLICATIONS 40 Unit4: Internet Basics 4 Unit-5: ‘Browsing and Searching the Internet 2 Unit-6: Internet Applications “a BLOCK-II: LIBRARY AUTOMATION 16 Unit-7: Library Automation n Unit-8: Software for Library Automation 90 Unit-9: Library Networks 104 BLOCK-II: DIGITAL LIBRARIES : 7 ‘Unit-10; Introduction to Digital Libraries us. Unit-11: Digitization Process 130 Unit-12; Digital Libraries - Social, Legal and Ethical Issues 140 Scanned with CamScanner eBLOCK-I BASICS OF INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY Information Technology touches every aspect of human life at individual level and society level. We often use the words "COMPUTERS" and "INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY "as interchangeable terms. Information Technology means much more than computers. A computer is a tool, a facilitator to draw maximum benefit to use Information Technology. The birth ofa modem computer could be traced to 1945 when ENIAC} (Electronic ‘Numeric Integrator and Calculator) was designed at the University of Pennsylvania in USA to calculate figures for thousands of gunnery tables for US Army for accuracy in artillery fire. Progressing from Vaccuum Tubes, transistors, Large Scale Integration and Very Large Scale Integration, we are now in the age of semiconductor memory and integrated chips. The size of the computers has reduced, speed has increased and computers are today available in different sizes and shapes. The cost also has reduced and hence is accessible even to a common man. ‘We have come a long way and now we are witnessing systems with Artificial Intelligence built into them. This Block consists of three units (1) Information Tecknology Basics; (2) Information. Technology: Hardware and Software; (3) IT applications. Unit-1 distinguishes data and information, deals with role of computers in information processing, evolution of Information Technologies and five generations of computers. Unit-2 focuses on the Hardware and Software. Hardware refers to the physical parts ofthe computer while software refers to a set of instructions also called a programme, Different Hardware components such as printers, monitor, keyboard etc are discussed in detail Different types of software suchas system software, application software are explained. Unif-3 gives an overview of the areas of Information Technology applications including - Office automation, Goverment, Education, Legal Sector, Geographical Information System etc. The characteristics of computers along with their advantages and limitations are discuss inthis unit. . Scanned with CamScannerUNIT -1: INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY (IT): DEFINITION, COMPONENTS AND CHARACTERISTICS Contents 1.0. Objectives 1.1 Introduction 1,2. Information Technology - Definition and Components: 1.2.1 Definition 1.2.2 Components 1.3 Computers and Data/Information Processing 1.3.1 Data and Information 1.3.2 Computers in Information Processing 1.3.3 Binary Code 1.4 Evolution of Information Technology 1.4.1 Mechanical Computers 1.4.2 Origin of Modern Computer 1.4.3 Generation of Computers 15 Types of Computers & Characteristics 1.6 Summary ~ ‘ 1.7 Check Your Progress = Model Answers 18 Mode! Examination Questions 19 Glossary 1.10. Further Reading 1.0 OBJECTIVES The present course unit provides an introduction to Information Technology (IT), where ‘you will find the definition, components and evolution of Information Technology and computers After going through this unit, you will be able to + Define “Information ‘Technology’ and list out various components of IT + Describe the evolution of Information Technology + Explain the features various generations of Computers + Classify various types of compnters and provide examples 1,1 _ INTRODUCTION The sole of Information Technology (IT) is well known to all of us. IT revolutionized the way live and work. IT became an integral part of our life. Generally, it is believed that IT ‘means the use of mainly two components - Computers and Communications. The computer has become an important tool in the present era of Information Technology. The Internet, the ‘most powerful information media, which connects other networks of computers around the ‘Scanned with CamScanner —lobe, is essentially depending on computers. Internet with its wide range of tools enables us to communicate with others from anywhere. Therefore, Libraries and Information centres all over the world arenot ony automating their operations anid services but also their digital content is made accessible even to remote places, 1.2 INFORMATION TECH COMPO! OLOGY - DEFINITION AND 1.2.1 Definition Merriam-Webster Dictionary defines Information Technology as "the technology involving the development, maintenance, and use of computer systems, software, and networks for processing and distribution of data”. Information Technology Association of America (ITAA) defines the Information Technology as "the study, design, development, implementation, support or management of ‘computer-based information systems, particularly software applications and computer hardware”. According to Techtarget website, Information Technology (IT) is "the use of any ‘computers, storage, networking and other physical devices, infrastructure and processes to create, process, store, secure and exchange all forms of electronic data” From the above definitions we can understand that Information Technology consists of any piece of equipment used in computer systems, storage, software, networking devices, other physical devices, infrastructure, etc, Examples of IT include all types of computers and their accessories, networks, landline and mobile phones and flash drives and all types of software, IT is used for various purposes like storing, retrieving, manipulating, processing, transmitting, exchanging, and securing of data/information. IT encompasses all forms of technology that involves storing and manipulating any form of electronic data, IT is considered a subset of information and communication technologies. 1.22 Components There are basically five components in a computer-based information system: 1) Hardware, 2) Software, 3) Data, 4) Procedures, and 5) People. : 1) Hardware: The computer hardware refers to the machinery used. There are variety of equipment used such as input/output devices, centrat processing unit (CPU), network devices, tc. that support the information systems. . 2) Software: The software refers to computer programs and manuals (if any) that are used. ‘The computer programs are basically machine-readable instructions that direct the hardware parts to function in the way directed by people. The hardware manipulates the input data and produce desired output. 3) Data: Data are facts. Computers are capable of processing a large volume of data, The ‘computer programs use the data to produce useful information by manipulating them. The data is either stored or directly input from devices. 4). Procedures: To govern the computer based systems, certain procedures need to be developed. These are based on policies developed by people, 5) People: People are the most important component of any computer-based system. The success or failure of the system is directly related to people who use it, Scanned with CamScannerCheck Your Progress Note: i) Write your answer in the space given below. 4i) Compare your answer with model answer given at the end of this unit. 1, What is "Information Technology"? 2. What are the five basic components of Computer based Information System? 1.3 COMPUTERS AND DATA/INFORMATION PROCESSING — Computers are extensively used as they play an important role in storage, processing and manipulation of data. In this section you distinguish the terms ‘data’ and ‘information’ and the role of computers in data processing. 13.1 Data and Information ‘Many of us use the words data and information to mean the same thing, But this is not ‘80. If you look up for the meaning of the word ‘data’ in a dictionary, you find the word ‘data’ is the plural form of ‘datum’. The word datum refers to a fact or a figure (number). Thus, data refers to large body of facts, numbers, figures or statistics. Data as such does not convey any ‘meaning or help us draw any, conclusions. But how do we get this data? Data is gathered either from primary sources or secondary sources. Primary sources refer to the exercise of conducting experiments in laboratories (as in science and technology fields) or going tothe field and collecting or gathering the data through interviews or by administering questions as in surveys (as in social sciences). The surveys may in the form of census (j.., by visiting every individual and recording the information) or by conducting surveys by sampling. A small group is selected at random and the information collected from this sample is used project the population. Several sampling techniques like random sampling, stratified sampling, etc. are available for using sampling method, Once the body of facts is gathered, we get a huge collection of observed facts. Data can also be gathered through secondary sources. Secondary sources refer to'sources like Census Reports which are published or surveys conducted earlier or material available through earlier research studies. It is to be added that the data gathered through secondary sources is not as reliable as. the data collected through primary sources. Besides, scientific, technical and social science data/information, literary content is created in the form of poetry, dramas, fiction, etc., and artistic content inthe form of paintings, images, etc. add to the large body of human knowledge. In simple words, data are plain facts (raw) and undefined. On the other hand, information is data that has been processed in such a way as to be meaningful, Information is specific and organized and presented within a context that gives it meaning and relevance. So, data needs to be converted to Information, We use computers to store, process and manipulate the data/information for various purposes, Scanned with CamScanner1.3.2 Computers in Data/Information Processing, ‘Modern computers can work at very high speeds and at the same time are very reliable. We use the computers normally for data processing, Data is provided to the computer as input, The Word "Processing! means performing systematic operations upon the data to make it more useful and meaningful. ‘The computer can perform calculation, comparison, reading and writing on the given data. Calculation refers to the exceution of arithmetic operations stich as addition, subtraction, ‘multiplication and division. Comparing data means, the computer ean determine which one is greater to establish whether the given two quantities are equal oF not, Reading is the process of accepting input) the data from the external souree and writing (output) is the process of providing processed information in a required format. The operations mentioned so far are elementary in nature. The computer can perform more complex operations by combining some or all the elementary operations. You may note that a computer cannot do anything on ils own, We have to give a specified sequence of instructions that a computer need to perform to solve a problem. Such a sequence of instructions operations) written in a language understood by the computer is called a Program. tis the program that controls the activity of processing by the computer and the computer performs precisely what the program tells it to do. To execute a program by the computer, itis necessary that the program and the associated data must be stored somewhere within the computer in advance. The storage location is called the memory of the computer. 13.3 Binary Code We use the digits 0 through 9 for representing any number. This numbering system uses10 digits, 0 to 9, and is called Decimal system, which we use in our day to day life. In modern digital computers data is represented in binary form by using the two digits 0 and 1, called Binary Digits, or Bits. To represent a symbol or a number, the digital computers use a combination of digits O and 1. The major advantage of the binary system is that information represented by the bits can be processed in several ways with a variety of devices. For example, on of off, high or low, light or dark, up or down, north or south, states or other polarities can stand for the 1 and the ‘combinations. All these techniques of paired states are used in microcomputers to store, process and display information. ‘Most of the first generation computers are of eight bit type. That is to say, eight bits are used to representa character ‘internally, in the computer. This means, to represent a character, a combination of eight digits filled in by zeroes (0s) and ones (1s) is used. This allows an eight bit computer to represent (28=256) different items uniquely. Each of this eight bit unit is called a byte. Thus the byte is used to represent one character internally. Advanced computers use two bytes of four bytes to represent numbers internally. Another unit of information which a computer can process or transfer at a time is called a word. A word must be equal to number of bits transferred for the CPU and the main memory in a single step or it can be defined as the basic unit of storage of integer data in a computer. Normally, a word may be of 8, 16, 32 or 64 bit length. The terms like 32 bit computer, 64 bit computer, etc. refers to the word size of the computer. Check Your Progress Note: i) Write your answer in the space given below. ii) Compare your answer with model answer given at the end of this unit. 3, What is "Binary Code"? What is its use? Scanned with CamScanner1.4. EVOLUTION OF INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY The impetus to the growth of IT is influenced by the increase in the speed, accuracy, reliability and versatility of computers. The computers we see today have not come into being ina year or two, The history of computers is same as the history of Information Technology. Today's computers had their origin in the calculations, For example, sca voyages, determination of the dircetion of travel and determining the path of a ship against winds involved in complicated calculations. Even much earlier to this, the time involved in performing complex arithmetical computations engaged the attention of philosophers in designing machine gadgets to carry out these laborious calculations quickly for commercial purposes, 1.4.1 Mechanical Computers Going back in history we can trace the invention of a mechanical calculator to 1450 B.C. Using a wooden frame and horizontal parallel wires fitted into the wooden frame, a number of coloured beads are strung on these wires, The device called ABACUS was invented in China and has revolutionized the method of using pebbles and stones for addition and subtraction. The multiplication and division were performed as repeated operations of addition and subtraction. Even today in China and-Japan school children use ABACUS to solve arithmetical operations and old fashioned shop keepers use Abacus in their daily transactions. Around 1600 A.D. John Napier invented Logarithms to arrive at approximate values of calculations involving multiplication, division and exponents (powers). Till abot five years back every college student studying mathematics, physics and chemistry was required to purchase logarithmic tables and carry these books to their practical classes and examinations to perform tedious calculations. A more sophisticated mechanism called SLIDE RULE was used by engineering students which worked as ready reckoner for carryinig out complicated calculations. Today the pocket calculators have replaced the logarithmic tables and slide rules, It was around 1642, the famous French mathematician Blaise Pascal made the first attempt for an automatic computing. He invented a device which consisted of lots of gears and chains and used to perform repeated additions and subtractions, This device was called Pascaline. ‘Subsequently Leibnitz, a contemporary of Newton, improved the Pascal's machine to include the operation of multiplication into the machine, 14.2 Origin of Modern Computer Charles. Babbage was considered to be the Grand Father of a’ modern computer. It ‘was Charles Babbage who invented the Difference Eagine (1813 A.D.) and Analytical Engine (1863 A.D.). The Difference Engine, which is based on the mathematical principle of finite differences and was used to solve calculations on large numbers using a formula. It was also tised for solving the polynomial and trigonometric functions; The Analytical Engine, was a general purpose computing device which could be used for performing any mathematical operations automatically. The Babbage machine is similar to the modern computer. Unfortunately, Babbage could not complete his work. But as a tribute to Charles Babbage, his analytical engine was completed later and is now on display at the Science Museum at London. The next significant effort towards devising an Electromechanical Computer was made at Harvard University, jointly sponsored by IBM and the department of US Navy. The’ basic drawback of these mechanical and electromechanical computers were: (i) Friction, inertia of ‘moving components ad limited the speed; and (i) The data movemeits using gears was quite difficult and unreliable, The mechanical parts are later changed to have switching and storing mechanism with ‘no moving parts and then the electronic switching technique, ‘triode’ vacuurh tubes were used and hence born the first Electronic Computer, Scanned with CamScanner —AlThe origin of the electronic calculator could be traced to the TURING MACHINE of Alan Turing (1930s), which ushered in the age computers. Over a short span of $0 years the ‘machines build by Babbage and Turing have undergone unrecognizable transformation in their sizes, speeds and applicati The original machines were huge, consisting of valves ane! vacuum tubes. They were very sluggish (slow) by today's standards. They were so expensive that only government (defence) Separtments, research organization and a few universities could afford them, They were mainly used as huge calculators to provess arithmetical and mathematical operations for research computers reduced their sizes, increased their speeds and became machines with lange memories. With the advent of integrated circuits they were available at affordable prices. 11 is the invention of CHIP that revolutionized the computer architecture They chip has made the computer a versatile machine, ready to undertake diverse applications in seemingly wide range of arcas. In a short spain of four decades, the speed of the computer has increased by 200 times and the cost per unit calculation has gone down by 500 times, The ‘memory or storage capacity has increased by 1000 times. All these developments have spurred the speed, reliability, accuracy and versatility of information processing. Today we have laptop computers that fit into our brief case and can be carried as portable units wherever we go. Business executives carry these laptop computers along with them and work during their travel. Of late we are moving from laptop computers to palm top computers which are of size no bigger than our pocket diaries or cheque books. Even smart phones have the power of a microcomputer, Today the speed of operation is measured in nano second (one-billionth of a second or 10-9) and ico second (one millionth of one millionth of a second or 10-12), Today's computer can perform. 2 million calculations per second. The speed is really mind boggling and this is not the end but only the beginning. 143 Generations of Computers In the history of computer development we find broadly five generations. In each one of the five generations, there are technological developments that changed the way the computers ‘were operated. In this section, you find the distinguishing features of each generation, First Generation : Vacuum Tubes (1940-1956) The ENIAC Glectronic Nuinerical Integrator And Calculator) was designed in 1945 at University of Pennsylvania to calculate figures for thousands of gunnery tables required by the US Army for accuracy in the artillery fire during World War Il: ENIAC is a general purpose computer which can be treated as the origin for first generation computer. It could perform 5000 additions or 500 multiplications per minute. It was a huge machine, occupying number of rooms, and need a great amount of electricity to run and emitted excessive heat. The main features of this ENIAC are summarized as follows: + It was a general purpose computer in which vacuum tube technology was used; + It was based on decimal arithmetic rather than binary arithmetic; + It needed to be programmed manually by setting switches and plugging or unplugging thus passing a set of instructions to computer was cumbersome and tedious. This was considered to be the major deficiency of ENIAC, The major features of the first generation computers are: @ The control was centralized in CPU and all operations required a direct interaction of CPU, (i) The main memory is made of ferrite core, Scanned with CamScanner\ (ii) The concepts such as virtual memory and video register came into existence, (iv) Punched cards were used as input device, (¥) Magnetic tapes and magnetic drums were used! as secondary memory, (vi) Binary code (use of binary digits O and 1) or machine language was used for programming, (vii) Due to the difficulties encountered in use of machine language as the programming language, the use of symbolic language called Assembler Language started, (vi) Assembler, a program which translates assembly language into machine language was made, and (x) _Thecomputer was accessible to only one programmer ata time (Single user environment). Second Generation: Transistors (1956-1963) With the advent of transistors, the second generation of computers emerged. The second generation of computers basically differed im terms of fundamental hardware technology. A transistor is a two-stage device made from silicon: It is cheaper and dissipates less heat than ‘vacuum tubes but can be used in a similar way as that of vacuum tubes. Unlike vacuum tubes, a transistor does not require wires, metal glass capsule and vacuum, therefore, is called a solid state device. The transistors are invented in 1947 and had launched the electronic revolution in 1950. Each new generation of computers is characterized by greater speed, large memory capacity and smaller size than the previous generation. Thus, the second generation computers ‘were more advanced in terms of Arithmetic and Logic Unit (ALU), and Control Unit than their counterparts of first generation. Another feature of the second generation was that by this time high level languages (programming languages) were beginning to be used and the provisions for the system software were starting. ‘One of the main computer series during this time was IBM 700 series. Each successful umber of this series showed increased performances and reduced cost. ‘Third Generation: Integrated Circuits (1964-1971) Use of Integrated Circuits (ICs) defined the third generation of computers. In an IC, the components such as transistors, resistors and conductors were fabricated on a thin silicon (Semi-conductor material) wafor. Thousands of transistors can be fabricated on a single silicon ‘wafor called ‘Chip’. These transistors can be connected to forma logic circuit on the same chip. ‘The advantages of such a densely packed ICs are: @ Low cost: The cost of the chip was remained almost constant while the chip density is increasing, That means the cost of computer logic and memory circuitry has been reducing; Greater operating speed: The more is the density, the shorter electrical paths and hence the higher operating speed; ii) Smaller in size ‘and hence better portability; Gv) Reliability: The IC inter-connections are much more reliable than soldered connections ‘and hence the computers were more reliable. Some of the third generation computers were IBM System 370 family and DEC-PDP 8 systems. One of the key concepts which was brought forward during this time was the concept of the family compatible computers. A family of computers consists of several models. Each model is assigned with a ‘number, for example, the IBM 360 family has models 30, 40, 50, 65 and 75. As we go from Scanned with CamScannerower model number to higher model number in this family, the memory capacity and processing speed increase. But all the models are compatible in nature, ic, a program written on a lower ‘model can be executed on a higher model without any change. The major developments in the Third Generation were: @_ The discrete transistor components were replaced by IC circuits. This resulted in the eduction of cost and physical size of the computers; Gi) New technologies were introduced to increase the effective specd of programme execution, These techniques were called as Multiprocessing and Pipelining; Gi) Semiconductor memories were starting to augment ferrite core memory as the main memory; iv) CPU design was made simple; and (&) The Operating Systems of computers were incorporated with efficient methods of sharing is oF resources such as processor and memory space automatically. Fourth Generation: Microprocessors (1971 — ) The number of transistors fabricated on a chip tias grown from 2300 in 1971 to over 7.5 million today. Very Large Scale Integration (VLSI) took place in the present generation computers. The main impact of VLSI was that, it was possible to produce a complete CPU or ‘main memory or other similar devices on a single IC chip. As a result, mass production of CPU and memory was possible with less cost. The VLSI based computer architecture is called as. “Fourth Generation’ computers. The important breakthrough of VLSI includes: (@ Semiconductor Memories: It was realized that the IC technology can be used for construction of memory and the first memory chip was constructed in 1970 which can hold 256 bits of memory. Later the memory capacity was increased up to 1 M bits. i Microprocessors: In 1971, Intel could fabricate all the components on a single chip called Microprocessor. The Intel microprocessors are the most successful family and other families are manufactured by Apple, IBM, Sun, Motorola, Digital and some others. The primitive microprocessor designed for a specific application was an 8-bit processor. At present 32 and 64 bit microprocessors are available in the market. For example, Intel's 486 is a 32-bit processor and the Pentiums have 32 and 64 bit processors. ‘The major advantages of Fourth Generation Computers include: (i) More powerful and reliable systems; (ii) Fast processing speed with less power consumption (iii) Fan for heat discharging; (iv) No Air-Conditioning required; (v) Small in size; and (vi) All types of High level languages can be used. Fifth Generation: Artificial Intelligence (Present and Beyond) The fifth generation computing devices are based on Artificial Intelligence (AI). Many applications are still in the stage of development to suit the present day needs. These computers can understand spoken words and imitate humans. Some of the applications include voice recognition, use of parallel processing and superconductors; natural language processing, etc. IBM Watson computer is an example of this category. Scanned with CamScanner10 Check Your Progress Note: i) Write your answer in the space given below. ie end of this unit. ii) Compare your answer with model answer given at th 4, How to identify different generations of computers? 1.5 TYPES OF COMPUTERS & CHARACTERISTICS Based on the purpose, the computers are classified as 1) Analog Computer, 2) Digital Computer and 3) Hybrid Computer. Analog Computers: Analog computers are the computers that are used to measure physical quantities such as pressure, temperature, length, etc. They operate on mathematical variables in the form of physical quantities. They measure the physical quantities that are ‘continuously varying and show them as numeric values. For example, a thermometer we use to ‘measure the temperature of a body. By comparing the relative expansion of the mercury the temperature is shown. They do not perform any calculation. A speedometer, voltmeter, etc. are other examples. i Digital Computer: A digital computer is the most commonly used type of modern computer. These electronic computers use digits to, process information. The data (including ‘numbers, letters and symbols) are expressed in binary codes (0 and 1). For example, your Hybrid Computer: A. hybrid computer is a combination of both analog and digital components. The analog components handle the mathematical computations, while digital ‘components do logical and numerical operations. ‘Types of Digital Computers The digital computers are again classified into supercomputers, mainframe computers, minicomputers and microcomputers based on their size and performance. (Super Computers are the most powerful computers available, They are gigantic machines ‘with multiple microprocessors, They can extremely complex calculations and hence, they are used for many scientific and technical applications, including weather forecasting, Scanned with CamScannermilitary strategies, ontine gaming, and automotive design. They are also useful for creating extremely realistic graphics seen in many movie special effects. A recent Inter Super Computer was the first to do aver one trillion (1000 billion) operations a second, Gi) Mainframe Computers are used for centralized business functions such as accounting and inventory control, Mainframes are used as servers and are powerful cnough to process the data for hundreds or even thousands of sinultancous users from nearby and remote locations simuttancously. These users may be located in the same building or scattered actos the globe, Connecting computers together is called Networking, When PCs are networked so a server, the personal computer can also work on its own and also do certain of the assigned tasks as an Intelligent Terminal ‘When terminals (only screen and keyboard) are connected to a server, the information is simply passed on to the main server and also is receive the information after processing, Because such terminals lack the ability to process data on their own, they are called Dumb Terminals, ii) The concept of Minicomputer was originated in 1960s. Some of the computing tasks (which ‘cannot be done on a PC) may not need an expensive mainframe (big) computer, but can be solved by a small, inexpensive computer called 'Minicomputer’. The processing power of a minicomputer is below that of a mainframe but above the capabilities of a PC. A minicomputer is a multi-user system, which can be used by various users at the same time. The size of minicomputers ranges from refrigerator to desktop. They are used by small companies or by departments within large corporations. Most of the present day minicomputers are 32-bit computers with large memory and can support more users working simultaneously on a computer. PDP11 and IBM (8000 series) are some of the examples of Minicomputers. (iv) A Microcomputer’s CPU is a microprocessor. The first microprocessors were built around 8-bit microprocessor chips, i.e., the chip can retrieve instructions/data from storage, ‘manipulate and process 8-bit data ata time. An improvement on 8-bit chip technology was seen in 1980, when a series of 16-bit chips were introduced by Intel Corporation. Intel 286 was 16/32 bit which can support up to 16 MB of primary storage. With advancement of display and VLSI technology, now a microcomputer or Personal Computer (PC) is available in very small size and the present day PCs, Desktops, Laptops, Notebooks are examples for the same. Types of Personal Computers Desktop Computer is a personal or micro-mini computer sufficient to fit on a desk. Laptop Computer is a portable computer complete with an integrated screen and keyboard. Netbook and Chrome book are mini laptops. Tablet Computer is 2 portable PC with a mobile operating system and LCD touch screen display. Palmtop Computer/Digital Diary /Notebook /PDA are hand-sized computers. Palmtops have no keyboard but the screen serves both as an input and output device, Another term used for PCs is Workstation. Workstation is'a generic term used for a user's machine (client machine) in contrast to a "server" or "mainframe." In other words, itis a terminal or desktop computer in a network, Scanned with CamScanner i‘Cheek Your Progress Note: i) Write your answer in the space given below. ii) Compare your answer with model answer given at the end of this unit. 5. What aré different types of PCs? Characteristics Computer is a versatile machine and plays a major role in our society. What characteristics make the computer an inseparable tool to mankind? Some of the characteristics that made computers as powerful tools are: High speed, Accuracy, Storage capacity, Reliability, Versatility and Automation. 1)_ High Speed: The processing speed of a computer depends on its hardware. It is measured in Nano seconds. It refers to the CPU clock speed and it is usually measured in hertz (Hz). One Gigahertz, (GHz) is equal to one billion hertz or cycles per second. 2) Accuracy: Computer is very accurate. Whatever input we give it gives us with accuracy. However errors in computing are chie to inacctiate data, improper procedures, poor designs; ae ems, 3) Storage Capacity: Computers cin store enormous amount of data. The storage capacity of 2 computer is expressed in terms of bytes, kilobytes (kb), megabytes (mb), gigabytes (gb), terabytes (tb), etc. The storage capacity is increased by secondary storage devices. 4) Reliability: Computers give results with high precision. Computers can work for hours without any break. | 5), Versatility: Computers are very versatile machines and perform completely different type of i work at the same time, i 6) Automation: On instructions, a computer executes a program continuously with any human intervention. Limitations: A computer too has certain limitations.1) A computer does not work without any instruction it has to be programmed by humans. 2) A computer cannot think itself. 3) A computer does'not have emotions, knowledge, experience, feelings, etc. However, modern computers are versatile machines designed with artificial intelligence (AT) and may surpass thesé limitations. Check Your Progress Note: i) Write your answer in the space given below. ii) Compare your answer with model answer given at the end of this unit, 6. What are the basic characteristics of a computer? Scanned with CamScanner16 SUMMARY Tnthis course unit, an introduction to Information Technology, you have studied the basic features Of IT. The salient features ate: Infiormation Technology is the study of application of computers and other devices to store, rettieve, transmit, and manipulate data, or information, + Basically there are software, dat components in computer-based information systems: hardware, ivinformation, people and procedures. There are five generations of computers in the evolution of Information Technology. The Digital Computers are classified into Super computers, Mainframe computers, Mini computers and Microcomputers. The Personal computers are available as desktops, laptops, palmtops, tablets, PDAs, etc. ‘The major advantages of computers are their high speed, storage capacity, versatility, accuracy, reliability and automation, 1,7__ CHECK YOUR PROGRESS - MODEL ANSWERS 1 Information Technology consists of any piece of equipment used in computer systems, storage, software, networking devices, other physical devices, infrastructure, etc, 2., Five basic components of a computer-based information system are: 1) Hardware, 2) Software, 3) Data, 4) Procedures, and 5) People. In modern digital computers data is represented in binary form by using the two digits 0 and 1, called Binary Digits, or Bits. To represent a symbol or a number, the digital computers use a combination of digits 0 and 1. Information represented by the bits can be processed as ‘on’ or “off. The techniques of paired states are used in microcomputers to store, process and display information. 4. There are five Generations of Computers: (i) First Generation: Vacuum tubes (1940-1956); (i) Second Generation: Transistors (1956-1963); (ii) Third Generation: Integrated circuits (1964-1971); iv) Fourth Generation: Microprocessors (1971— ); and (v) Fifth Generation: Artificial Intelligence (Present & beyond). 5 Different types of Personal Computers are: (i) Desktop Computer: It is a personal or micro- rin computer sufficient to fit on a desk; (i) Laptop Computer is a portable computer complete with an integrated screen and keyboard. Netbook and Chrome book are mini laptops; (ii) Tablet Computer is a portabie PC with a mobile operating system and LCD touch screen display; (iv) Palmtop Computer/Digital Diary /Notebook /PDA. are hand-sized computers. almtops have no keyboard but the screen serves both as an input and output device, 6 The basic characteristics of a computer are: (i) High speed, (ii) Accuracy, (iii) Storage capacity, (iv) Reliability (v) Versatility, and (vi) Automation, Scanned with CamScanner ct14 1,8 | MODEL EXAMINATION QUESTIONS 1, ESSAY QUESTIONS 1) What is Information Technology (IT)? Describe various components of IT. 2) Deseribe the evolution of Information Technology. 3) List out various Generation of Computers. Explain the salient features of each generation of computers, 4) How do you classify computers? Explain the salient features each type of computer. Ml, SHORT NOTES a) Binary code b) Analog computer ©) Tablet computer 1.9 GLOSSARY Data: Raw facts, figures, observations Pixel: Picture element- a dot or few connected dots Simulation: To create a reat life situation through models ‘Virus: A parasitic program that spoils the data 1.10 FURTHER READING + Leon, Alexis and Leon, Mathews: Fundamentals of Information Technology. ‘Chennai: LeonTECHWorld, 1999. + Mohan, P. Fundamentals of Information Technology (With Lab Work). Mumbai: Himalaya Publishing House, 2013. + Saha, R.G, Narasimha Rao, L.L., and Bhaskar, N, Fundamentals of Information Technology. Mumbai:Himalaya Publishing House, 2011. + Information Technology (IT). www.searchdatacenter.techtarget.com | Scanned with CamScannerUNIT-2: INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY: HARDWARE AND SOFTWARE Contents 2.0 Objectives 2.1 Introduction 2.2. Computer - The Basic Structure 23° Computer Hardware 2.3.1 Input Devices 2.3.2 Output Devices 2.3.3 Memory 24 Computer Software 2.4.1 System Software and Application Software 2.4.2 What is an Operating System? 2.4.3 Functions of an Operating System 2.4.4 Types of an Operating System 25° Graphic User Interface (GUD) 2.5.1 Common Features of GUI 2.5.2 Common Words used in GUI 2.6 Software Development. Tools 2.6.1 Computer Programming Languages 2.6.2. Use of High Level Languages 2.6.3 Software Development Methodology 2.7 Summary 28. Check Your Progress - Model Answers 2.9 Model Examination Questions 2.10 Further Reading 2.0 _ OBJECTIVES A computer contains two basic parts, hardware and software. In this unit you will study about these two basic components. ‘After going through this unit, you will be able to + Draw the basic structure of a computer + Describe the hardware features of a computer + Describe the basic concepts of computer software + Identify various functions of an operating system + Define a GUI + Discuss the current generation software development tools, 15 Scanned with CamScanner16 2.1 INTRODUCTION In this unit, you wil study about the hardware and sofware of computers Hardoare is the physical equipment in a system, usually containing the electronic components including the peripherals useful in information processing. Hardware is concerned with not only about the computer but also includes its devices such as screens, printers and other devices used to enable the information system to work together. For example, the telephone instrument, antennae used in communication systems come under the category of hardware. Computer software is a programming code that contains series of instructions. These instructions are executed on a computer processor (0 perform a task. Software enables the user to interact with a computer, Hardware and software of a computer are interconnected, Without software, the computer hardware would’have no function. To accomplish complex tasks through software the computer hardware needs to be compatible. 2.2 STRUCTURE OF A COMPUTER Computer is a combination of different type of electronic components. The general structure of a computer consists of three basic units: The Central Processing Unit (CPU), ‘Memory Unit, and Input / Output unit. The structure is shown in the following diagram: COMPUTER The Arithmetic and Logical Unit (ALU), the Memory and the Control Unit (CU) together are termed as Central Processing Unit (CPU). The CPU is the most important component of - computer hardware. The ALU performs the arithmetic operations such as addition, subtraction, multiplication, division and the logical operations such as ‘1s A~B', "Is a ‘given character equal to M (male) or F (female)". The CU interprets instructi the respective control signals, “ ar Scanned with CamScanner= re a 3) The instructions and data ae fed to the computer by using the Input devices, Te pe vie cons of keyboard, mouse, scanner, ote. Onee the computer processes the eae bbe presented in a desired format, This will be done through one of s. The ontput mits are monitor, printer, compact die, ete, (The details on input and output devices are discussed at 2.3.1 and 2.3. 2) — tm order to minke the computer operational, the individual units must be connected ion is necessary for transfer of information from one unit to another. For example, ‘when an instruction is executed and the results are to be stored, you need to have a connection between CPU and the memory. Connection of the individual units can be done in a variety of ways. The most common inter-connection structure is the bus structure. (A bus is a set of. wires /lines, which you can visualize on the mother board of a computer. A bus connecting the CPU, memory and 1/0 components is called a System Bus, A system bus consists of 50 to 100 separate lines, A Mother board is printed circuit board found in microcomputers and it allows the CPU and other components (like Power supply (SMPS), BIOS, RAM, Sound card, Graphics card, Network card/Ethernet cable ete.) to get connected and communicate with each other. Check Your Progress Note: i) Write your answer in the space given below. ii) Compare your answer with model answer given at the end of this unit. 1, What are the basic units you find in the general structure of a computer? 2.3 COMPUTER HARDWARE ‘We communicate with the computers using input and output devices. We use input devices to feed the information/data to the computer. We use the output devices to get the processed information from the computer, The common input/output devices are the keyboard (Gnput), screen/printer (output), but are not limited to these alone. There is a vast range of devices which are in use and more and more are being developed every day. Not all devices do just input/output, Devices such as modems, fax boards in a computer are two-way in nature, and solve as input and output devices. 2.3.1 Input Devices "An input device is computer hardware that sends instructions or data into the computer. It allows us to interact with and control the computer system. The most common input devices are keyboard, pointing devices, scanners and speech synthesizers. Keyboards are used to enter data by typing, The layout of te keyboard is like that of « traditional typewriter, although there are some extra command/function keys provided. Pointing devices are used to move pointer around on the screen to execute commands or to manipulate the data that has already been entered, Mouse and light pen are the examples of pointing devices. ‘Scanners are used to enter the data automatically. To use this form of data entry, the data must already exist in printed form either as text or graphics. Seanning devices ean then read the printed data and convert it into a digital form that a computer can process. Scanned with CamScanner 1718 1 spoken words and then either execute them as Voice Recognizers are able to hear th ccontmands or enter them as {ex's Special Purpose Input Devices: Magnetic Ink Character Recognit industry to read the account tumbers on Optical Mark Recognition (OMR) devices can Se%°E mark: paper. This device is used by the institutions conducting competitive examinations to large ravers and for grading of students based on the answers they write in the examinations Optical Barcode Render (OBR) scans a set of vertical ars of different widths for specific data and are used to rend tags in the genegal stores, medical stores, libraries, etc. Otter input devices include microphones, light pens, digital eameras, ‘webcams, barcode readers, biometric devices, touch screens, voice capture devices, joy sticks, yoke, medical ‘imaging devices, etc. ion (MICR) devices are generally used by banking heques and do the necessary processing s on computer readable Check Your Progress Note: i) Write your answer in the space given below. your answer with model answer given at the end of this unit ii) Compare 2. What are the general and special purpose Input devices? 23.2 Output Devices ‘An ouiput device is a hardware device that sends data or information that is processed or stored by a computer to the user or any other device. The most popular devices are display soe etree Oe ‘output devices are speech / sound output e.g., speakers, headphones), cal output, global positioning system (GPS), computer output microfilm Brai reader, Plotters, etc. : = oe Display Screens Display Sereens, also called a Video Display /Display monitor, through which you can watch the computer processed data of ll nds, Since you spend most of your time watching the monitor during the use of computer, the quality of monitor and display are important. Cathode Ray Tube (CRT) displays were the most common of iter dis for desktop systems till the entry of LCD/LED display. ato! Liquid Crystal Displays (LCD) was introduced in watches and clocks initi is : a | initially and now being used for display terminals for most of the portable as well as desktop ae ‘The major advantage of LCD isthe low energy consumption. Monitors with Light Emitting Diodes (LEDs) are currently used as they are the mast energy-efficient source of much less ‘energy consumption. Now-a-days you also find Touch Screen Monitors and TFT monitors. Projection Displays: The images ofthe normal display, proj : : play, projected on a me: wef for large group presentation. These systems can be connected to een aad ver appears on the computer monitor gets enlarged and projected on the large screen. Scanned with CamScannerPrinters ____ Printers provide the computer output in a printed form. There are a wide variety of printers available now and can be classified according to the print quality and speed. ‘The following are some of eategories of printers identifi: Impact Printers and Non-impaet Printers: Impact printers use typewriter printing mechanism, where a hammer strikes paper where chemical or electrical signals induce symbols (on paper. Many of them require special coated or treated paper. Fully-formed characters and Dot Matrix Printers: Fully formed characters are constructed from solid lines and characters of the typewriter whereas dot matrix character is made up of a carefully arranged sequence of dots parked very closely to each other. Obviously, Print quality of a dot matrix printer will be'forer compared to that of fully formed characters. Printing Sequence: This refers to the amount of information a printer can output within a single cycle of operations. Serial printing is done character by character whereas line printing forms an entire line and prints a line ata time. A page printer outputs a whole page of characters and images simultaneously during one cycle. The following are some of the most popular printers: Dot Matrix Printer: Mostly used with a personal computer relatively cheaper compared to other technologies. This uses impact technology, alld characters are produced in matrix format. The speed ranges from 40 characters per second (CPS) to almost 1000. The quality of printing is Tow. Ink Jet Printer ‘They print by spraying a controlled stream of tiny ink droplets accurately on the paper forming either dot matrix or solid characters, ‘These are non-impact and hence relatively silent and high quality printers. The speeds range from 50 cps to 800 cps. The technology is appropriate for colour printing, Laser Printer ‘These are high quality, high speed, high volume, non-impact printers and print on plain paper. Printing is achieved by deflecting laser beam on to the photo sensitive surface of a drum and the latent image attracts the toner to the image areas. The toner is then clectrostatically transferred to the paper and fixed into a permanent image. Speeds can range from 10 per minute to 200 pages per minute, 3D Printer 3D Printer is a device that creates a physical object from a digital file by layering materials such as metal alloys, polymers, plastics, fabrics or even food ingredients. First a digital blueprint is created using computer-aided design (CAD) software and then printer recreates three-dimensional object layer-by-layer, 3D Printing is also known as Additive Manufacturing. It enables us to produce complex shapes. They are used in many disciplines like medicine biotechnology, aerospace engineering, and architecture, archaeology. Scanned with CamScanner 19Check Your Progress Note: i) Write your answer in the space given below. _ ii) Compare your answer with mode! answer given at the end of this unit. 3. What are the Output devices? Give examples. 23.3 Computer Memory and Storage, For a computer to work, it must contain memory where it can store data and programs and also processed results and retrieve the information as and when itis needed. The memory Unit stores all the information in a group of memory cells, also called Memory locations as bits Each memory location has a unique address and can be addressed independently. The contents of the desired memory locations are provided to the CPU, by referring address of the memory location, The amount of information that can be held in the main memory is called the Memory capacity. The capacity ofthe main memory is measured in Kilo Bytes (KB), Mega Bytes (MB) and Giga Bytes (GB). (1 KB = 210 = 1024 bytes; 1 MB= 210 KB; 1 GB=210 MB), Types.of Memory i ‘A memory system can be considered to consist of three group memories. They are: @ _Intemal Process Memory: This consists of the small set of high speed registers which are internal to a processor and are used as temporary locations, where actual processing is done. (@ Primary Memory or Main Memory: It isa large memory which is fast but not as fast as intemal process memory in retrieving the information. This memory is accessed directly by the processor. It is mainly based on ICs, (Secondary Memory / Auxiliary Memory / Backup Memory: Auxiliary Memory is much larger than the main memory but is slower than main memory. It normally stores system Programs (Programs which are used by system to perform various operational functions, other instructions/programs and data files. Secondary memory can also be used as an overflow memory in ease the main memory capacity has been exceeded. Secondary ‘memory can also be accessed directly by a processor - first the information of these ‘memories is transferred to the miain memory and then the information can be accessed as the information of main memory. RAM and ROM ‘The storage onthe memory chips however can be broadly classified into two categories ~ Random Access Memory (RAM) and Read Only Memory (ROM). Jn ROM, the data is permanently recorded on the memory chips by the computer RAM is used to store an ever-changing parade of programs and data, When you load & Program into the computer, the data you enter using a keyboard is stored in RAM, Le,, the ‘main memory (primary memory) or the uset memory. f you switch off the computer, any Programs or data stored in RAM are lost. Hence, RAM is said to be volatile memory, Scanned with CamScanner‘The word ‘Random! comes from the way data in memory can be located or accessed by the computer. One way to understand random is to think of the difference between a id an audio CD. To play third song in a tape, you need to advance the tape past rst two songs. This type of access is called sequential access, because we access each Song in a sequence. With an audio CD, you can go directly to track, where the third song begins. Such an access is called Random Access’, because we ci iomly access songs without going in a sequential fashion Virtual Memory Very large programs and very large files of data can strain the capacity of even a large computers’ memory: To salve this problem, modern operating systems and many application Programs store parts of their programs or data outside RAM until needed. This type of store is ‘called Virtual Memory. On a system that uses Virtual memory, only the parts of the program or data file currently needed are stored in the computer's memory; the rest are stored on a hard disc drive. When the computer needs a part of the file stored on the dise, it moves something in ‘memory to the disk to make memory available. Virtual memory reduces the overall cost of the system because it is cheaper to store data on a hard disc than it is to add additional memory chips to the computer. Cache Memory Cache memory is a Random Access Memory and-it is typically integrated with the CPU or placed in separate chip. When a computer is operating, it is frequently moving data between the CPU and Memory. To, process data, the data must first be moved to the CPU from wherever it is stored. Since this takes time, special techniques have been developed to speed up this operation. The basic technique is to store data in a special area of high speed memory called a Cache that is located between the CPU and main memory. When the data is needed for the processor, it will check the high speed cache first if the data is there. If not then the processor will retrieve the data from slower main memory. Now three different levels of Cache (LI, L2 and L3) are built to decrease the time taken to access the data. Present day Pentium PCs have a cache memory up. to 64 MB. Flash or Solid-State Memory Flash Memory is a non-volatile random access memory. But Flash memory is different from RAM because RAM is volatile (not permanent), when power is turned off it Loses al its data, Flash memory can keep its data intact even when power if off. It is slower than RAM but faster than hard discs.,It is smaller in’ size and has no moving parts. It is more éxpensive ‘compared to hard drives for the same amount of memory storage. Flash Memory is most often uséd in USB (Pen) drives, digital cameras and video games. Primary and Secondary Storage The Random Access Memory (RAM) is the ptimary memory/storage. Since the data from RAM js directly accessible to CPU it is considered as the Primary storage. The primary ‘memory is volatile and temporary, They provide reasonably fast and efficient access to resources. The internal hard disc of a computer is ‘Secondary storage’. The data is non-volatile and permanently stored in hard drives. There is no direct access from secondary storage devices to CPU. Data from secondary storage is extracted to primary memory to speed up processing, The data from primary storage is moved to secondary storage devices for long term retention. Secondary storage devices have storage capacity. They are slower and cheaper compared to primary storage, Examples of secondary storage are magnetio tapes/discs, optical media (CDs, DVDs, BDs), etc. Scanned with CamScanner 21Check Your Progress Note: i) Write your answer in the space given below. ii) Compare your answer with model answer given at the end of this unit, 4, What is Computer Memory? Name different types of computer memory. 2.4 | SOFTWARE Inthe previous section of this unit you have studied the hardware aspects of a computer. In this section you will be studying about the software topics. Computers are just expensive metallic equipment until they brought to life with software. It is the software that allows the computer to run and we get the useful work done. The term software relates to the computer Programs, i.e., a detailed sequence of steps followed in solving a problem. Computers are versatile machines with many abilities. You can change the function of a computer by changing the program that you use, The process of developing programs is called Software Development and the people who develop software are called Software Engineers or Software Professionals. Until the development of PCs, most programs were developed by the user company or by the firm that sold or serviced the computers. With the massive development of PCs’ market, many ‘companies have come up with software development and companies like Microsoft developed standard programs that are loaded onto the computers called Operating System which will perform certain standard functions. Basically there are two types of software: ‘System Software’ and “Application Software’. 2.4.1 System Software and Application Software System Software iricludes programing languages and opesating systems. Operating System (OS) is an example of system'software. This consists of many programs controlling input/ output devices, memory and other hardware equipment. To develop an OS, the software professional (programmer) should have the complete knowledge about the hardware of the ‘computer like circuitry paths, etc. (More details about operating systems will be studies in 242) “Application Software programs are designed for specific computer applications, such as payroll processing, inventory control, etc. The development and wide distribution of these application programs is what has made the computer a truly useful tool for everyone. Embedded Software is another type of software that is embedded with hardware to do a specific job: Apart from these categories of programs, there are programs for entertainment, education and reference. There are also many programs that perform very specific tasks on the computer called “Utility Programs’. Some of them are closely related to operating system and others to application programs. ‘Another type of software which helps users to interact with the system easily to perform a complex task with little knowledge of operating system or memorized commands is the Graphic User Interface (GUI). The mouse, video pointer, menu bars, icons, ete., are the ‘outcomes of this GUI. (The details of GUI will be studied in 2.5. The trends in the present day software development methodologies and tools are discussed in 2.6). Scanned with CamScanner _d2.4.2 Proprietary and Open Source Software Proprietary software is software that is owned by a company or an individual usually who developed/published it, The source code of the sofware is kept secret and it is under copyright, There are certain restrictions on its use. H.g.: Microsoft Windows. On the other hand, Open Source software may be freely available software and anybody can use without Paying fee. We can modify the software by adding capabilities not originally developed. E.g. Linux, 2.4 OPERATING SYSTEM 2.4.1 What is an Operating System? ‘You must have heard of the terms-tike Windows, Windows XP/NT/8.1, DOS, Unix/ Limux, ete, These are the names of the operating systems installed in different computers. An operating system is the system software which works as an interface between machine and the operator. The operating system is nothing but a package of standard programs that are fed into the computer for the routine/normal operations. The program of an operating system, generally, will not be accessible to the user and are not subject to modification / editing. They ‘are permanent programs on the machine, installed by the manufacturer at the time of assembling the computer. The operating system manages or controls all resources of the computer like ‘memory, processor, file system and input/output devices. More and more new tasks are added to the present day operating systems. The new tasks such as playing video or connecting networks, etc., are being attended to by the present operating system. 2.4.2 Functions ofan Operating System. One of the primary functions of an operating system is to control all the aspects of the computer resources, making things go faster and smoother. The operating system decides where programs and data are to be stored in the computer memory. It handles communication among the computer components such as the printer and display screen (monitor). It handles ‘communications between the user and application programs. @ Basie Input-Output System (BIOS) ‘When you start your system it has no idea what drives it, it cannot even load its operating system. To solve this problem, a computer has a Basic Input-Output System (BIOS) that it looks for as soon as you turn the system. The BIOS is a small program that is permanently stored on ROM chip. Since itis a small software program in a chip, it occupies a middle ground between the software and hardware. For this reason itis often called a ‘firmware’. ‘The BIOS performs a number of important functions. It interprets key strokes, display characters on the screen, handles communication through the computer ports and even tests the system everything when you tum it on, The purpose of this system is to give software a link to the hardware, When you ask an application program to print a document, the request is first passed to BIOS, and then sent to the printer. This system isolates the software from the hardware. This way, ifa system's hardware is changed radically, all you need to change is the BIOS, This gives hardware designers, the freedom to improve systems without worrying that they will make all previous software obsolete, (i) Processing Commands The command processor portion of the operating system interprets what you enter from the keyboard, In this respect it acts asthe interpreter. When you use an application program, the program's commands are interpreted by the Operating System for the hardware. For example, you might open a document by clicking a button on the program's toolbar. At Scanned with CamScanner 23j | | i the application's icon and dropping nother time you might do so by dragging the file onto ve aio conn it. The operation system iaterprets these ‘commands and CO into the computer internal memory. (ii) Multitasking / Multi-User Operating Systems Meader operating systems perform multiple asks at the sae ime wth difexent programs i.e., a multitasking operating system supports (W0 OF more active processes simultaneously. For example, you contd be downfoting a file from the Internet with one program while editing a document with another program. dt so that many users can be connected to the system athe came time, This multiuser capability is formed on operating systems used with many a nftameand super computers. A dedicated transaction processing system sluch as railway reservation system that supports thousands of terminals under control of a single program jean example ofa multi-user operating system. Multiuser mult-prograty operatingsystems are ealled Time Sharing Systems. The time sharing system is a form of multi-programmed ‘operating system which operates in an interactive mode with a quick response time. The veer types a roquest to the computer through a keyboard, The computer Proce it and a response is displayed onthe user's terminal A time sharing system allows rat Nis to Simultaneously share the computer resources. Since each action on command in a time Shared system takes avery small faction of time, only a litle CPU time is needed for each aaeias the CPU switches rapidly from one user to another user, each user is given impression that he has his own computer, while it is actually one computer shared by many users. Systems which contro the lights and missiles are called Real Time Systems which have applications in the Defence sector. The primary objective of a realtime system is to provide duick response. User convenience and resource utilization are of secondary concern fo real time systems. : ‘Sdlite operating systems are designe 2.4.3 Types of Operating Systems From the fastest super computer to smallest microprocessor used in watches, every computer tases an operating system. Over the years, a varity of operating systems have been developed ‘and many remain in use, DOS (Dise Operating System) was very popular in 80s and has now been replaced by more powerful operating systems such as Windows, Unix/Linux, OS/2, etc. ‘These powerful operating systems made it possible to run tasks on microcomputers that were once performed in mainframes and minicomputers, Depending on the requirement and tasks to be performed, the operating systems are designed and characterized as follows: (PC Operating Systems DOS, Windows, Linux and Apple systems are some of the examples of operating systems, These operating systems are the most common and least secure. Windows in its many versions (98, 98 and 2000) is currently the most popular operating system. Macintosh’s System 8 runs on the-Apple Macintosh and Power PC and was the first widely used ‘graphical interface. Windows and iOs are proprietary operating systems, while Linux, Ubuntu, Google's Chrome, Android, ete. are the most popular open source operating systems at present, (U) Server Operating Systems In modern organizations, computers are connected to one another in networks through powerful computers called ‘Servers'. As Servers provide securit ‘ ‘ ty to the networks the} rived special powerful operating systems. These powerful operating systems are also used Scanned with CamScannerfor tasks such as engincering design, order processing and payroll eitcal to a company's Continued existence. These operating systems are secure and have multi-tasking, multi- user capabilities. Windows NT (NT stands for New Technology) is the fastest growing Server operating system. OS/2 competes with Windows and is a powerful operating system. UNIX is another server operating system developed by AT&T's Bell Laboratory in 1973, Unfortunately a number of versions have been developed that are slightly different from. the original. Applications written for one version of UNIX will not usually run on another. Due to this, UNIX could not become popular. to help resolve the problem of variation in the operating systems a consortium of Sun, Novell, IBM, Digital and SCO all agreed on a Single common operating software environment and a common desktop environrpent. (il) Mainframe Operating Systems rl The IBM mainftame computers use ah operating system called Open MVS and Digital ‘equipment corporation minicomputers called it VMS. These operating systems are powerful and secure, capable of handling all of the tasks that define a modern operating system. (iv) Embedded Operating System When a microprocessor is used inside a small device such as a watch or toaster, it still needs an operating system. One such operating system is a version of DOS called “Embedded DOS’. Embedded DOS is stored in a memory chip instead of a hard disk and tums on instantly when the device is turned on. 2.5 GRAPHICAL USER INTERFACE (GUI) Until 1970s only engineers used fo operate/interact with the computers and others used to fee! difficult. With the introduction of “User Interface’ the situation has changed. Professionals other than the programmers/engineers felt it comfortable to use the computers, First of all, let us look for what an Interface is : ‘When you start your computer, the display that appears on the computer screen is called the Interface. With the help of this screen you will be able to interact with the computer. In primitive computers, the onty interface was the printer. The Interface is very closely related to the operating system. In fact, every operating system has an interface built in so that you can communicate with it. However, an operating system can sometimes have more than one interface. A Graphical User Interface (GUD, for example, is an interface with which you can interact with the help of a mouse. Almost all the present day operating systems are developed with application programs consisting of a graphic user interface. The most popular GUI is the Microsof's Windows. 25.1 Common Features of GUI All GUIs have a number of common features, They are @ Secondary input devices (the primary being keyboard) like mouse are available, You will ‘operate the computer by clicking the mouse on a digital desktop. i) Display of overlapping windows (each display on the screen is called a window) on the screen. Each window can contain an application program or a document so that one can switch back and forth between tasks, (ii) Windows that graphically display what the computer is doing, It can also display a document on the soreen much like the one when itis printed. iv) Icons (small boxes with figures appear on the windows) that représent files, directories and other applications and system entities, Scanned with CamScanner 2526 other graphical metaphors that alfow ithout any difficulty. support not only graphics but also tion. Modern user interfaces can check boxes and many (v) Dialog boxes, button sliders, 0 the computers wil the user to learn various functions of we expanded basic functionalities to 1, video and highly dynamic interact 1 three-dimensional world, The present day GUIs ha dimension, colour, height sinnulate a very realistic view of a rea 2.5.2 Common words used in GUI ‘The following words are commonly used in ows, Menus, D boxes, eons, Desktop metaphor, et. A brief description ofthese words is BiveR below: Mouse: Mouse is a pointing device whic allows usero point at different paris ofthe screen, Pointing devices can be used to invoke a command from alist of commands in a menu. They can also be used to manipulate objects on ‘thi screen by selecting objects on the screen or rpoving objects around the soreen of merging several objects into another object Since 1960s a diverse set of tools have been used as pointing devices including the tit pen, joystick, touch screen and popularity of the mouse is due to optical coordination of hhand easier tracking of the cursor on the screen. Windows: When a sercen is split into several independent regions, each one is called a window. Several applications can display results simultaneously in different windows, ‘Menu: A menu displays a list of commands available within an application. From the ‘menu, the end-user can select operations such as file, edit or search. Instead of remembering commands at each stage, a menu can be used to provide alist of tems. Fach menu item can be either a word or an icon representing command or a function. Menu item can be invoked by ‘moving the cursor on the menu item and selecting the item by clicking the mouse. _____._ Dialog Boxes: Dialog boxes are used to collect information from the user orto present information to the user. For example, when you want to exit out of a screen or when you want to switch off the computer the computer will display a dialog box to get additional information. eons: Icons are used to provide a symbolic representation of any . system/user defined object a f Bes folders, address book, applications and so on. Different types of objects are represented by a specific type of icons. A double click on the icon will cause the opening folder which is being represented by the icon. crema crt GUI: Mouse, Windows, Menus, Dialog Check Your Progress z Note: i) Write your answer in the space given below. ii) Compare your answer with model answer given at the end of this unit. 5. What is GUI? What are the common words used in GUI. 2.6 SOFTWARE DEVEOPMENT TOOLS During the early years, general purpose hardware ‘ommon 3 became c fund sotvare was custom. french plication andhada relatively Tied dtr, rograms were developed for specific peopl, Most sofware was developed and used by the same cgsnsties, The eee at Scanned with CamScannercomputer system evolution was characterized by the use of product software (Ex: Windows) and the advent of software houses like Microsoft, Software was developed for widespread distribution in a multidisciplinary market. Programs for mainframes and microcomputers were distributed to thousaiids of users. Entreprencurs from industry, government and academia came Out in a big way to develop the ultimate software packages and carn a lot of money. The third era of computer system evolution began in mid 1970s. During this period, global and local area networks, high bandwidth digital communications and increasing demand for instantaneous data access put heavy demand on software developers. Widespread use of microprocessors and personal computers is seen, The personal computer has been the catalyst. for the growth of many software companies. The growth of software product sales exceeded the growth of personal computer sales during 80s. The fourth era in computer software has used object-oriented technologies, replacing more conventional software development approaches in many application areas. The present generation of software development can be viewed as the fifth generation. The present day technologies, ic., the Intemet and intranet technologies have wide opened the new challenges for the software development for globalization of various fields. E-commerce, web designing and internet portals design are the new areas of the present day software development. 2.4.1 Computer Programming Languages Basically, there are three kinds of computer programming languages: 1) Machine Languages, 2) Assembly Languages, and 3) High Level Languages. Machine Level Languages: These-are low level programming languages. Computer or any electronic devices only can understand these languages. E.g.: Binary numbers (ie., 0 and 1.) Assembly Level Languages: These are also low level languages, which are converted into executable machine code by utility programmer referred to as an Assembler. An Assembler is very close to the machine language. The instructions are given names and these are like abbreviated words or mnemonics (eg. ‘ld’ means “Ioad") High Level Languages: These languages are called Programming Languages and are easily understandable by humans. Eg. C Language. To communicate with a computer we need a programming language understood by machines. The computer's CPU can understand the instructions written in machine language. Therefore, there is a need to convert the instructions or code written in high level programming language into machine language. A Compiler is a converter which converts whole high level language program to a low level language program at a time, An Interpreter is a converter which converts program written in high level language to low level language line by line, 2.6.2 Use of High Level Languages For developing software programs, one needs to use a language acceptable to a computer. As you have seen in 2.4.1 two types of software namely, system software and application software are developed using the high level computer languages. The system software (operating system) is written in C language. For application software, we use the languages like COBOL (Commercial Business Oriented Programming Language) and FORTRAN (Formula Translation). For business applications COBOL will be more useful and for scientific applications FORTRAN is more convenient to use. However, the present day software development depends _mostly on the unified languages called JAVA, JAVA is useful for most ofthe Internet applications. Scanned with CamScanner 2728 Methodology : mnckind ofin-housestandards and procedures in planning, tems, The designing and developing of the systems is finalizes his task of analysis of the 2.6.3 Software Development Many IT organizations have designing and developing their client done by a systems analyst. The systems analyst once i reauired problem, the remaining work of putting the problem in the form of a program in a reaqired high level language is done by programmers. Just a5 miny tools a ee ing house, many fools are available for writing « program, The tools compre een peso programming languages, Compared to later generations programe languages, the early feteration progranming ianguages require the use of more, complex vocabulary, syntax fo ate a software program, (The term syntax refers to the precise rules and pater re for the formation of programming language statements). Programmers must follow the syntax rules scrupulously while writing a program. The, fourth generation languages also known as very high level languages (4GL) sill require a specific syntax, but the syntax i fat) to learn. Natural languages will constitute the fith or present generation languages. With this type of language, the user will be able to specify processing procedures using statements similar to idiomatic human specch, i. simple statements in English. The use of natural language does not require the user to learn a specific syntax. In addition to these five generations of programming languages, some microcomputer software packages such as electronic spread sheets, database management software etc. are widely used for creating software. 2.7__ SUMMARY The salient points discussed so far in this unit are: + The general structure of a computer consists of three basic units: The Central Processing Unit (CPU), Memory Unit, and Input / Output unit. + There two main components in computer system: Hardware and Software, Hardware is the physical equipment, while software is the programming code/instruction that runs a computer. + The Input devices include keyboard, mouse, light pen, scanners, barcode readers, touch screens, webcams, etc. + The Output devices include display monitors (CRT, LCD and LED), speakers, printers (dot- matrix, Inkjet, laser and 3D), projectors, etc. + Software canbe divided broadly into two categories: system software and application software. Operating system is an example of System software, Application software is useful for individual programming. Higher level languages are used to develop Software programs. + GUT has revolutionized the use of computers. With the emergence of GUI, the personal computers have become user friendly and more easily and popular to handle, + The 4th and Sth generation languages are used in the present day software development. 2.8 | CHECK YOUR PROGRESS - MODEL ANSWERS 1 The general structure of a computer consists of three basic units: ()) The i c tn : () The Central Pr Unit (CPU), (i) Memory Unit, and (ii) Input / Output unit, : id 2 An Input Device is a computer hardware that sends instruct i v hardwa ions or data into the computer. Examples are: Keyboards, Pointing devices, Scanners, Voice Recognizers, etc. Special Purpose Input Devices are: Magnetic Ink Character Recognition (MICR) devices, Optical Mark ‘ecognition (OMR) devices, Optical Barcode Reader (OBR) ete. : Scanned with CamScanner3 An output device is a hardware device that sends data or information that is processed or stored by a computer to the user‘or any other device, The most popular devices are display screens (CRT and LCD monitors) and printers (Dot Matrix, Laser and 3D) . Other output devices are speoch / sound output (c.g, speakers, headphones), global positioning system (GPS), computer output microfitm (COM), Braille reader, Ploters, 4 The memory unit stores all the information locations as bits. Broadly there are cl ROM (Read Only Memory). 4 group of memory cells, also called Memory jed as RAM (Random Access Memory) and 5 A Graphical User Interface (GUD) is an interface with which you can interact with the Somputer system withthe help of a mouse. The most popular GUI is the Microsof's Windows, ‘The words commonly used in GUL are: Mouse, Windows, Menus, Dialog boxes, Icons, Desktop, ete, 2.9 _ MODEL EXAMINATION QUESTIONS I. ESSAY QUESTIONS 1) Draw a Computer showing its basic structure. Describe its major parts. 2) What do you understand by Input/ Output Devices? Explain with suitable examples. 3) What is an Operating System? Describe its functions. 4) What is GUI? Explain the major concepts associated with GUL I SHORT NOTES a) Open Source Software 1b) Windows ©) CPU 4) High Level Programming Languages 2.10 | FURTHER READING + Leon, Alexis and Leon, Mathews. Fundamentals of Information Technology. Chennai: LeonTECHWorld, 1999. ‘+ Mohan, P. Fundamentals of Information Technology (With Lab Work). Mumbai: Himalaya Publishing House, 2013. + Saha, R.G, Narasimha Rao, IL. and Bhaskar, N. Fundamentals of Information Technology. ‘Mumbai:Himalaya Publishing House, 2011. 29 Scanned with CamScannerUNIT-3: INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY APPLICATIONS Contents 3.0 Objectives 3.1 Introduction 3.2 Information Technology in Daily Life 3.3 Common Areas of Information Technology Applications 3.3.1 Office Automation 3.3.2 Computerized Financial Accounting 3.3.3 Education 3.3.4 Computer Graphics 3.3.5 Desktop Publishing (DTP) 3.3.7 Legal Practice 3.3.8 Government 3.3.9 Entertainment 3.3.10 Geographical Information System (GIS) 33.11 At Home 3.4 Information Technology in Libraries and Information Centres 3.4.1 Application Arcas 3.42 Advantages 3.5 Major Areas of Application Software Development 3.6 Summary h 3.7 Answers to Self-Check Exercisés “ 38 References and Further Reading 3.9 Model Examination Questions 3.0 _ OBJECTIVES Today Information Technology beeame a part of our daily life. We find IT applications in office, educational institutions, transport, banking, legal, health and many other common areas. This unit deals with'IT applications in major areas of our life, including libraries and information centres, After going through this unit, you will be able to + Explain the importance of Information Technology * List out areas from daily life where Information Technology is used * Identify the common areas of Information Technology applications * Discuss the role of information technology in libraries and information centres, Scanned with CamScanner3.1 INTRODUCTION __ Any computer simply looks lk & washing machine, an air conditioner, a y other electrical appliance say a TY, a refrigerator, telephone, a fix machine or any other electronic Badge, All these electrical appliances or clecironic pages are dedicated to perform one or at times two to three tasks only. Compared to these app nd gadgets, a computer is truly an amazing tool, It is so versatile that it ean be ordered to perform a variely of tasks that affect Sery aspect of our daily existence. In fnet, every appliance and gadget listed above has a built- Ren ut 10 regulate its fimetion, The physical constituents of any computer arc very simple: Silicon, Metal and Plastic. Here silicon, a substance derived from quartz, sand, coal et, isa hard glassy mineral and forms the most important raw material in building a computer. Infact, this silicon forms an important component in building the chip which is both the heart and the brain of a computer. The chips of a modern digital computer have enormous processing and storing capacities, ‘A computer is a high speed electronic machine capable of taking logical decisions, Performing mathematical operations on data at an unbelievable speed. Besides speed, computers have other virtues such as accuracy, huge memory, tirelessness and versatility. Computers in ‘today's world are playing an increasing role in every facet of human existence. The information Processing power of a computer has beers harnessed for diverse applications from probing the inner structure of human brain to probing the very limits of outer space. Computer controlled robots are being used for manning complete production lines in industrial complexes. Therefore, ‘we need to understand role of information technology in our daily life as well as in libraries and information centres. 3.2__ INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY IN DAILY LIFE Today Information Technology has pervaded nearly every sphere of our lives. Stop for minute and think of the areas where you encounter IT in your daily chores. (The newspapers you read early in the morning is formatted and edited by computers using I. (i The news you watch on the television is brought to you because of computers through satellite communication networks using IT, (i) The clothes you wear are designed and textured by computers using IT. iv) The planes, buses and trains you travel are scheduled and monitored by communication networks and computers. You can reserve and cancel your tickets from anywhere through internet. (¥) You go to your bank (often a computerized bank) and your transactions are controlled by compiiters using IT. If you are banking with corporate banks with ATM (Automatic Teller Machines) facilities your deposits and withdrawals are monitored by computers. Your cheques and drafts are printed for your own safety by MICR (Magnetic Ink Character Recognition Technology). Some banks have replaced the cheque system with electronic funds transfer system to avoid delays and overhead costs. Latest development is net banking , through which you can transfer from your account or receive money online.. (vi) Your telephone bills, electricity bills, bills of purchase in supermarkets, hoteV/restaurant bills, particularly in star hotels; are all generated using computers. You can pay your bills online using your credit/debit cards or net banking, " (vil) Your advance reservations in RTC buses, railways, airlines and cinema theatres in cities are carried out by computers. Scanned with CamScanner 3132 rn " there is power (Gi You want to lodge « complaint ether because your telephone is dead, ox there PUNE failure, or find out the arival or departure of trains and aeroplanes you Ne ic voice recorders giving you recorded information of registering your compainis: Gx) You want to feephone or send an urgent message to your friend or relative living smb in the world, yon have nearby an Internet /Cyber cafe or an STDVISD botth oF 8 Tax, cellular phone counter which is open 24 hours to facilitate you make the contact. (%) You appeared for an exatnination and want to know your results. These diys many universities and boards are keeping their results on their own web pages which you can access anytime and from anywhere. Check Your Progress Note: i) Write your answer in the space given below. ii) Compare your answer with model answer given at the end of this unit. 1, Name the areas of daily life influenced by Information Technology. 3.3 COMMON AREAS OF INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY APPLICATIONS. —__APPLICATIONS Indeed there seems to be no limit to the capacities and capabilities of computers in placing information at your fingertips. Mere touch of a button or a few buttons and following the directions given through a voice or displayed on a monitor will get you the latest and reliable! accurate information instantly. Other than the direct uses of a personal computer or IT in your life there do exist areas which indirectly make you feel the power and influence of IT. Let us see some examples. 33.1 OfficeAutomation You enter into any big company, bank, industry, stock broker's office, government department, public sector undertaking, super market, or university administrative office, everything you see a predominantly displayed board that itis fully automated, or even if you don't see the display notice a number of computers and a less number of workers. The hitherto existing practice of loads and loads of papers, registers, tedgers and box files is transformed into electronic data and is stored in computers. This kind of electronic storage and retrieval of data will save the office space which has been used to store old records and registers. This would also save time in manual searching, changing, updating and answering the queries from the clientele. Hitherto the meetings and conferences could be held only when the participants gather at one place with all the relevant files and papers on the formation related to the conference. Today itis the data, messages and information that would travel at speed of light and the people stay where they are. A complete teleconferencing system can send and receive pictures, graphics, sound (audio) and data instantaneously to several persons at the same time, staying at different locations and interact with each other as if they are sitting together in the same room. It is possible to change, update, manipulate and correct the information instantaneously. Power point presentations involving pictorial and graphical representations of data help arrive at quick

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