Super 30 Coaching Classes

Class: Diploma in Mechanical/Civil Engg. (2nd year)

Subject: SOM (3rd Sem.) (K-Scheme)
THEORY NOTES
Unit -1. Moment of Inertia
1. Define Moment of Inertia and radius of gyration. State its S.I. units.
 Moment of Inertia: Moment of Inertia of a body about any axis is equal to the
product of the area of the body and square of the distance of its centroid from
that axis. OR Moment of inertia of a body about any axis is defined as the sum of
second moment of all elementary areas about that axis. Unit- mm4, cm4, m4.
 Radius of Gyration: Radius of Gyration of a given area about any axis is that
distance from the given axis at which the entire area is assumed to be
concentrated without changing the M. I. about the given axis. Unit- mm, cm, m.
 Application: It is used in Euler’s formula to determine buckling load on long
column.
2. State parallel axis theorem and perpendicular axis theorem of MI along with
sketches. Also define polar MI.
 Parallel axis theorem: It states that the M. I. of a plane section about any axis
parallel to the centroidal axis is equal to the M. I. of the section about the
centroidal axis plus the product of the area of the section and the square of the
distance between the two axes. IPQ = IG + Ah2

 Perpendicular axis theorem: It state, if IXX and IYY are the moments inertia of a
plane section about the two mutually perpendicular axes meeting at O, then the
moment of inertia about the third axis Z-Z i.e. I ZZ is equal to addition of moment
of inertia about X-X and Y-Y axes. IZZ = IXX + IYY

 Polar Moment of Inertia: The moment of inertia of a plane area about an axis
perpendicular to the plane of the figure is called polar moment of inertia with
respect to the point, where the axis intersects the plane. I P = Izz,
 IP = Ixx + Iyy. Unit- mm4, cm4, m4.
 Unit – 2. Simple Stresses, Strains & Elastic Constants
1. Define the following terms:
 Elasticity: - It is property of a material by virtue of which it regains its original size
and shape after deformation, when the loads causing deformation are removed.
 Plasticity: - Lack of elasticity is called plasticity. The plasticity of a material is the
ability to change without destruction under the action of external loads and to
regain the shape given to it’s the forces are removed.
 Ductility: It is the property of material due to which it can be drawn into thin
wires on application of tensile force. Ductile Metals – Steel, Aluminum, Copper.
 Brittleness: It is the property of material due to which it can be directly broken
without any further deformation. OR Brittleness is the lack of ductility. e.g. Glass,
Concrete, cast iron. etc.
 Lateral Strain: - Strain in a direction at right angle to the direction of applied
force is known as lateral strain or secondary strain
 Hooke’s Law: It states that, when material is loaded within elastic limit, stress
produced is directly proportional to the strain induced.
 Limit of proportionality: It is the point in stress strain curve up to which stress
produced is directly proportional to strain induced obeying Hooke’s law.
 Bulk Modulus: - When a body is subjected to three mutually perpendicular like
stresses of same intensity then the ratio of direct stress to the corresponding
volumetric strain of the body is constant and is called as bulk modulus.
 Modular Ratio: The ratio of modulus of elasticity of two different materials is
called as modular ratio. It is denoted by ‘m’.
 Define factor of safety: The ratio of the ultimate stress to the working stress for a
material is called factor of safety.
 Stress: The internal resistance force against the deformation per unit cross
sectional area is called stress (σ). Its SI unit is N/m or Pascal (Pa). It is common in
engineering practices to specify the units of stress in N/mm 2 or MPa.
 Types of Stress: 1. Tensile Stress, Compressive Stress, Shear/Tangential Stress
 Strain: When a body of an elastic material is subjected to an axial force it
undergoes change in dimensions. The change in dimension per original
dimension is called as strain. It is the ratio of change in length to original length.
Strain is dimensionless. Strain in direction of applied load is known as linear or
longitudinal strain.
 Types of Strain: Linear strain or longitudinal strain. (Tensile strain, Compressive
strain), Lateral strain, Volumetric strain, Shear strain.
 Volumetric Strain: Change in dimensions of body will cause some change in its
volume. It is the ratio of change in volume to original volume.
 Modulus of elasticity: Ratio of longitudinal stress to longitudinal strain or linear
stress to linear strain. It is denoted by E.
 Modulus of Rigidity: Ratio of shear stress to shear strain. It is denoted by G.
 Bulk Modulus: When a body is subjected to three mutually perpendicular
stresses of equal intensity, the ratio of direct stress to volumetric strain is known
as bulk modulus. It is denoted by K
 Composite section: If two or more members of different materials are connected
together and are subjected to the loads such a section is called as composite
section.
  Poison’s ratio (µ or 1/m): When a homogeneous material is loaded within its
elastic limit, the ratio of the lateral strain to the linear strain is constant is known
as ‘Poison’s ratio.’
 Some important value of Poison’s ratio.
Material Poisson's ratio
Steel 0.25 – 0.33
Rubber 0.48 – 0.5
C.I 0.23 – 0.27
Concrete 0.2
Cork Nearly zero
2. State the relation between linear strain & lateral strain.
 Lateral strain is directly proportional to linear strain. When a homogeneous
material is loaded within its elastic limit, the ratio of lateral strain to linear strain
is constant and is known as Poisson’s ratio.
3. State the relationship between Young’s Modulus, Modulus of Rigidity and Bulk
Modulus.
 E = 2 G (1+ µ), E = 3 K (1 - 2 µ)
4. Draw a stress- strain diagram for ductile material in tension.

 As we increase the load on the material stress will induce and correspondingly
strain will also increase.
 Point A: Proportional Limit
 Tensile force is applied on the material then there is some elongation. The ratio
of stress and strain will remain in proportion and graph is a straight line upto
point A. It is called as limit of Proportionality.
 Point B: Elastic Limit
 Elastic deformation takes place upto point B. The mild steel materials regain its
original size and shape after removal of load applied. Material has some elastic
properties upto point B. It is called as Elastic limit.
 Point C: Yield Stress point
 Yielding takes place at point C. There is upper yield and lower yield point. The
stress at this point is called yield stress. The material will reach in plastic stage. If
load is removed the material will not regain its original size and shape.
 Point D:Beginning of Strain Hardening point
 Strain hardening takes place between point D to E. After Strain hardening the
material reach upto maximum stress point.
  Point E: Ultimate Stress point
 It is the maximum value of stress is known as ultimate stress. Material will take
maximum load at this stage. It is the peak point on the graph.
 Point F: Breaking Stress point
 After the maximum value of stress, there is a neck formation in the material. At
that point cross sectional area is reduced. Therefore stress is reduced. Hence
graph drops down and the material fails.
 Working Stress: Maximum stress to which the material of a member is subjected
in practice is called working stress.
 Factor of Safety: Ratio of yield stress to working stress is called factor of safety.
And sometime factor of safety is taken as the ratio of ultimate stress to working
stress.
Unit -3. Shear Force & Bending Moment
1. Definitions:
 Shear Force: - Shear force at any section of the beam is the algebraic sum of all
vertical forces on the beam acting on the right or left side of the section. OR A
shear force is the resultant vertical force acting on either side of section of a
beam.
 Bending Moment: - Bending moment at any cross-section of the beam is the
algebraic sum of the moment of all the forces acting on the right or left side of
the section.
 Point of Contra-flexure: It is the point in bending moment diagram where
bending moment changes its sign from positive to negative and Vice versa. At
that point bending moment is equal to zero. This point is called as point of
contra-flexure.
2. State relation between rate of loading, shear force and bending moment.
 Relation between rate of loading and shear force dF/ dx = W
 The rate of change of shear force with respect to the distance is equal to the
intensity of loading.
 Relation between shear force and bending moment. dM/ dx = F
 The rate of change of bending moment at any section is equal to the shear force
at that section with respect to the distance.
3. State the position of maximum shear stress and bending stress in S/S rectangular
beam section carrying udl.
 Maximum shear stress developed at the neutral axis of the rectangular section at
support of simply supported beam.
 Maximum bending stress developed at the top and bottom fiber of the
rectangular section at mid span of simply supported beam.
4. Enlist various types of beam. Draw neat sketch.
 Simply Supported Beam
 Cantilever Beam
  Overhang Beam

 Fixed Beam
 Continuous Beam

Unit -4. Bending and Shear Stresses in beams

1. Definitions:
 Section Modulus: It is the ratio of M. I. of the section about the Neutral axis and
the distance of the most extreme fiber from the Neutral axis.
 Neutral Axis: It is the axis shown in cross section where bending Stress is zero
called as neutral axis. OR The intersection of the neutral layer with any normal
cross section of a Beam is called as neutral axis.
 Moment of resistance: Moment of resistance of the beam is the moment of
couple formed by the total compressive force acting at the Centre of gravity of
the compressive stress diagram and the total tensile force acting at the Centre of
gravity of the tensile stress diagram. Moment of couple = C x Z or T x Z. This
moment is called the moment of resistance of the beam and is denoted by Mr.
2. State any four assumptions in the theory of simple bending.
 The martial of the beam homogeneous and isotropic i.e. the beam made of the
same material throughout and it has the elastic properties in all the directions.
 The beam is straight before loading and is of uniform cross section throughout.
 The beam material is stressed within its elastic limit and this obeys Hooke’s law
 The transverse sections which where plane before bending remain plane after
bending.
 The beam is subjected to pure bending i.e. the effect of shear stress is totally
neglected.
 Each layer of the beam is free to expand or contact independently of the layer
above or below it.
 Young’s modulus E for the material has the same value in tension and
compression.
 Unit -5. Direct and Bending Stresses
1. Definitions:
 Core of Section: The centrally located portion of a within which the load must act
so as to produce only compressive stress is called a Core OR Kernel section.
 Eccentric loading: - A load whose line of action does not coincide the axis of a
member is called an eccentric Load. Example: - a) C- Clamp b) Hook c) Offset link
d) Drilling Machine Frame.
 Direct load: When a load whose line of action coincides with the axis of a
member or whose line of action acts at a centroid of a section of member then it
is called as a direct load.
 Direct stress: The stresses which acts normal to the plane on which the forces
acts axially are called as direct stress.
 Effective Length: The length of the column which bends or deflects as if it is
hinged at its ends is called as effective length. It is denoted by Le.
 Application: It is used in Rankine’s and Euler’s formula to determine buckling
load on column.
 Slenderness Ratio: Slenderness ratio is defined as the ratio of effective length of
column to its minimum radius of gyration.
 As slenderness ratio increases buckling of column increases as it is proportional
to effective length of column.
2. State the condition for no tension at the base of a column.
 If the load acting in the middle third area or core of the section, then The
material experiences only compressive stress without producing Tensile stress.
i.e. Direct stress is equal to bending stress. Minimum Stress is zero, such
condition is said to be no tension condition.

3. What is the “No tension condition”? State.

 The load acting in the middle third area or core of the section, then the material
experiences only compressive stress without producing tensile stress. i.e. Direct
stress is equal to bending stress. Minimum stress is zero, such condition is said to
be “No tension condition”.
4. State middle third rule with neat sketch.
 According to middle third rule, in rectangular section, for no tension condition,
the load must lie within the middle third shaded area of size b/3 and d/3.
5. In relation with eccentric load, draw stress distribution diagram for
 Direct stress > bending stress i.e. σ0 > σb
  Direct stress = bending stress i.e. σ0 = σb

6. State effective length of columns for different end conditions.

 Effective Length of column for different end conditions:
 When both ends of column are hinged. Le = L
 When one end of column is fixed and other is free. Le = 2L
 When both ends of column are fixed. Le = L/2
 When one end of column is hinged and other is fixed. Le = L/√2
7. Following are the assumptions in the Euler’s theory.
 The material of the column is perfectly homogenous and isotropic.
 The column is initially perfectly straight and is axially loaded.
 The cross section of the column is uniform.
 The length of column is very large compared to the lateral dimensions.
 The self-weight of column is neglected.
 The column will fail by buckling only.
8. Define effective length in column with its application.