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Pointers

The document covers key programming concepts including function pointers, thread management, semaphores, thread synchronization, process management, and dynamic loading and linking. Each section provides definitions, key functions, usage examples, and benefits of the respective concepts. These concepts are essential for efficient and concurrent programming in operating systems.

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ravickece
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3 views

Pointers

The document covers key programming concepts including function pointers, thread management, semaphores, thread synchronization, process management, and dynamic loading and linking. Each section provides definitions, key functions, usage examples, and benefits of the respective concepts. These concepts are essential for efficient and concurrent programming in operating systems.

Uploaded by

ravickece
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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1.

Function Pointers

Slide Title: Function Pointers

Content:

• Definition: Function pointers are pointers that point to executable code.


• Syntax:returnType (*pointerName)(parameterTypes);

• Usage:
o Dynamically select functions at runtime.
o Implement callback functions.
o Create arrays of function pointers for state machines.
• Example:void (*funcPtr)(int);
void sampleFunction(int x) {
printf("Value: %d\n", x);
}
funcPtr = &sampleFunction;
funcPtr(10); // Outputs "Value: 10"

• Benefits:
o Flexibility in code execution.
o Efficient function call mechanisms.
2. Thread Management

Slide Title: Thread Management

Content:

• Definition: The process of creating, synchronizing, and terminating threads.


• Key Functions:
o pthread_create(): Creates a new thread.
o pthread_join(): Waits for a thread to terminate.
o pthread_exit(): Terminates the calling thread.
• Example:pthread_t thread;
pthread_create(&thread, NULL, threadFunction, NULL);
pthread_join(thread, NULL);

• Benefits:
o Concurrency in program execution.
o Improved application performance.
3. Semaphores

Slide Title: Semaphores

Content:

• Definition: Semaphores are signaling mechanisms used to control access to


shared resources.
• Types:
o Binary Semaphores: Take values 0 or 1.
o Counting Semaphores: Take non-negative integer values.
• Usage:
o Resource management.
o Synchronization between tasks.
• Example:sem_t semaphore;
sem_init(&semaphore, 0, 1);
sem_wait(&semaphore);
// Critical section
sem_post(&semaphore);

• Benefits:
o Prevent race conditions.
o Manage access to shared resources.
4. Thread Synchronization

Slide Title: Thread Synchronization

Content:

• Definition: Coordinating the execution of threads to ensure correct results.


• Techniques:
o Mutexes: Mutual exclusion locks.
o Semaphores: Signaling mechanisms.
o Condition Variables: Notify threads of condition changes.
• Example:pthread_mutex_t mutex;
pthread_mutex_lock(&mutex);
// Critical section
pthread_mutex_unlock(&mutex);

• Benefits:
o Prevent data inconsistency.
o Ensure thread-safe operations.
5. Process Management

Slide Title: Process Management

Content:

• Definition: The handling of processes by the operating system.


• Key Functions:
o fork(): Creates a new process.
o exec(): Replaces the current process image.
o wait(): Waits for a process to change state.
• Example:pid_t pid = fork();
if (pid == 0) {
// Child process
execl("/bin/ls", "ls", NULL);
} else {
// Parent process
wait(NULL);
}

• Benefits:
o Multi-tasking capabilities.
o Efficient resource utilization.
6. Dynamic Loading and Linking

Slide Title: Dynamic Loading and Linking

Content:

• Definition: The process of loading and linking libraries at runtime.


• Dynamic Loading:
o dlopen(): Loads a shared library.
o dlsym(): Gets the address of a symbol.
o dlclose(): Closes a shared library.
• Dynamic Linking:
o Link libraries at runtime rather than at compile-time.
• Example:void *handle = dlopen("libexample.so", RTLD_LAZY);
void (*func)() = dlsym(handle, "exampleFunction");
func();
dlclose(handle);

• Benefits:
o Memory efficiency.
o Flexibility in code execution.

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