UNIT – II

INTRODUCTION TO PROGRAMMING

Getting started with IDE

 RAD: Rapid Application Development is software programming technique that allows quick
development of software application.

 Integrated Development Environment (IDE): It is a software tool to help programmer to edit,

compile, interpret and debug the program in the same environment. i.e Eclipse,NetBeans, VB etc.

 Byte code: A byte code is machine instruction that the Java compiler generates and Java
interpreter executes. When the compiler compiles a .java file, it produces a series of byte codes
and stores them in a .class file. The Java interpreter (JVM) can execute the byte codes stored in
the .class file.

 JVM: Java Virtual Machine (JVM) is a program which behaves as interpreter and translates the
byte code into machine language as they go called just in time compilation.

 Source Code: The core program or text which is written in a language like C,C++ or Java is called
source code.

 Object Code: The program which only is understood by the computer in the form of machine
instructions or binary instructions called object code. In Java JVM is used to generate object code
in the form of byte code.

 GUI: A graphical user interface (GUI) presents a pictorial interface to a program. GUI allows the
user to spend less time trying to remember which keystroke sequences do what and spend more
time using the program in a productive manner.

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 Programming Fundamentals

Token

The smallest individual unit in a program is known as Token. Java has the following types of
tokens: keyword, Identifier, literal, punctuators and operators.

Keywords

Keywords are words that have a specific predefined meaning in Java. They cannot be
used as variable names. They are also known as reserve words. Eg. void, private, if, while
etc.
Literals:
Items having fixed data values are referred to as Literals. They are also known as
Constants. Various types of literals available in Java are :
 Integer literals
 Floating literals
 Boolean literals
 Character literals
 String literals
 Null literals

Variable :
Variable is a named storage location in computer memory whose contents can change
during a program run.
The characteristics of a variable are:
(i) It has a name.
(ii) It is capable of storing values.
(iii) It provides temporary storage.
(iv) It is capable of changing its value during program execution.
Punctuators:

The following nine ASCII charaters are the separators:

() { } [ ] ; , .

Operators: Operators are special symbols that perform specific operations on one, two, or three
operands, and then return a result.

Operators Precedence
postfix expr++ expr
unary ++exprexpr+exprexpr~ !
multiplicative */%
additive + -
shift <<>>>>>
relational <><= >= instanceof
equality == !=
bitwise AND &
bitwise exclusive OR ^
bitwise inclusive OR |
logical AND &&
logical OR ||
ternary ?:
assignment = += =*= /= %= &= ^= |= <<= >>= >>>=

Data type states the way the values of that type are stored, and the range for that type.

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Primitive Data Types:

The Java programming language is statically typed, which means that all variables must first be
declared before they can be used.

A primitive type is predefined by the language and is named by a reserved keyword. The eight
primitive data types supported by the Java programming language are:

 byte: The byte data type is an 8bit signed two's complement integer. It has a minimum value of
128and a maximum value of 127 (inclusive).
 short: The short data type is a 16bit signed two's complement integer. It has a minimum value
of 32,768and a maximum value of 32,767 (inclusive).
 int: The int data type is a 32bitsigned two's complement integer. It has a minimum value
of2,147,483,648and a maximum value of 2,147,483,647 (inclusive).
 long: The long data type is a 64bitsigned two's complement integer. It has a minimum value of
9,223,372,036,854,775,808and a maximum value of 9,223,372,036,854,775,807(inclusive).
 float: The float data type is a singleprecision32bitIEEE 754 floating point.
 double: The double data type is a doubleprecision64bitIEEE 754 floating point.
 boolean: The boolean data type has only two possible values: true and false. Use this data
typefor simple flags that track true/false conditions.
 char: The char data type is a single 16bitUnicode character. It has a minimum value of'\u0000'
(or 0) and a maximum value of '\uffff ' (or 65,535 inclusive).

Reference Data Types : These are constructed by using primitive data types, as per user need.
Reference data types, as per user need. Reference data types store the memory address of an
object. Class, store the memory address of an object.

Class, Interface and Array are the example of Interface Reference Data types.

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parse methods: parse() methods helps to parse string into different numeric types. These are :

Method Syntax Usage

parseByte() Byte.parseByte(string) To convert a string value to
byte type

parseShort() Short.parseShort(string) To convert a string value to type

short

parseInt() Integer.parseInt(string) To convert a string value to

Integer type

parseLong() Long.parseLong() To convert a string value to

Long type

parseFloat() Float.parseFloat() To convert a string value to

Float type

pareseDouble() Double.parseDouble() To convert a string value to

Double type

Type Conversion:

The process of converting one predefined type into another is called Type Conversion.

These are of two types:

a) Implicit type conversion
b) Explicit type conversion

 Implicit Type Conversion:

In this conversion java compiler converts all operands up to the type of largest datatype.

 Explicit Type Conversion:

An explicit type conversion is user defined that forces an expression to be of specific type.

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 Flow of Control

 Control Flow Statements: The statements inside your source files are generally executed from
top to bottom, in the order that they appear. Control flow statements, however, breakup the flow of
execution by employing decision making, looping, and branching, enabling your program to
conditionally execute particular blocks of code.

Control Statements

Sequence Selection Looping Jump

Simple if for break

If-else while continue

switch do while return

1. Selection: A selection statement selects among a set of statements depending on the value of a
controlling expression.
(a) if statements: The if statement allows selection (decision making) depending upon the
outcome of a condition. If the condition evaluates to true then the statement immediately following if
will be executed and otherwise if the condition evaluates to false then the statements following the
else clause will be executed.

(i) Simple if:

The syntax of if statement is as shown below:
Syntax:
if (conditional expression)
{
Statement Block;
}
(ii) if-else
The syntax of if-else statement is as shown below:
Syntax:
if (conditional expression)
{
Statement Block;
}
else
{
Statement Block;
}

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 (iii) Nested if else
These control structures are used to test for multiple conditions as against the simple if
statement which can be used to test a single condition. The syntax of nested if else is as
follows:

Syntax:

if (conditional expression1)
{
statements1;
}
else if (conditional expression2)
{
statements2;
}
else if (conditional expression3)
{
statements3;
}
else
{
statements4;
}

(b) switch: This selection statement allows us to test the value of an expression with a series of
character or integer values. On finding a matching value the control jumps to the statement
pertaining to that value and the statement is executed, till the break statement is encountered or
the end of switch is reached.

The syntax of the switch statement is as follows:

switch (Variable/Expression)
{
case Value1 : statements1 ;
break ;
case Value2 : statements2 ;
break ;
default: statements3 ;
}

2. Looping: These statements are used to perform a set of instructions repeatedly while the condition is
true.
(i) The syntax of the for loop is:
Syntax
for( initialization; test expression; increment/decrement expression)
{
statements;
}
(ii)While loop : The while loop is an entry-controlled loop. It means that the loop condition is tested
before executing the loop body. If the loop condition is initially false, for the first iteration, then loop
may not execute even once.

The syntax of the while loop is as follows:

Syntax
while(test expression)
{
loop body
}

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 (iii) do while : Do..While loop is an exit-controlled loop. In the do..while loop, the test occurs at the
end of the loop. This ensures that the do..while loop executes the statements included in the loop
body at least once.

The syntax of the loop is as follows:

Syntax :
do
{
loop body
}while (test expression);

3. Jump:
(i) break : The break is used to break from an enclosing do, while ,for or switch statement.
Syntax:
break;

(ii) continue: The continue statement stops the execution of the current iteration and causes
control to begin with next iteration.
Syntax:
continue;

(iii) return : Return is used to return value from the method

Syntax:
Return <value>;

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 Java IDE Programming – I , II & III

 Commonly available Swing Controls in Java

jFrame: A Frame is a container control, in which all the controls can be lace.

jLabel: JLable allows placing un-editable text on the Frame/Panel

jTextField: JTextFeild allows placing editable text on the Frame/Pane. User can enter text in a
textFiled during runtime.

jbutton: is used to initiate an action when it is clicked.

jList: is a group of values or items from which one or more selections can be made.

jComboBox: jComboBox is similar to jList but also allow to enter editable text during run time. It is a
combination of jTextFiled and jList.

jRadioButton: Allow us to choose a single item from a group of jRadioButton options.

jCheckBox: Allow us to choose one or more items from a group of jCheckBox options.

jPasswordField: Allow us to enter a text during the run time but shows an encrypted text instead
of the original text

jTextArea: JTextArea is a multi-line text component to enter or edit text.

Focus: The control under execution is said to have the focus. The control having the focus
obtains input form the user.

getText(): getText() method is used to obtain the text from a jTextFeild during the run time.

setText(): setText() method is used to set or change the text of a jTextFeild during run time.

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Swing Controls Methods and Properties: These are the Swing Controls available with NetBeans IDe and
their concern methods and properties are given below.

Swing Controls Methods Properties

jButton • getText() Background

• setText() • Enabled
• Font
• Foreground
• Text
• Label

jLabel • getText() Background

Enabled
Font
Foreground
Text
jTextField • getText() • Background
• isEditable() • Editable
• isEnabled() • Enabled
• setText() • Font
• Foreground
• Text
jRadioButton • getText() • Background
• setText() • Button Group
• isSelected() • Enabled
• setSelected() • Font
• Foreground
• Label
• Selected
jCheckBox • getText() • Button Group
• setText() • Font
• isSelected() • Foreground
• setSelected() • Label
• Selected
• Text
jButtonGroup • Add
jComboBox •getSelectedItem() • Background
•getSelectedIndex() • ButtonGroup
• setModel() • Editable
• Enabled
• Font
• Foreground
• Model
•SelectedIndex
• SelectedItem
• Text
jList • getSelectedValue() • Background
• Enabled
• Font
• Foreground
• Model
• SelectedIndex
• SelectedItem
• SelectionMode
• Text
jTable • addRow() • model
• getModel()
JoptionPane • showMessageDialog() • getRowCount()
• removeRow()
• addRow()

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