Q.1.

The power of two lenses of an

telescopeare 10D
and 1D, What is its astronomic Column -I Column-II
ingeneralcombination.
Ans. Given
magnificationpower
(Raj. Board 2012) A= tani, PISnell's law
1
p=10D, P,=lD, m=? B= Q Brewster's law
100 100 sin i,
=10 cIm sini
P 10 C|u= sinr RPrism
100
and fo = -=100 cnm sin
A+om
1 2
Du= SITotal internal reflection
A
sin
2
Ans.
Column -I Column-I
25+10 10×35
=-10 -=-14 A=tan1p QBrewster's law
25 25
1
0.2.An object is kept at a distance of (i) 10 cm and B= SI Total internal reflection
()5cmfrom aConcave mirror of radius. of curvature 15 sini,
em. In each position find the position, nature and sin i
Clu= sin r PSnell's law
magnification of the image. RajBoard2012)
Ans. Radius of curvature R=-15 cm
R 15
SM (A+Óm
2
f= cm =-7.5 cm D= RI Prism
2 2 A
()Object distance u=-10 cm si
1,1 1 0.4. Write mirrór formula for concave mirror. When
From mirror formula -+ the light travels from rare medium to dense medium then
what is the effect on its wavelength and frequency?
1
Ra Board2013)
V. -10 -7.5 Ans.Mirror formula for concave mirror
1 1 1
or v =-30 cm
v 10 7.5
Image would be formed in the directin of the object at
a distance 30 cm from the mirror. When light enters dense medium from rare medium, then
30
the wavelength of the light decreases, while the frequency of
Magnification m= the light remains unchanged.
So the image is magnified, real and inverted When light enters from rare to dense medium
(1) Object distance u=-5cm
1,1 1 then u > l due to which <)
then -+ Q.5.An object of size 3 cm is placed at 10 cm in front
of a concave mirror of radius of curvature 40cm. Find the
1 1
distance and size of image from the mirror and describe
the nature of the image. (Raj Board 2014)
V=15 cm Ans, Given
Image is formed behind the mirror at 15 cm distance.
15
-=3
0=3 cm, R =-40 cm,f ==-20 cm., u =-30cm
Magnification m= (-5)
2

So the image is magnified, virtual and erect.

(Raj. Board 2013)
1_
f
Q.3. Match the following
 telescope-The
-20v-3)
Magnification power of
power on
objcct telescope
theeye
ofthe and angle
magn1tication
ratio of angle oc fomed
Bformed by the finalimage byon the
is the
| 2-3 -1 cye. Since the object is at infinity so itsangle at the eye can be
considered to be the same angle that the object makes at the
30 20 60 60
V-60 cm centre of the objective lens.
So the distance oftheimage from the mirror =60 cm. It ..1)
will be real, inverted and big. m =

tan ß
Magnification m= For smaller angles m= tan a
..(2)

tana =
From the geometry of thefigure
=-2

|=-6 cm
So size ofthe image I=-6cm and tanß=
Q.6. What is meant by Telescope? Draw a labelled
and tan a
ray diagram of a refractive telescope. Deduce an expression On keeping the value of tan B
of magnifying pöwer of it. Write two main limitations of
refracting type telescope over a reflecting type telescope. ..3)
(Raj Board 2014, 2012)
m EQ, 0Q EQ,
Ans. Using a telescope the objects situated at adistance If the focal length of the objective lens is fo and the
can be seen clearly. Astrononmical refractive telescopes arè distance of P, Q, from EQ,eye piece is u then 0Q,=+h
made by the combination oftwo or more lenses. They make a EQ, =-,
large image of a very far off object very near due to which ..(4)
vision angle increases and the object appears clear and large. m:= -
Construction
It has a long cylindrical metal tube at the one end of This is the general formula of magnification of telescone.
which is an achromatic convex lens of big focal length and (1)The image in reflective telescope is brighter compared
big aperature. It is kept towards the object so it is called to refractive telescope.
objective lens. To the other end of the tube is another smaller (2) Inthe image formed by reflective telescope there is
no error of colour aberration while this error is found in the
tube, image formed by refractive telescope.
eye-piece Q.7. What are optical fibres? (Raj. Board Supp.2014)
Ans.Optical fibres are the devices based on total internal
relfection with the help of which a light signal can be sent
from one place to another without any energy loss. Optical
fibres are made by high quality compound glass/quartz fibres.
Q.8. Write the formula of deviation angle for a thin
prism. (Raj. Board Supp.2014)
P,
Ans. Sm =(u-1)A
Astronomical Telescope Q.9. The radi of curvature of the faces of a double
pinion
which can be slided to and fro by rack and of the convex lens are 10 cm and 15 cm. What is its focal length
the outer end in air? Refractive index of glass is 1.5
arrangement into the bigger tube. On small focal length
smaller tube is a chromatic convex lenis of (Raj. Board Supp:2014)
and small aperature. It is called eye piece.the objective of the Ans.For double convex lens
Formation of image-In the figure R, =10 cm R, =-15 cm, u=1.5
at E, PQ is an objcct
telesçope is situaed at O and eye-piecewhich is locatd on the From lens maker's formula
located at far distance, the 0 end of
axis of thetelescope. The real, inverted and small image P, Q
F, of thelens. This image 1 1
ofPQ is formed at the second focus
The eyce piece is so arranged
acts as object for the eye piece. between R, R,
eye piece E and its
that the image P Q,is formed microscope or magnificr
focus F. The eye piece acts as simple
and foms its straight, big and virtual image P,Q. The position
is formed at a distance D
of eyepiece is so adjusted that P, Q,is formed inverted relative
from the eye. The final image P,Q, F0.5x
tothe original object PQ. 6 f=12 cm
Q.10. WWhat would be the radius of
curvature 0
 mirror of focal length 10 cm? object for lens B and the
Ra Bbard which is real. So it acts as virtual
concave

Ans. : f=-10cm final image is formed at I.

Erom R= 21, R =2x (-10) =-
Find the position of the 20.cm
Q.il, image
pombination of lenses shown in the formed by the
figure.
(Raj Board supp.,2015)
f=+10, -10 +30 cm

For the image formed by lens A

30cm
1 1 ...(1)
For the image formed by lens B
-10
cIm Cm 11 1
...(2)
Ans. Image formed by first lens
1 1 1 On adding equations (1) and (2)
VË
...(3)
Where u, =-30cm, f, =+10 cm
1 1 1 Considering this system of two lenses to be equivalent
toa single lens off focal length ,
V. -30 10
orv =15 cm. This image is real but it acts as virtual -1
objectforthe second lens. It will be to the right of the second
lens at a distance of(15-5) cm = 10 cm. 1
Image formed by the second lens i.e., ...(4)
1 1 Iflenses of focal lengts f.ffas ...are kept in contact
with each other then the effective focal length of this
Where u, =10 cm combination.
=-10 cm 1 1;
or v, F0
...(5)
This virtual image is formed on the left side of the second
lens at infinite distance. It would act as object for the third But lens power P*
lens. So effective power of lens combiantion.
1 1 P=P + P,+ P; t.. ...(6)
So the power of compound lens is equal to the sum of
Where power of cach lens. In the right side of this equation some
+30 terms can be positive (Convex lens) and some can be negative
(concave lens).
Althe lenses used in the combination of lenses shovw
V3 30 magnification and they also increase the sharpness of the image
= +30 cm because the image formed by the first lens becomes the object
for the second lens.
The final image is formed at the right hand side of the If mË, M2, M3, are the separate magnifications of
Lurd lens at adistance of 30 cm i.e., at its focus. combined lenses then the total magnification (m) of the
Q.12.Write the definition of power of a lens. Derive a combination is equal to the product of separate magnification
Tormula for the resultant power ofa combined lens obtained of each lens.
by the combination of two thin lenses kept in contact. So, m = m x m, Xm, x ...(7)
(Raj. Board Supp. 2015) Q.13.Define refraction of light. Define lateral
Ans. The ability to converge or diverge the rays of light
is calleddpower displacement. (Raj. Board 2024)
p ofa lens. The power of any lens is the reciprocal For the refraction from the curved spherical surface,
of its focal length i.e.,
P= establish the relation u R in terms of object
f
Suppose two thin lenses A and B are kept in contact and image distances, refractive index of he medium and
Wihe cach other whose focal distances are f, and f respectively. radius of curvature. Draw necessary ray diagram.
Raj. Board 2015, Supp.2023, 2013)
IkSuppose
first
from the focus of the
as sa at aan point
object is placed away
(fig.) The first lens forms image at point l
 Use the above relation to obtain the ncar sO OM =
position of the object and the radius of conditionin on the Point P and M are and P
of n, and n, when the real image is curvature terms - MC, Let AP=h,
Ans.In an isotropic and transparent formed. AAOPAAIP,
AACP for smallI angles
rays move in straight medium the light Sofrom
ray of light propagateslines with the saithe spccd. But
from one transparent medium"Whena a = tan a = Op OM
.(5)
transparent medium incident obliquely, then on the to other
separating the two media its direction of surface B=tanß= P
h
..(6)
deflected from the iitial
light. When light passes direction,
propagation
This is called refraction ofis MI
h
through a transparent parallel slab
then it is laterally displaced =tan ..(7)
called lateral' displacement. without any deviation. This is
PC MC

from eq. (5), (6) and

K', Keeping, the values
equational (4)
h
+I12 -(n2 -nj),MC
medium 1 OM MI
a ...8)
OM MI MC
M P of the ohi.
Medium 2 Using Cartesian sign convention the distance
OM =-U
Distance of the image MI =+v (Real image)
Radius of curvature MC = +R
In the figure NML is the convex
surface of glass sphere. Keeping these values in equation (8)
The medium inside the glass sphere is considered to be medium (ny -n)
2and the medium outside it is
considered to be
Medium 2 is denser compared to mediummedium 1 -U V R

refractive index of medium l and medium 2 be n,1. Let the

and n, ..(9)
respectively. Mis the mid point of the spherical surface NML.
In front of it in medium 1at a point
V R
This equation is valid for any curved spherical surface.
O an object is kept. Its For real imge v would be positive.
image is formed in the medium 2 by spherical
line joining OM at I. Cis the centre of curvaturesurface on the
of spherical
surface. OA is the incident ray and AI is refracted ray. At
point Alne CAK is normal. The aperature AM of the spherical n, -n u R
surface is very small compared to the distance OM of the R
|u= n,R
object, so that according to need small angle approximation This is the required condition.
could be done.
Q.14.The radius of curvature of concave mirror is
From the geometry of the figure, 40 cm. Determine its focal length.
Z0AK = Incident angle =i (Raj. Board 2016)
and CAI = Angle of refraction =r Ans.Given Radius of curvature R =-40cm
Similarly let : Focal length f= 40 -20 çm
ZAOM =a, LACM = and ZAIM =ß 2 2
From Snell's law Q.15. Why reflecting telescope is superior in com
parison to refracting telescope? Write two
sini
nifying power of a telescope is 8. When it isreasons. Mag
adjusted for
Sinr n parallel rays the distance between eyepiece and
or n sin i= n, sin r lens is 18 cm. Determine the focal length of both objective
the lenses.
for small angles sin =0 (Raj. Board 2016
So, n i = , ...(1) Ans, There are two reasons of the
In AA0C, i is the external angle. So ing telescope in comparison to superiority of retlect
.(2) refracting telescope.
(1) In reflecting telescope the
Similarly in AAIC, is external angle. So to that in refracting image is brighter comparea
=r+B telescope.
(2) In the image formed by reflecting
or r = B ..3) telescope the error
So keeping the values of i and r in equation (1) of colour aberration is not found
by the refracting telescope this while in the image formeu
n, (a +) = n, (-B) error is present.
or n, a + n, ß = (n,-n) ...(4)
From the point A a perpendicular AP is drawn on the Formula m=-0
principal axis. ...(1)
 Lengthof the tube of the
telescope the distance be- Q.19. How will the positionofand intensity of the im
oçular lens and the the mirror's reflecting
the
Given m=-8 and fo + f= 18
objective
lens f, +fe age be affected if the lowver half
surface is painted black? CRaj.Board2017)
...(2) of the
On keepingthe value of min cq. (1) Ans. There would be no effect on the position
image. The intensity of image would decrease.
Q.20. Derive relation between focal length and ra
-8= - fo
f fo =8f, dius of curvature of amirror. (Raj. Board 2017)
Or
from eq. (2) 8f,+f, = 18 If the focal length of a corncave mirror is f and radius
curvature is
9f, = 18 of curvature is R, then prove that radius of
f, =2cm twice the focal length. (Raj. Böard2022, Supp. 2023)
Ans. In the figure arn incident ray SP is incident at nt
and fo 8f =8 x 2= 16 cm patallel to principal axis. After reflection this
o 16. What is the focal length of a Pof themirror ray of SP.
combination of a
convexlens of focal length 2Ocm in contact with a
ray passes through focus F. Ray PF isthe reflected
concave CP is the normal on the imirror at point P (Fig a)
lensoffocal length 30cm. Is the system a
diverginglens. converging or a
Raj. Board. Supp. 2016
Sol. Given:f = 20 cm, £, =-30 cm
1_1,1

1 1 1 3-2 CO =R
+ FO = [ (b) convex mirror
20 -30 20 30 60: (a) concave miror
For convex mirror this incident ray appears to be passing
’f=60 cm through point F after reflection (fig b). Ray SP is parallel to
OC and CP is the normal at point P.
The system is a converging lens because focal length So incident angle SPC = Angle of refletion FPC
of combination is positive. Zi=2r
Q.17. The focal lengths of an objective lens and eye andSPC = ZFCP =Zi= La
piece are 192 cm and 8 cm respectively in a small tele (alternate interior angles)
scope. Calculate its magnifying power and the distance .: In AFCP, Za=Zr
between the two lenses. (Raj. Board 2017) So sideCF = FP
Ans. Given that f = 192 cm., f, = 8 cm. For small mirror P is near O
So FP =FO
Magnifying power M= and FC= 0F
f again OC=FC+ OF = OF +OF
M=
192
-24
R=tf= 2f
Here OC =Ris the radius of curvature of the mirror and
The distance between the two lenses OF =fis the focal length
L=fot f .f=R/2
L=192 +8 =200 cm. So in spherical mirror focus length is the half of radius
Q.18. Give the definition of refractive index of a of curvature R.
nedium. (Raj. Board2017) Q.21. What is the sign convention rule for lens?
Ans, According to wave theory, the refractive index Establish lens makers formula for double convex lens.
oT medium2 with respect tómedium 1(,,) isequal to the Draw necessary ray diagram.
Tatio of yelocities of light in the two media, (Raj. Board 2017, 2024 Supp 2012)
Ans.1. All distances are measured from optical centre
Velocity of light in mediuml
along the principal axis.
t velocity of light in medium 2 2. The distances measured in the direction of incidence
If the first medium is air and the second medium is of light rays are positive and in the dìrection opposite to this
glass then refractive index ofthe glass with respect to air are negativè.
velocity of light in air Va 3. The height of object and image upwards from the
agvelocity of light in glass principal axis are taken to be positive while downwards are
Absolute refractive index of a medium (glass) taken to be negative.
So for recal image u is negative while for virtual image u
velocity of light in vacuum C is positive. For real image v is negative. For convex lens focal
velocity of light in glass length f is positive and for concave lens focal length F is
 negative. For real
for virtual image theimage magnification m is negative while
magnification m is
Lens is made by the combinationpositive.
surfaces. Lenses, the distance between theoftwo two spherical 1 1
which is very less, have their optical
surfaces of both, In such conditionscentres
dehtres can be considered to be at the same
surfaces of
very close to the
surfaccs and optical
place. From such
( R R
1
.k3)
apoint any light ray passes
without deflection. For image
formation by a thin lens refraction R R
figure image formation by a convexoccurs lens is
two timcs. In the
sperical surfaces are LM,N and LM,N, shown. The
Its two .4)
curvature of LM,NisC, and ofLM,Nis C.On thecentre of
axis an object is kept at 0. The medium on both principal
the lens are same which have the sides of isthe refractive index of
refractive index n, and
refractive index of the material of the substance is n,.Alight the Where n21 nn second
ray OA from Ois incident first medium.
on LM,N. The surface refracts the mediumwith respect to length f for thin lens
ray in the AB direction,IfLM,N is present then this light Calculation of focal
ray would cut the principal axis at I'notafter If the object is at infinity then the
image will be
image of Ois formed at I. But due to tthe otherrefraction
surface
and the
at focus ie., u = o then v=f from
equation (4) formed
this ray AB is refracted in the BC LM,N
the main axis at I. So the image of direction and this ray cuts 1 1
formed at I. the object O would be f
=(Mz1 -D||RË R2 ..<5)
For thin lenses, the thickness of lens This equation is called lens makers formula thi
M,M, can be
neglected in comparison to object, image and radius of equation is equally applicable on concave lenses also
curvature distances. Also when the aperture ofthe lens is small From equation (4) and (5)
then the angles formed by the incident rays would also be 11 1
small. Considering these facts we will calculate the ...(6)
for thin lens. formula f

Normal at B
This is called lens formula for thin lenses. This cquation
is valid for both concave and convex lenses and for both the
Normal at A types of images real and virtual.
Q.22. Two thin lenses with power +5D and-3D are
kept in contact with each other. Find the focal length of
the combination. (Raj Board2017, 2012)
Ans. Given- P, =+ 5D, P, =-3D
n To find- Focal length of the combination
P=P, + P, =+5D -3D = 2D
.:. Focal length of combination
Refraction ón Surface LM,N-On the surface LM,N,
OA is incident ray. It is travelling from medium n,. This ray f=P 2 =0.5m
after refraction travels in medium n, and forms image of he
Q.23.Explain refraction from
between minimum deflection angle ofaprism.
object at I. Here the distance of the object from the pole is Obtain relation
OM = u, distance of image from the pole M, I' =v, the thin
index of he material and prism angle. prism, refractive
radius of curvature of LM,N is R. So from the formula of
refraction from spherical surface (Raj Board02Supp. 2017, 2016)
Or
Draw a ray diagram of light passing
RË ..(1)
triangular glass prism. If prism angle is Athen through a
deduce the
Refraction on surface LM,N- The point I would act
as object for LM,N and its image will be formed at I. So for
this surface relation =
Sin
A+ðm
I'M,= I'M, = (Where refractive index of
(Distance of virtual object)
and distance of image IM, y substance of prism and . = minimum
The radius ofcurvature ofthis surface is R, then distance, deviation)
Ans, In the figure ABC is the (Raj. Board 2023)
R2
...(2) cross
prism. The angle between its refracting section of a ga
A, SuppOse a mono surface AB and AC
On adding eq. (1) and (2) chromatic light ray PO is incident
surface AB of the prism. This ray bends towards the on
nore
 NQUonthe refractive surface AB and gets refractcd in the
ORdirection. The angle of incidence on the surfacc AB is From cq. (3) r =
So on markíng both as r
PQNFi and.angle of refraction is ZUQR =r The refractcd
OR moves away from the normal N' RÙ on the surface 2r=A or r= .(8)
ACandisemitted outside in the air in RS
direction. Angle of be = mand .
incidence on the surface AC is 0QRU = , and angle of and i, i,*i then in cquation (7) &will
refiaction or angle of emission is ZSRN' =i,0On =2i -Aor 2i = 8tA
cxtcnding
incident ray PQin front and cmitted ray RS backwards,
ther mect at point 0. The angle formcd betwecn thesetwo or i ...(9)
rays. FOS = 8is called angle of deflecction. 2
during refraction
A So, when the deflection is minimum equation (8)
from prism then the value of i and r are given by
and (9)
N
70
60°
deflection
ofAngle
50°
40°
Om
B 30°
Fig: Refraction throughprism 20°
From the geometry of the figure UQAR is a cylic
uadrilateral the angle ZAQUand ZARU of which are right 30 60o
Angle of incidence ’
angles. So the sum fo the remaining angles would be 180°
ZQUR +ZA= 180° ..(1) From Snell's law ofrefraction we give the refractive index
The sum of the four angles of the quadrilateral is four of the inedium by the following formula
right angles. Also the sum of three angles of AQRU would be Sin i
equal to the sum of tworight angles. sin r
Zrt r, t QUR=180° .(2) On keeping the value of iand r from equations (8) and
From eg. (1) and (2), r; +r,=A .3) (9) (Light ray is travelling from the air to the prism)
Again for A0QR, FOR is external angle so its sum So 1h =u Refractive index of glass.
would be equal to the sum of internal angles. sin t,,
FOR = 8 = Z0QR+ ZORQ ..(4) 2 ...(10)
But PON andAUQ0 are vertically sin(4/2)
opposite anlges. So 0QR=i1 ..5) From this formula the refractive index of the material of
Similarly ZORQ= iy -2 .(6) the prism (glass) can be found.
From eq. (4), (5) and (6) For prism of small angle i.e. for thin prism S is also
8=i1 -)+ (Üz- ) very less.
8=i; +i,) -1tr) For small angles (sin =0)
8=ij+ i,)- A ..(7) A+Óm
Sothe angle of deflection depends upon arigle of A+Óm
So u=
incidence. A/2 A
If we repeat this experiment taking diferent values of i or uA =A+ ô,
and find the value of Scaçh time, th¹n we observe that for Ô= 2- 1)A ..()
different values of i, the value of becomes minimum. Now It is clear from this equation that in thin prism the
We increase the value of i, then the value ofôalso start deflection of light is very less and the detlection by the prism
iofncreasing. .Fordifferent values of incident angle and the angles depends upon the refractive index of its medium and on the
deflection obtained from them, the graph is shown in the prism angle AThe value of depends upon the colour of
higure. So for any angle of deflection the angle of incidence light.
has two Values-as seen from the figure. But in the condition Q.24.(a) What does mean by magnifying power of a
of minnum angle of deflection, only onc value of angle of Microscope?
(b) Anobject is placed at 20 cm from a convex lens. If
incithisdencetime the bending ofincident ráy andemitted ray (from
is possible i.e., when 8 = 8, theni=i, andr = 3 times magnified real image is formed by the lens then
find the focal length of lens. (Raj. Board 2018)
prism) is cqual. The refracted ray QR is parallel to the Ans. (a) The ratio of angle (B) formed on the eye by the
base BC. image formed by the microscope and the angle (a) formed by
the object on seeing by the eye R 10
the magnifying power of the without microscopc is equal to =) cm
microscopc i.c., Focal length f= 9 2
incidenceoftotal internal
(b) Given :
(Raj. Define the
Q.27,Board, 2024,2019, 2015, 2013, Supp. 018 2015
internal reflection.
Write its relfection,
u -20cm
m =-3(Real imagc),f=?
Conditions, totalthe
What isWrite
Supp.2
(Raj. Board 014,
nece sary
relation between critical ange and

to2012
refractive index. from dense medium
For alight ray moving
V
medium that extreme(specific) value of the incident anglerarefo
Ans.
which the correspornding!refractive angle is 90° is called critical
V mu=(-3) x (- 20)
=60 cn angle i, or C. this
From lens formula incident angle is increased morethan
then refraction is not tpossible andthe incident ray completely
reflection.
reflects.SoThis is called total internal
"light travellingin dense mediumifiincident on the
angle more
1: 1 isolating surface of the rare medium at an again in the co than
the critical angle, then it gets reflected
60 -20 medium. This effect is called total internal reflection
1.1 For total internal reflection the following conditions a
60 20 necessary
(1)Light ray should go from denser to rarer medim
1+3 4 (2) The angle of incidence should be more than critios
f 60 60 angle.
f=15 cm
Q.25. (A)Write definition of Power of lens.
1
sin (
Or
Write relation between power of lens and it's
length. focal Q.28. Derive mirror formula 1,1_1
+
(B)Focal length of a (Raj. Board 2019)
fractive index of glass is convex
lens is 24 cm. If the re (Raj. Board 2019,2015,2013 Supp.2018, 2017, 2016,2014
3/2 and radius of curvature of Or
both the surfaces of lens are equal, then find
radius of curvature. the value of Draw a ray diagram for image formation by concave
(Raj.Board Supp 2018)
Ans.(A) Power of Lens-Efficiency mirror and establish a relation between object distance
of
diverging light rays by a lens is called powerconverging
of the
or
lens.
(u), image distance (v) and focal length (f).
Power of a lens is the reciprocal of its focal length (in metre (Raj. Board 2024, 2023)
unit) Ans.In the figure image formation bya concave miror is
shown. On the principal axis at point B is the objet AB, a
P=; dioptre parallel ray AP from which collides with the surface of he
mirror and after reflection passes through the focus. Another
(B) Given- f= 24 cm ray AC from point A after striking the mirror, being
3 again comes on the same path. Both these reflected raysnormal
meet
mutually at point A. So the image A'B' of AB is formed.
R=Rand R, =-R, R is radius of curvature from lens Draw lines joining AO and A'O.
maker's formula. A
1
f R1 R, B
B

24
1
In the figure in APOF and
24 AA'FB'
ZA'FB' = ZPFO since vertical
R=24 cm
Q.26.Find focal length of a spherical mirrorof radius
is of small aperture) So PO is almost opposite angles (Mirror
.FOP= straight.
APOF andZA'ABAFB'
'F (Due to right angle).
of curvature 10cmn. (Raj. Board2019)
Ans, Given R= 10 cm So
are congruent
PO OF triangles
A'B' B'F .(1)
 AB and PO are equal
Now from equation (1) Working-Asshown in the figure the object PQ is kept
AB OF in front of the objective lens some distance ahead of focal
A'B' B')- F) lcngth. The rays coming fromn the object get refracted from
(2) this lens and form a real. inverted and magnifide image of the
|:: BF =
Similarly from congrient triarnglesB'O- FOI
AABO and AA'B'O
object. This image acts as object for eve piece.
The eve-lens is so adjusted that the image P'Q' is formed
AB BO betweenthe focus of the eve lens and the optical centre. The
A'B' B'O ..(3) eve-lens acts as simple microscope or magnifier and fors a
From eq. (2) and (3) magnificd virtual image of it P"Q". The position of eve piece
BO OF is so adjusted that P"Q" is formed at a distance D from the
B'O ..(4)
eve. The fina! image P"Q" is inverted *ith respect to original
B'O-FO object PQ.
On using sign, convention Magnification power-Suppose the final image P"Q"
The distance of object fronm
BO =-u the-mirror forms angle Bat the eve-piece lens (ocular lens). Suppose.
when the object PQ is at the minimum distance of clear vision.
Distance of image from the mirror B'O =-V then it forms angle a at the ete. Sothe magnification power
Distance of focal pomt from the mrror of compound microscope.
FO =
Keeping these values in eq. (4) (Since all three are Angle formel hy the final
mage On the eve
negative) m =
Angle formed hv the object on
So
theee Il hen the object is a! distance D
(5) tan B
or 0V uf= v tanx
(For smallangles) ..(1)
or UV= vf+ uf ..(6)
Dividing eq. (6) by u. v:f P"Q" P'Q"
From the figure tan B= EQ" Q'E
...(2)
..(7) tan a = PQ
D
This relationis called mirror formula.
Q.29. What is meantby compound microscope? Draw P'Q' PQ P'Q" D
alabelled ray diagram showing the formation of image by Q'ED PQ EQ"
acompound microscope in normal adjustment. Derive the AOQ'P' AOQP
expression for its magnifying power.
(RajBoard2022,2016, Supp.2019) P'Q'
So
Ans. Compound microscope- Compound microscope PQ OQ
San opticalinstrument for forming magnitied images of small 0Q' D
objects consisting of an objective lens with a very short focal So m= OQ EQ"

length and an evepiece with a longer focal length, both lens If uo and'v, are the distances of theobject PQ and image
mounted in the same tube. P'Q' from the objective respectively then taking appropriate
Construction-It has a long cylindrical tube at one end Signs
of which is a convex lens O of less focal length and small 0Q =-l): 0Q'=+ Vo
aperture callcd objective lens.To the other end of thetube is Similarlv if P'Q' is at a distance EQ' =- 4, from ocular
another tube. On the outer end of this tube is another convex lens andD is also negative then
lns Ewhích has focal length and aperture bigger than o-D
Obyective lens, This lens is kept near the eye. So it is called
tve piece. On the focus of thís lens are cross wires. To move
ie entiretube to and fro there is rack and pinionarrangement.
good microcopes the objectiye and eye piece lenses are So
Vo D
made from the combination of many lenses. The image ..(3)
formation n it is shown in the figure. (i) When the final image 1s formed at the minimum
distanc of clear vision then tor ocular lens
V=-D, u=-u, and f=
F
From lens formula ;
Objective lens
(a) Eye pie
-D -e
P
Where both D and u, are negative
(b)
 .(4) distnce of
formed at least vision
From cquation (4) and (3) m= Whenimnage is
..(5)
Q.30. Focal length of a
it is immersed in
the lens. water, thenconvex lens in air is 25 cm. If
calculate the focal length fo and f are focal
lengths of objective Concave
of
and cye piece. mir og
denser medium 1
Q.32. If refractive index of critical
(Raj. Board 2020) 2is nj and
respectto rarer mediumcorrect relation
angle for withtih
Ans. According to the
question pair of nedia isi, then between MË2 and
f=25 cm, ny 3:
4 3 is [Raj.
(b)nË2= tan i
Board 202
" f , =? (a) n2 = sin i
1
3 (d) M2 =
(c) Mi2 sini,
wg= g2 4
24 8
tani,
1
3 Ans. (d) D2
sini,
3
n, -1 --1 0. 33. Draw a graph between angle of incidence (
2
2 21 8 4 and angle of deviation (8) for a triangular prism.
--1 |Raj. Board202
Ans.
25
f =100 cm deviation
Angle.of
If lens is immersed in water then the
lens will be 100 cm. focal length of the
Q.31. Describe the construction and working of re
flecting telescope. Draw necessary ray diagram.
Ans. Construction : In this telescope(Raj. Board 2020)
of large focal length and bigger size is fixed objective
on one
mirror
side of a Angle of incidence (i) ’
wide tube. The open end of tube is towards object at large
distance. In this telescope there is a problem that Q.34. Ifa concave lens of 25 cm focal length is placed
focus the rays inside the tube. So the eye piece andobjective in contact with a convex lens of 20 cm focal length, then
should be at sane place, so due to obstraction, the observer
intensity
calculate the power of the combined lens formed by this
of light does not decrease Observer is near the focus in a combination. [Raj. Board 2022
cage. To solve this problem the focused light is incident on Ans. Giyen f = 20 cm, f, =-25 cm,
another mirror and the light is reflected by it in figure the 1 1
focused light is incident on a convex mirror (secondary) and
relfected &passes thorugh a hole is objective (primary mirror). f
This mirror reflects the light towards eye piece where image 1 1 1 1
is formed. This telescope is named on the name of his inventer f 20-25 20 25
cassegrain telescope. The advantage of this telescope is that
in small telescope focusing area is more. 5-4 1
100 100
Objective mirror f= 100 cm
Secondary So, focal length of the combined lens =
mírror 100 cm =I
Power of the combined lens P==-=1D
f 1
Eye piece Q.35. What will be the focal length of a convex e
whose power is +2.5D? (Raj. Board 202%3)
Magnifying power of telescope (a) 50cm
(c) 250 cm (b) 25 cm
Angle formed by final image on cye (d) 40 cm
m= Sol. (d) 40 cm
Angle subtendd by object P =+2.5 D
When image is formed at infinity
 VSics
P= (c) Real and erect (d)Virtual and inverted
But f Ans. (a) Real and inverted
(d) Virtual and inverted
f= and eyepiece
P 0
2.5 40.4 m 40 cm Q.39. If the magnification of objective
'm,' respectively,
0.36. The radius of
in a compound microscope is 'm' and microscope will
curvature of a concave mirror is then the total magnifying p0wer (m) of the
focal length will be? (Raj. Board 2023) be
(Raj. Board 2024)
Sol. R=28 cm (a) m, + m, (b) m, - m,
f=. R_28
2 1=14
4 cm
(C) mo: m, (d) m
a AASmalltelescope has powers of objective and
0.37.
3D
epiece and 27D respectively. Calcualte the magni-
Ans. (c) Mo. Me concave mirror is
Q.40. The radius of curvature of a
power of telescope. (Raj. Board Supp. 2023) be ...Cm.
fing 24 cm. The value of its focal length will(Raj. Board 2024)
Sol. Given- Po =+3D, P, =+ 27 D
m =?
R 24
Ans.:"f= =12 cm.
P= 2 2
f a small telescope is 9
Q.41.The magnifying power ofFind the focal lengths
and =
1 and the length of the tube is 100 cm.
fo = Po 3 Pe 27 of the obejctive and eyepiece of the telescope.
(Raj. Board2024)
power
Magnification power of telescope m =
fo Ans.According to the question magnification
.In =9
Length of tube L=100 cm
1
.: Length of tubeL=,+f,= 100
m
3
13 27-9 Magnification power Im =
fo.fe=9
27 fo =9f
0.38. If the magnification of an optical instrument is
formed 9f, +f, 100
egative, then the image will always be (Raj. Board 2024) f,= 10 cm
and fo =9f=9x 10=90 cm
(a) Real and inverted (b) Virtual and erect