INTRODUCTION TO

OPERATING SYSTEMS
CS-110
WHAT IS OPERATING SYSTEM?
System software that manages hardware and
software resources on a computer or other
devices, providing a stable environment for
applications to run.

It acts as an intermediary between users

and the computer hardware, enabling
the execution of programs and handling
various system tasks.
KEY FUNCTIONS / OPERATIONS OF OPERATING
SYSTEMS /
PROCESS MANAGEMENT : Handles creation and Scheduling & ensure program run smoothly
MEMORY MANAGEMENT : Handles computers memory
FILE SYSTEM MANAGEMENT : Access Files
DEVICE MANAGEMENT : Controls and coordinates the use of hardware & Manages input and output operations
USER INTERFACE :
SECURITY AND ACCESS CONTROL :
NETWORKING :
 KEY
FUNCTIONS/OPERATIONS
OF OPERATING SYSTEMS
1
PROCESS MANAGEMENT
Explanation: The OS handles the creation, scheduling, and
termination of processes. It ensures that multiple programs
can run simultaneously without interfering with each other.

Examples: Scheduling algorithms to manage CPU time,

multitasking, and handling process synchronization.
2
MEMORY MANAGEMENT
Explanation: The OS manages the computer's memory,
allocating and deallocating memory space as needed by
processes. It keeps track of memory usage to ensure
efficient utilization.

Examples: Paging and segmentation, virtual memory, and

memory protection.
3 FILE SYSTEM MANAGEMENT
Explanation: The OS organizes and controls access to files
on storage devices. It provides a hierarchical structure to
store, retrieve, and manage files and directories.

Examples: File creation, deletion, reading, writing, and

directory management.
4 DEVICE MANAGEMENT
Explanation: The OS controls and coordinates the use of
hardware devices through device drivers. It manages input
and output operations for devices like printers, disks, and
keyboards.

Examples: Handling device interrupts, managing I/O

operations, and providing a standard interface for hardware
devices.
5 USER INTERFACE
Explanation: The OS provides a user interface (UI) through
which users interact with the computer. This can be a
command-line interface (CLI) or a graphical user interface
(GUI).

Examples: Windows, macOS, and Linux offer graphical

interfaces, while Unix and DOS have command-line
interfaces.
6
SECURITY AND ACCESS CONTROL
Explanation: The OS enforces security policies to protect
data and system resources. It manages user authentication,
permissions, and access controls.

Examples: User accounts, passwords, file permissions, and

encryption.
7
NETWORKING
Explanation: The OS manages network connections and
communication between computers. It handles protocols,
data transmission, and network interface management.

Examples: TCP/IP stack, network configuration, and network

security.
EVOLUTION OF
OPERATING SYSTEMS
The evolution of operating systems (OS) reflects the progression
of computing technology and the growing complexity of user
needs and hardware capabilities.
EARLY OPERATING SYSTEMS
Batch Processing Systems: Early computers used batch
processing systems, where jobs (programs) were submitted in
batches without interaction. The OS managed job scheduling
and execution sequentially.

Examples: IBM's IBM 7094 and UNIVAC I systems.

Features: Limited to job scheduling, basic input/output
handling, and job control languages (JCL).

(1950S-1960S)
EARLY OPERATING SYSTEMS

(1950S-1960S)
TIME-SHARING SYSTEMS
Time-Sharing Systems: Introduced the concept of multiple
users interacting with a single computer system
simultaneously. The OS managed time-sharing and multitasking
to provide the illusion of concurrent execution.

Examples: UNIX, developed at AT&T Bell Labs; MULTICS, a

pioneering system that influenced UNIX.
Features: Multi-user support, multitasking, command-line
interfaces, and file management.

(1960S-1970S)
TIME-SHARING SYSTEMS

(1960S-1970S)
PERSONAL COMPUTERS AND EARLY GUI
SYSTEMS
Personal Computer OS: As computers became personal,
operating systems for individual users emerged. These OSes
focused on simplicity and user-friendly interfaces.

Examples: MS-DOS (Microsoft Disk Operating System), Apple's

Macintosh System Software.
Features: Command-line interfaces for MS-DOS; graphical user
interfaces (GUIs) for Macintosh System Software.
(1970S-1980S)
PERSONAL COMPUTERS AND EARLY GUI
SYSTEMS
Graphical User Interfaces (GUI): GUI systems provided a more
intuitive way for users to interact with computers through
graphical elements like windows, icons, and menus.

Examples: Xerox PARC's Alto and Star; Microsoft's Windows 1.0

and 2.0.
Features: Window management, point-and-click interaction,
and desktop environments.
(1970S-1980S)
PERSONAL COMPUTERS AND EARLY GUI
SYSTEMS

(1970S-1980S)
PERSONAL COMPUTERS AND EARLY GUI
SYSTEMS

(1970S-1980S)
MODERN DESKTOP AND SERVER
OPERATING SYSTEMS
Windows Evolution: Microsoft Windows evolved with
significant enhancements, including improved GUIs,
multitasking, and networking capabilities.
Examples: Windows 95, Windows 98, Windows NT, and
Windows XP.
Features: Enhanced user interfaces, plug-and-play hardware
support, and advanced networking.

(1990S-2000S)
MODERN DESKTOP AND SERVER
OPERATING SYSTEMS
Linux and Open Source: Linux emerged as a powerful, open-
source alternative to proprietary operating systems. It gained
popularity for its flexibility, stability, and security.
Examples: Linux distributions like Red Hat, Ubuntu, and
Debian.
Features: Customizability, open-source development model,
and wide-ranging hardware support.

(1990S-2000S)
MODERN DESKTOP AND SERVER
OPERATING SYSTEMS
macOS: Apple's operating system evolved from the classic Mac
OS to macOS, built on a Unix-based foundation for improved
stability and compatibility.
Examples: Mac OS X (later macOS), starting with Mac OS X
10.0 Cheetah.
Features: Modern GUI, Unix-based architecture, and integrated
software ecosystems.

(1990S-2000S)
MOBILE AND EMBEDDED OPERATING
SYSTEMS
Mobile Operating Systems: The rise of smartphones and tablets
led to the development of operating systems optimized for
mobile devices.
Examples: Android (developed by Google), iOS (developed by
Apple).
Features: Touch-based interfaces, app ecosystems, and power
efficiency.

(2000S-PRESENT)
MOBILE AND EMBEDDED OPERATING
SYSTEMS
Embedded Systems: Specialized operating systems for
embedded systems focus on real-time performance and
minimal resource usage.
Examples: FreeRTOS, VxWorks, and embedded versions of
Linux.
Features: Real-time processing, minimal overhead, and
specific application support.

(2000S-PRESENT)
CLOUD AND VIRTUALIZATION

Cloud Operating Systems: With the growth of cloud computing,

operating systems have evolved to support cloud
infrastructure and services.
Examples: Google Cloud Platform, Microsoft Azure, and AWS
services.
Features: Scalability, virtualization support, and cloud service
management.

(2010S-PRESENT)
CLOUD AND VIRTUALIZATION

Virtualization: Virtualization technology allows multiple virtual

machines to run on a single physical host, enabling better
resource utilization and isolation.
Examples: VMware, Microsoft Hyper-V, and KVM (Kernel-
based Virtual Machine).
Features: Virtual machine management, resource allocation,
and isolation.

(2010S-PRESENT)
 TYPES OF
OPERATING
SYSTEMS
DESKTOP OPERATING SYSTEMS
Designed for personal computers and workstations,
desktop OSes provide a user-friendly interface and
T
support a wide range of applications. Y
EXAMPLES: P
Windows E
MacOS
Linux
S
SERVER OPERATING SYSTEMS
Designed to manage network resources and provide
services to other computers (clients) on a network,
T
server OSes focus on stability, security, and scalability. Y
EXAMPLES: P
Windows Server E
UNIX
Linux Server Distributions
S
MOBILE OPERATING SYSTEMS
Optimized for smartphones and tablets, mobile OSes
provide touch-based interfaces and support mobile
T
applications. Y
EXAMPLES: P
Android E
iOS
S
EMBEDDED OPERATING SYSTEMS

Designed for embedded systems, these OSes are used

in specialized devices with specific functions, often with
T
real-time constraints. Y
EXAMPLES: P
RTOS (Real-Time Operating Systems) E
Embedded Linux
S
REAL-TIME OPERATING SYSTEMS (RTOS)

Designed to provide immediate and deterministic

responses to events, RTOSes are used in systems
T
where timing and reliability are critical. Y
EXAMPLES: P
FreeRTOS E
VxWorks
S
NETWORK OPERATING SYSTEMS

Specialized OSes designed to manage network

resources and provide networking services.
T
Y
EXAMPLES: P
Juniper Junos E
Cisco IOS
S
HYBRID OPERATING SYSTEMS

Combine features of different types of operating

systems to offer more versatility and support a wider
T
range of applications. Y
EXAMPLES: P
Windows 10/11 E
Android-x86
S
 OPERATING SYSTEM
SERVICES

The operating system provides several services that benefit

both users and programs. These services can be accessed
through application programming interfaces (APIs) or
system calls.
PROGRAM EXECUTION S
E
To run a program, various tasks need to be performed,
such as loading data and instructions into memory,
R
initializing files and input/output devices, and preparing V
system resources. The operating system takes care of I
these tasks, allowing users to focus on their
applications without worrying about low-level details.
C
E
S
CONTROL INPUT/OUTPUT S
DEVICES E
Different input/output (I/O) devices in a computer
system have specific instructions for operation. The
R
operating system provides a unified interface that hides V
the complexity of interacting with these devices. This I
simplifies the programming process and allows
applications to access various devices easily.
C
E
S
PROGRAM CREATION S
E
The operating system provides tools and utilities, such
as editors and debuggers, to assist programmers in
R
creating, modifying, and debugging programs. These V
tools enhance productivity and help in the development I
of efficient and reliable software.
C
E
S
ERROR DETECTION AND
S
RESPONSE
E
Errors can occur in both hardware and software R
components of a computer system. The operating
V
system monitors the system for errors and takes
appropriate actions to prevent system failures or data I
corruption. It ensures the smooth execution of C
programs by handling errors with minimal impact on
E
running processes.
S
ACCOUNTING S
E
An operating system collects utilization records for
system resources, such as CPU time, memory usage,
R
and I/O operations. These records help in performance V
analysis, future upgrades, and system adjustments to I
improve overall efficiency.
C
E
S
SECURITY AND PROTECTION S
E
The operating system ensures the security and
protection of user data and applications from
R
unauthorized access or tampering. It implements V
mechanisms to authenticate users and control their I
access to system resources. This safeguards the
system from malicious activities and maintains the
C
integrity of user information. E
S
FILE MANAGEMENT S
E
Computers use secondary storage devices to store
data and information. The operating system manages
R
these storage devices, including magnetic disks, tapes, V
and optical disks. It handles file organization, access, I
and security, providing a convenient and secure way to
store and retrieve data.
C
E
S
COMMUNICATION S
E
In networked environments, the operating system
facilitates communication between computers
R
connected via a network. It coordinates the transfer of V
data and programs using techniques like message I
passing and shared memory. This enables users and
programs to exchange information seamlessly across
C
different machines. E
S
THANK YOU!!
IN THE FUTURE TECHNOLOGY IS DEVELOPING VERY FAST