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Integration by Partial Fraction

The document discusses the method of integration by partial fractions, providing examples and techniques for breaking down rational functions into simpler components for easier integration. It covers proper and improper rational functions, as well as cases with repeated and irreducible factors in the denominator. The document includes several examples to illustrate the process of finding constants and evaluating integrals using this method.

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15 views36 pages

Integration by Partial Fraction

The document discusses the method of integration by partial fractions, providing examples and techniques for breaking down rational functions into simpler components for easier integration. It covers proper and improper rational functions, as well as cases with repeated and irreducible factors in the denominator. The document includes several examples to illustrate the process of finding constants and evaluating integrals using this method.

Uploaded by

emmelactutorial
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Integration by partial

fractions
S Sial
Dept of Mathematics
LUMS

Fall 2020-2021
Outline
Integration by partial fractions

Integration by partial fractions


Recall

Integral
Z
1
dx = log |x + a| + C
x +a
Recall

Integral
Z
1
2
dx = tan−1(x) + C
x +1
Example

Evaluate the integral


−2
Z
I = dx
x2 − 1
Example contd
Trig substation

x = sec θ =⇒ dx = sec θ tan θd θ

and so

x 2 − 1 = tan2 θ
Example contd

By trig substitution

−2
Z
I = 2θ
sec θ tan θd θ
tan
Z
= −2 sec θd θ
Example contd

Then

I = − 2 log | sec θ + tan θ| + C


p
= − 2 log |x + x 2 − 1| + C
On the other hand

By partial fractions
Z  
1 1
I = − dx
x +1 x −1
Which would you rather do?
Partial fractions idea

Break up rational functions into


simpler ones
Recall

Rational fns
Quotients of polynomial fns
Proper rational fns
Degree of the numerator less than degree of
denominator
Partial fractions

Example
3x − 5
Z
I = dx
x 2 − 2x − 3
Partial fractions
This would be easier if

3x − 5 3x − 5
=
x 2 − 2x − 3 (x − 3)(x + 1)
A B
= +
x −3 x +1
for some constants A , B .
Partial fractions

Find A and B by

A(x + 1) + B(x − 3) = 3x − 5
(A + B)x + (A − 3B) = 3x − 5
Partial fractions

Get

A=1

B =2
Partial fractions

And so
Z  
1 2
I = + dx
x −3 x +1
which is easy.
Partial fractions
If the denominator is a product of
linear factors
Let
···
(a1x + b1)(a2x + b2) · · · (ak x + bk )
C1 C2 Ck
= + + ··· +
a1x + b1 a2x + b2 ak x + bk
Partial fractions

Example with repeated terms


Z
2x + 1
I = dx
(x − 2)2
Partial fractions

Partial fraction decomposition


2x + 1 A B
= +
(x − 2)2 x − 2 (x − 2)2
Partial fractions

To solve for A and B

A(x − 2) + B = 2x + 1 ⇒

A = 2, B = 5
Partial fractions

So the integral is
Z  
2 5
I = + dx
x − 2 (x − 2)2
which can now be evaluated easily.
Partial fractions
Repeated linear factors
Let
···
(a1 x + b1 )n1 (a2 x + b2 )n2 · · · (ak x + bk )nk
(1) (2) (n )
C1 C1 C1 1
= + + +
a1 x + b1 (a1 x + b1 )2 (a1 x + b1 )(n1 )
(1) (2) (n )
C2 C2 C2 2
+ + +
a2 x + b2 (a2 x + b2 )2 (a2 x + b2 )(n2 )
···+
(1) (2) (n )
Ck Ck Ck k
+ +
ak x + bk (ak x + bk )2 (ak x + bk )(nk )
Partial fractions

Improper
Rational function called improper if degree of
numerator greater than or equal to that of
denominator.
Partial fractions

Make proper
Divide the polynomials.
Partial fractions

Example with improper rational


function
2x 2 + 3
Z
I = dx
x2 + 1
Integrand is improper so divide.
Partial fractions

Division
2x 2 + 3 1
= 2 +
x2 + 1 x2 + 1
Partial fractions

So the integral is
Z  
1
I = 2+ dx
x2 + 1
which can now be evaluated.
Partial fractions

Example with irreducible term in


denominator
3x 2 − x
Z
I = dx
(x 2 + 1)(x − 1)
Partial fractions

Partial fraction decomposition

3x 2 − x Ax + B C
= +
(x 2 + 1)(x − 1) x2 + 1 x −1
Partial fractions

To solve for A , B , C

(A+C )x 2 +(−A+B)x +(−B +C ) = 3x 2 −x


Partial fractions

Solving gives

A = 2, B = 1, C = 1
Partial fractions

So the integral is
Z  
2x + 1 1
I = + dx
x2 + 1 x − 1
which can be easily evaluated.
Partial fractions

Repeated quadratic factors


Let’s see an example of repeated monomial
and repeated quadratic factors in class.
Problems
Problem 1
Z
x +1
I = dx
x(x + 2)

1 1
= log |x| + log |x + 2| + C
2 2
Problems
Problem 2

x2 + 1
Z
dx =
x 2(x + 2)

1 5 1
− log |x| + log |x + 2| − +C
4 4 2x

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