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Software Design & Java Basics
Further Programming

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Learning Outcomes

Describe the three broad phases of Software Development: Analysis, Design and
Implementation
Describe the basic structure of an OO system and how to initially identify classes, methods,
attributes and relationships
Explain the purpose of Encapsulation and Information Hiding
Describe Coupling and Cohesion and Explain the Coupling/Cohesion trade-off
Introduce Java basic components and syntax

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Software Design

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Object-Oriented Development
In general, development consists of three broad activities
• These can be further subdivided but conceptually activities generally fall into one of these
broader categories

• Analysis (OOA)
• Understanding and defining the problem

• Design (OOD)
• A high-level conceptual solution expressed using diagrams, pseudocode, etc.

• Programming (OOP)
• A detailed solution implemented in a programming language such as Java, C#, C++, etc.
• The Java Language Specification is the definitive reference for Java coding conventions Code
Conventions for the Java Programming Language

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Example: a Bank System

Take the example of a bank.
• The bank stores data about its customers.
• A customer has a name, a customer number, a password and one or more accounts.
• An account is identified by an account number and has a balance.
• A customer can perform withdrawals, deposits and balance queries on their accounts.

• How can we discover classes (and their relationships)?

• How can we discover attributes (fields/instance variables) and methods
for each class?

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System Structure - Discovering Classes

and Relationships (1)
Classes are often either a concrete entity (a student, or a course), or an
abstract concept or category (a shape, or form of transport)
A simple starting point (rule of thumb) for discovering classes is to look for
nouns in the problem specification or significant concepts or artefacts
Class relationships can take different forms; association, aggregation,
composition and inheritance
When determining cardinality (number of instances in a relationship, e.g.,
one to many or many to many) over-estimate rather than underestimate

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System Structure - Discovering Classes

and Relationships (2)

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Discovering Attributes
To discover attributes, ask question such as: “I am an
account. What should I know? What do I need to remember?
What properties do I have? What states can I be in?”
• My account number?
• My account balance?
• My owner?
• My bank?
For each attribute, you need to decide on its name, data type,
visibility (public, protected, private or default (package), also
any modifiers i.e., should it be a constant (final) or variable,
and have instance or class scope (static).

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System Behaviour - Discovering Methods

and Relationships (1)
Ask question such as: “I am an account. What services should I
provide?” “What expertise should I have?” “What is my role?” “Who
will be using me?” “Who do I interact with?” “What can be done with
the attributes?”
• Query my account number?
• Query my account balance?
• Change my account number?
• Change my balance?
• Deposit or withdraw money?
• Like attributes, for each method you also need to decide on its name,
data types (for parameters and return value), visibility (public,
protected, private or default (package)), and whether it should be final
(not overridable) or static (called at the class level).
• Tip: look for verbs in the problem specification.

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System Behaviour - Discovering Methods

and Relationships (2)

Each class encapsulates its own data (attributes) and methods according to its own specific
semantics.

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Encapsulation and Information Hiding

Now that Java’s basic object capabilities have been detailed, we can review
the fundamentals of good OO design with a focus on implementation.
Encapsulation means that both attributes (state) and methods (behaviour)
are contained (encapsulated) within a single code module (class).
Information hiding means that only methods of a class have access to
private information (usually the attributes (state) of the class but can have
private methods as well)
Therefore, outside access to the class’ internals are on a “need to know
basis”
TIP: If in doubt restrict visibility (private) and open up later if really necessary.

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Java Access Modifiers

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Object Oriented Design

As we have seen object-oriented programming is based

on a number of objects working together to perform a
function.
This kind of approach to developing code can give a
number of benefits, such as easier code maintenance and
enhanced re-usability.
However, a poorly designed object-oriented program can
be just as, if not more difficult to use and maintain than
if it were developed using procedural or functional
approaches.

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Coupling
Classes should be properly encapsulated. This refers to each
class holding all the data/functionality it requires to fulfil its
purpose, without being unduly dependent on others
The dependence of some classes on others in this context is
called coupling. This reliance should be minimised in your class
designs wherever possible
Excessive coupling between classes can create problems
when items are modified – with so many dependencies, changing
one will imply that many others may also need to be changed
Coupling can be objectively measured with automated code
analysis tools

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Cohesion
When a class is designed, each of its elements should have a logical
and well-defined role in the class being able to fulfil its purpose. This
tight relation of internal components is known as cohesion
A highly cohesive object will not have items that are only loosely
related to its role – the object will define one concept or perform one
task well
Cohesion is a good thing – it reflects a design that is very clear and
pure to its intended purpose
Cohesion is harder to measure automatically since it requires semantic
understanding
Coupling and Cohesion is a tradeoff – increasing cohesion (good) can
increase coupling (bad)

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Cohesion and Coupling Trade-off

Cohesion and coupling are a trade-off
• Improving one may have a negative impact on the other
e.g., Consider a program with only one class
• It has low coupling (good) since there are no other classes to couple to
• However, cohesion will be low (bad) because the class will be responsible for everything like
user interface, database management, unrelated domain logic (accounts, customers, etc.)
• => Lots of unrelated methods = not cohesive
TIP: Write cohesive classes first then try to minimize coupling
Conversely, imagine a system with a large number of very small and highly
cohesive classes that only have one method
• One method implies only a single functionality (although the method itself may not be cohesive)
so class level cohesion is high (good)
• However, this system will be highly coupled (bad) because all the small classes have to interact
to get work done
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SUMMARY: “Good” Object-Oriented Program

Design
An object-oriented program design should:
• have all internal information well protected from others
• have classes that have a clear and focused purpose (maximise cohesion)
• consist of classes that are highly independent (minimise coupling)
• TIP: a common beginners mistake is to have too few classes
Adhering to these fundamental design principles should help design object-
oriented programs that are easily understood, easily maintainable, and
consist of highly reusable components (i.e., quality software, see next
slide).
A good program design can save a lot of time when it comes to
implementation, by eliminating the need for “hacking and patching” code and
class models to make them work.
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OOD Notation – A Diagrammatic Approach

Class diagrams show the structure of a program at the class level, showing
• methods and attributes of classes
• relationship between classes (e.g., inheritance, association)

Can range from low detail (classes and relationships only) to high detail
(e.g., full method signatures, visibility etc.)
Class diagrams are part of a modelling language (UML)
Class diagrams can be generated from code and skeleton code can be
generated from diagrams

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Class Diagram – Notations

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Example UML Class Diagram

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Javadoc Comments

Javadoc is an in-built commenting format used to document code in Java

It consists of two parts:
• in-code annotations within a comment of the form /** ... */
• A generator program javadoc.exe which creates html documentation (complete with
structure and hyper-linking) from the markup comments in the code
The API documentation for Java has been built using this approach
Can generate at class or package granularity
Some of the common annotations are given on the next slide

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Javadoc Annotations
Tag & Parameter Usage Applies to
@author John Smith Describes an author. Class, Interface, Enum

@version version Provides software version Class, Interface, Enum

entry. Max one per Class or
Interface.
@since since-text Describes when this Class, Interface, Enum, Field,
functionality has first existed. Method
@see reference Provides a link to other Class, Interface, Enum, Field,
element of documentation. Method
@param name description Describes a method Method
parameter.
@return description Describes the return value. Method

@exception classname Describes an exception that Method

description may be thrown from this
@throws classname method.
Description
@deprecated description Describes an outdated Method
method.
Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Javadoc
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Javadoc Examples (1)

Author, version, since

Method description

Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Javadoc

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Javadoc Examples (2)

Attribute description

Reference to others

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Introduction to Java
Further Programming

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What is Java?
• High-level programming language invented in 1995 by
James Gosling and his colleagues at Sun Microsystem
(later acquired by Oracle)
• Java source files (.java) are compiled into Java bytecode
(.class) which can be executed by the Java Virtual Machine
(JVM)
• Works on anything that has a JVM implementation
(computers, supercomputers, smartphones, game
consoles, etc.)
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Why Java?
• How does a typical program run?

• But there are several platforms (Windows, macOS, Linux,

UNIX, Android, iOS, etc.), thus a program must be ported
to those platforms before it can be run
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Why Java?
• With Java, we can "write once, run anywhere"
Java compiler

Bytecode
Source files
files
(.java)
(.class)

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Why Java?
• A bit slower than C/C++ but faster than other languages
• Many high-quality built-in and third-party libraries
• Object-oriented
• Multi-threaded
• and more …

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First Java app

// File: HelloWorld.java
public class HelloWorld {
public static void main(String[] args) {
System.out.println("Hello World!");
}
}
• Every Java program must have a main method where execution starts
• The main method belongs to a class which is written in a .java file
• The file name (excluding the .java suffix) must match the class name

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Primitive data types

Java has two groups of data types:
• Primitive data types: boolean, byte, short, int, long, float,
double, char
• Object (or reference) data types: Boolean, Byte, Short,
Integer, Long, Float, Double, Character, String, etc.
o Like pointers in C but dereference operator is not needed

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Primitive data types

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Primitive data types

Type Size (bits) Min Max Description
boolean 1* false true Store true or false
byte 8 -27 27 - 1 Store whole numbers in the range
short 16 -215 215 - 1 Store whole numbers in the range
int 32 -231 231 - 1 Store whole numbers in the range
long 64 -263 263 - 1 Store whole numbers in the range
char 16 0 216 - 1 Store Unicode values in the range
float 32 -3.4E38 3.4E38 Store fractional numbers in the range up to 6
decimal digits
double 64 -1.7E308 1.7E308 Store fractional numbers in the range up to 15
decimal digits

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Variables & constants

• Variables are values that may be changed
int i, j;
double interestRate;
boolean isOdd;
• Variables often have initial values
int i = 1, j = 2;
double interestRate = 0.06;
boolean isOdd = false;
• Constants are permanent values
final double PI = 3.14159;

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Operators
Level Category Operators Associativity
1 Postfix (), [], ., ++, -- Left to right
2 Unary +, -, !, ~, ++, --, (type) Right to left
3 Multiplication *, /, % Left to right
4 Addition +, - Left to right
5 Comparison <, <=, >, >= Left to right
6 Equality ==, != Left to right
7 Assignment =, +=, -=, *=, /=, %= Right to left
8 Logical &&, ||, ! Left to right

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Java Naming Convention

Type Naming Convention Example
Variable lowerCamelCase format int id; double tableWidth;
Start with a letter, $ or _
Constant All uppercase letters final double MIN_WIDTH = 0.9;
Method lowerCamelCase format void shuffleCards()
Often start with a verb int size()
Class, UpperCamelCase format class CardGame
File & Often start with a noun CardGame.java
Interface interface RasterDelegate
Package All lowercase letters com.oracle.eng
java.sql
vn.edu.rmit.inte2512.utilities
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Statements
• A statement specifies an action in a program
• There are 4 types of statements:
o Declaration: to declare variables and constants
int count;
o Assignment: to assign a value to a variable or constant
count = 0;
o Method invocation: to call a method
System.out.println("Hello World!");
o Control: to change the execution order of statements
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Comments
• // This is a single-line comment
• /* This
is
a multi-line comment
*/
• /** This is a javadoc style comment
that can be gathered by java tools
to generate documentation
*/
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Basic I/O
• Output to console
System.out.println("A string to be displayed");
System.out.print("Another string to be displayed");

final double PI = 3.14159;

double radius = 2.5;
System.out.printf("Area of a circle with radius %.2f is
%.2f\n", radius, PI * radius * radius );

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Basic I/O
• Frequently used format specifiers
Format Specifier Output Example

%b a Boolean value true or false

%c a character 'a'

%d a decimal integer 200

%f a floating-point number 45.56000

%e a number in standard scientific notation 4.556000e+01

%s a string "Java is cool"

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Basic I/O
• Input from console
Scanner scan = new Scanner(System.in);
System.out.print("Please enter something: ");
String word = scan.next(); // scan one token (one word)
String line = scan.nextLine(); // scan one line

• Assume the user inputs "David 22 1.85" in one line

String name = scan.next();
int age = scan.nextInt();
double height = scan.nextDouble();

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Basic I/O
Scanner method Description

boolean nextBoolean() Scans and returns the next token as a boolean

byte nextByte() Scans and returns the next token as a byte

short nextShort() Scans and returns the next token as a short

int nextInt() Scans and returns the next token as an int

long nextLong() Scans and returns the next token as a long

float nextFloat() Scans and returns the next token as a float

double nextDouble() Scans and returns the next token as a double

String next() Scans and returns the next token as a String

String next(String pattern) Scans and returns the next token as a String if it matches the pattern

nextLine() Scans and returns the current line as a String

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Selections: if-else statement

boolean isRaining = true;
if (isRaining) { // if (boolean expression is true)
System.out.println("Bring your umbrella");
} else {
System.out.println("Bring your hat");
}

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Selections: chaining if-else statements

if (score >= 80) {
System.out.println("HD");
} else if (score >= 70) {
System.out.println("DI");
} else if (score >= 60) {
System.out.println("CR");
} else if (score >= 70) {
System.out.println("CR");
} else {
System.out.printn("NN");
}
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Selections: ternary operator

if (isMale) {
title = "Mr";
} else {
title = "Ms";
}
can be written using the ternary operator as:
title = isMale ? "Mr" : "Ms";

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Selections: switch statement

int num = 2; // switch expression value can be byte, short
switch (num) { // int, char, and even String
case 1: // case value must be a constant
System.out.println("One");
break;
case 2:
System.out.println("Two");
break;
default:
System.out.println("Invalid");
}

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Loops: for statement

int sum = 0;
for (int i = 0; i < 10; i++) {
sum += i;
}
System.out.println(sum);

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Loops: for-each statement

String[] names = {"Alice", "Bob", "Carol"};
for (String name : names) {
System.out.println("Hello " + name);
}
• for-each statement can also be used with Java collections
in addition to arrays

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Loops: while statement

int i = 1;
while (i < 10) {
System.out.println(i);
i++;
}

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Loops: do-while statement

int i = 1;
do {
System.out.println(i);
i++;
} while (i < 10);

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Strings
• A string is simply an array of characters
• Java provides the String class (object data type) and several methods to allow
working with strings conveniently
• Create strings
String greeting = new String("Hello");
String greeting = "Hello";
• String length
System.out.println(greeting.length());
• String comparison
System.out.println(greeting.equals("hello"));
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Strings
• String concatenation
String firstName = "John"; String lastName = "Doe";
String fullName = firstName + " " + lastName;
System.out.println(fullName);

• Substring
String txt = "RMIT University Vietnam";
System.out.println(txt.substring(5, 8));

• Searching in a string
System.out.println(txt.indexOf("Viet"));
System.out.println(txt.indexOf("Hello"));
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Strings
Method Description
int length() Returns the number of character in this string
boolean isEmpty() Returns true if, and only if, length() is 0
boolean equals(String str) Returns true if this string is equal to str
boolean equalsIgnoreCase(String str) Returns true if this string is equal to str, ignoring case differences
int compareTo(String str) Compares two strings lexicographically
int compareToIgnoreCase(String str) Compares two strings lexicographically, ignore case differences
char charAt(int index) Returns the character at the given index
int codePointAt(int index) Returns the Unicode code point of the character at the given index
String concat(String str) Returns a new string that concatenates this string with str
String toUpperCase() Returns a new string with all letters in uppercase
String toLowerCase() Returns a new string with all letters in lowercase
String substring(int beginIndex, int endIndex) Returns a new string that is a substring of this string
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Strings
Method Description
boolean startsWith(String str) Returns true if this string starts with str
boolean endsWith(String str) Returns true if this string ends with str
boolean contains(String str) Returns true if this string contains str
int indexOf(String str) Returns the index of the first occurrence of str in this string ,
or -1 if there is no such occurrence
int lastIndexOf(String str) Returns the index of the last occurrence of str in this string ,
or -1 if there is no such occurrence
String replace(char oldChar, char newChar) Returns a new string resulting from replacing all occurrences
of oldChar in this string by newChar
String replaceAll(String regex, String replacement) Replaces each substring in this string that matches the
given regex with the given replacement
String[] split(String regex) Splits this string around matches of the given regex
boolean matches(String regex) Returns true if this string matches the given regex
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Strings
• Conversion between strings and numbers
String intString = "123";
int intValue = Integer.parseInt(intString);
String doubleString = "3.14159";
double doubleValue = Double.parseDouble(doubleString);

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Strings
• In Java, strings are immutable – they can’t be changed after created
• The following code creates a new string and assigns it back to the
original variable:
String greeting = "Hello";
greeting += " World";
• More details can be found in the String API

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Regular Expressions
• A regular expression (regex) is a string that describes a pattern in a
sequence of characters
• Regex can be used for matching, replacing, and splitting strings
String s1 = "Java is fun";
String s2 = "Java is cool";
String regex = "Java.*";
System.out.println(s1.matches(regex));
System.out.println(s2.matches(regex));

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Regular Expressions
Regular expression Matches
x a specified character x
. any single character
(ab|cd) ab or cd
[abc] a, b, or c
[^abc] any character except a, b, or c
[a-z] any character from a through z
[^a-z] any character except a through z
[a-e[m-p]] a through e or m through p
[a-e&&[c-p]] intersection of a-e with c-p
\d a digit, same as [0-9]
\D a non-digit
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Regular Expression
Regular expression Matches
\w a word character, same as [a-zA-Z0-9_]
\W a non-word character, same as [^a-zA-Z0-9_]
\s a whitespace character
\S a non-whitespace character
p* zero or more occurrences of pattern p
p+ one or more occurrences of pattern p
p? zero or one occurrence of pattern p
p{n} exactly n occurrences of pattern p
p{n, } at least n occurrences of pattern p
p{n, m} between n and m occurrences of pattern p (inclusive)
^ beginning of a line
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Quiz
• What is the regular expression of an even integer?
Answer: (\d)*[02468]

• The Social Security Number (SSN) in the US has the format

xxx-xx-xxxx, where x is a digit. What is the regular
expression for SSN?
Answer: \d{3}-\d{2}-\d{4}

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Arrays
• An array is a fixed-size order collection of items of the same data type
• Create arrays
int[] nums; // declare an array
nums = new int[4]; // specify array length(size)
String[] cars = new String[4]; // combine in one statement
• Create and initialize arrays
int[] nums = {5, 10, 15, 20};
String[] cars = {"Honda", "Toyota", "Ford", "BMW"};

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Arrays
• Access and update an item
String[] cars = {"Honda", "Toyota", "Ford", "BMW"};
System.out.println(cars[2]);
cars[2] = "Kia";
System.out.println(cars[2]);
• Loop through an array using a for statement and array indexes
for (int i = 0; i < cars.length; i++) {
System.out.println(cars[i]);
}

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Arrays
• Loop through an array using a for-each statement
String[] cars = {"Honda", "Toyota", "Ford", "BMW"};
for (String car : cars) {
System.out.println(car);
}

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Multidimensional Arrays
• Create a multidimensional array
int[][] chessCells = new int[8][8];
• Create and initialize a multidimensional array
int[][] myNumbers = { {1, 2, 3, 4}, {5, 6, 7} };
• Access multidimensional array items
for (int i = 0; i < myNumbers.length; i++) {
for (int j = 0; j < myNumbers[i].length; j++) {
System.out.print(myNumbers[i][j] + " ");
}
System.out.println();
}
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—
Thank you
COSC2440 teaching team

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