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Continuum Mechanics 1

The document presents a series of mathematical problems involving matrix operations, vector calculations, and index notation. It includes checks for orthogonality, the construction of symmetric and skew-symmetric matrices, and various expressions involving indices and the Levi-Civita symbol. Additionally, it highlights common mistakes in tensor notation and index handling.

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hla.daoud22
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5 views3 pages

Continuum Mechanics 1

The document presents a series of mathematical problems involving matrix operations, vector calculations, and index notation. It includes checks for orthogonality, the construction of symmetric and skew-symmetric matrices, and various expressions involving indices and the Levi-Civita symbol. Additionally, it highlights common mistakes in tensor notation and index handling.

Uploaded by

hla.daoud22
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Problem one:

(a) We can check that:


5 −1
0
𝑖1′ . 𝑖1 𝑖1′ . 𝑖2 𝑖1′ . 𝑖3 √26 √26
𝑄
= [𝑖2′ . 𝑖1 𝑖2′ . 𝑖2 𝑖2′ . 𝑖3 ] = 1 5 →
3×3 0
𝑖3′ . 𝑖1 𝑖3′ . 𝑖2 𝑖3′ . 𝑖3 √26 √26
[ 0 0 1]
5 −1
√26 √26
0
We can see det 𝑄 = | 1 5
0| = 1
√26 √26
0 0 1
5 1
√26 √26
0
With 𝑄𝑇 = −1 5
0
√26 √26
[0 0 1]

5 −1 5 1
√26 √26
0
√26 √26
0 1 0 0
𝑇
We get 𝑄𝑄 = [ 1 5
0]
−1 5
0 = |0 1 0|
√26 √26 √26 √26 0 0 1
0 0 1 [0 0 1]
⇒ 𝑄𝑇 = 𝑄−1 consequently, Q is a proper orthogonal.

Problem two:
We can check that
8 12 8
𝑈=[ 4 6 4 ] 10−4 ,
−10 −18 −10

1 8 8 −1
𝑇
𝑈𝑠𝑦𝑚 = (𝑈 + 𝑈 ) = [ 8 6 −7 ] 10−4 .
2
−1 −7 −10

1 0 4 9
𝑇)
𝑈𝑠𝑘𝑒𝑤 = (𝑈 − 𝑈 = [−4 0 11] 10−4 .
2
−9 −11 0
⇒ 𝑈𝑠𝑦𝑚 = [(8𝑖𝑥 + 8𝑖𝑦 − 𝑖𝑧 ) ∘ 𝑖𝑥 + (8𝑖𝑥 + 6𝑖𝑦 − 7𝑖𝑧 ) ∘ 𝑖𝑦
+ (−𝑖𝑥 − 7𝑖𝑦 − 10𝑖𝑧 ) ∘ 𝑒𝑧 ]10−4

𝑈𝑠𝑦𝑚 = [(−4𝑖𝑦 − 9𝑒𝑧 ) ∘ 𝑖𝑥 + (+4𝑖𝑥 − 11𝑒𝑧 ) ∘ 𝑖𝑦 + (9𝑖𝑥 + 11𝑒𝑦 ) ∘ 𝑖𝑧 ]10−4

(b) U axial vector:


1
𝑢𝑎 = − [(8𝑖𝑥 + 4𝑖𝑦 − 10𝑖𝑧 ) × 𝑖𝑥 + (12𝑖𝑥 + 6𝑖𝑦 − 18𝑖𝑧 ) × 𝑒𝑦
2
+ (8𝑖𝑥 + 4𝑖𝑦 − 10𝑖𝑧 ) × 𝑖𝑧 ]10−4
= (−11𝑖𝑥 + 9𝑖𝑦 − 4𝑖𝑧 )10−4

Problem three:
(a) 𝐴𝑖𝑖 = 0, is mistaken the free index should be in both sides.

(b) 𝐹1 = 𝐺1 + 𝐻11 𝐴1 + 𝐻21 𝐴2 + 𝐻31 𝐴3

𝐹2 = 𝐺1 + 𝐻12 𝐴1 + 𝐻22 𝐴2 + 𝐻32 𝐴3

𝐹3 = 𝐺3 + 𝐻13 𝐴1 + 𝐻23 𝐴2 + 𝐻33 𝐴3

(c) 𝐴𝑖 = 𝐵𝑖 + 𝐶𝑖 𝐷𝑖 this expression is mistaken because (i) appears as free and


dummy index.

(d) The Kronecker delta is an index renaming operator, hence:

𝐾 = 𝛿𝑖𝑗 𝐴𝑖 𝐵𝑗 = 𝐴𝑗 𝐵𝑖 = 𝐴1 𝐵1 + 𝐴2 𝐵2 + 𝐴3 𝐵3

(e) 𝐹𝑖 = 𝐴𝑖 + 𝐵𝑖𝑗 𝐶𝑗 𝐷𝑗 this expression is mistaken, because (j) appears more than
two times in a term.

(f) 𝑎𝑛𝑚 =∝𝑛𝑛 𝑏𝑚𝑚 is mistaken, the Greek letters are not used as indices.

Problem four:
(a) 𝑆 = 𝐴𝑖𝑗 𝑥𝑖 𝑥𝑗 = 𝐴11 𝑥1 𝑥1 + 𝐴22 𝑥2 𝑥2 + 𝐴33 𝑥3 𝑥3 + 𝑥1 𝑥2 (𝐴12 + 𝐴21 ) +
𝑥2 𝑥3 (𝐴23 𝐴32 ) + 𝑥3 𝑥1 (𝐴31 𝐴13 )

(b) 𝑎𝑖𝑘 = 𝑒𝑖𝑘𝑙 𝑏𝑙

We can interchange the indices by changing the sign, hence:

𝑎𝑖𝑘 = −𝑒𝑘𝑖𝑙 𝑏𝑙

since (𝑒𝑘𝑖𝑙 ) is antisymmetric we can write: 𝑎𝑖𝑘 = −𝑒𝑙𝑘𝑖𝑙 𝑏𝑙

and in the same manner 𝑎𝑖𝑘 = −(−𝑒𝑖𝑘𝑙𝑙 )𝑏𝑙 .

but the Levi-Civita symbol has a value of zero when any two indices are the
same (𝑒𝑘𝑙𝑙 = 0), hence 𝑎𝑖𝑘 = 0 . So, So, we have shown that aik = -aki.

(c) 𝛿𝑝𝑞 = (𝑎𝑝𝑞 − 𝑎𝑞𝑝 ) =0 (𝛿𝑖𝑗 = 0 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑛 𝑖 ≠ 𝑗)


1
(d) 𝑒𝑘,𝑙 = (𝑢𝑘,𝑙 + 𝑢𝑙,𝑘 + 𝑢𝑚,𝑘 𝑢𝑚.𝑙 )
2

1
𝑒𝑘,𝑙 = (𝑢𝑘 ∇𝑙 + 𝑢𝑙 ∇𝑘 + 𝑢𝑚 ∇𝑘 𝑢𝑚 ∇𝑙 )
2

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