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TypeScript Handbook

The TypeScript Handbook provides a comprehensive overview of TypeScript, a statically typed superset of JavaScript that enhances code quality and maintainability. It covers installation, project setup, basic syntax, static typing, interfaces, classes, generics, and advanced concepts like union types and type guards. The document serves as a guide for developers to effectively utilize TypeScript in their projects.

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somendrasingh019
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15 views

TypeScript Handbook

The TypeScript Handbook provides a comprehensive overview of TypeScript, a statically typed superset of JavaScript that enhances code quality and maintainability. It covers installation, project setup, basic syntax, static typing, interfaces, classes, generics, and advanced concepts like union types and type guards. The document serves as a guide for developers to effectively utilize TypeScript in their projects.

Uploaded by

somendrasingh019
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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TypeScript Handbook

1. Introduction to TypeScript

Brief Overview of TypeScript


● TypeScript is a statically typed superset of JavaScript, meaning it extends
JavaScript by adding static types. This allows developers to catch errors
during development rather than at runtime.
● TypeScript code is transpiled into JavaScript, meaning it can run on any
JavaScript runtime.
Advantages of TypeScript
● Provides type safety and error checking during development, reducing
bugs and improving code quality.
● Enhances code maintainability and scalability by making code more
self-documenting and easier to understand.
● Enables better tooling support and IDE features such as code navigation,
refactoring, and intelligent code completion.

2. Getting Started

Installation Instructions
● Install TypeScript globally via npm: npm install -g typescript.
● This installs the TypeScript compiler (tsc) globally, allowing you to
compile TypeScript files anywhere on your system.
Setting up a New Project
● Initialize a new TypeScript project using tsc --init. This creates a
tsconfig.json file which specifies compiler options and project settings.
● Configure tsconfig.json according to your project requirements, such as
specifying target ECMAScript version, output directory, and module
system.
Integrating with Existing Projects
● Rename existing JavaScript files to TypeScript files (.js to .ts) to start
using TypeScript.
● Begin adding type annotations gradually to existing JavaScript code,
improving type safety and code quality over time.

3. Basic Syntax and Types

Overview of TypeScript Syntax


● TypeScript syntax is similar to JavaScript with the addition of static type
annotations.
● Type annotations are added using the colon (:) syntax, for example: let
count: number = 5;.
Basic Data Types
● TypeScript supports primitive data types such as number, string, boolean,
null, and undefined.
Type Annotations and Inference
● Type annotations specify the type of a variable explicitly, while type
inference allows TypeScript to infer types based on context.
For example:
let name: string = "John"; // Type annotation
let age = 30; // Type inference, age is inferred as number

4. Static Typing

Explanation of Static Typing


● Static typing means that types are checked at compile time rather than
runtime. This helps catch errors early in the development process.
Declaring Variable Types
● Variables can be explicitly typed using type annotations.
● For example:
let count: number = 5;
Type Inference
● TypeScript can infer types based on the value assigned to a variable.
For example:
let message = "Hello, TypeScript!"; // message is inferred as string
5. Interfaces

Definition and Usage


● Interfaces define the shape of objects in TypeScript, specifying the names
and types of properties.
● They are useful for describing the structure of objects that are expected to
conform to a certain contract.
● Example:
interface Person {
name: string;
age: number;
}

function greet(person: Person) {


console.log(`Hello, ${person.name}!`);
}

6. Classes

Object-Oriented Programming
● Classes in TypeScript allow developers to use object-oriented
programming concepts such as encapsulation, inheritance, and
polymorphism.
Constructors and Access Modifiers
● Constructors are special methods used for initializing class instances.
Access modifiers (public, private, protected) control the visibility of class
members.
● Example:
class Animal {
private name: string;

constructor(name: string) {
this.name = name;
}

move(distance: number) {
console.log(`${this.name} moved ${distance} meters.`);
}
}

7. Generics

Introduction
● Generics allow developers to create reusable components that can work
with a variety of data types.
● They provide a way to define functions and classes with placeholders for
types.
Generic Constraints
● Generic types can be constrained to specific types or structures using type
constraints. This ensures type safety and enables more precise type
checking.
● Example:
function loggingIdentity<T extends Lengthwise>(arg: T): T {
console.log(arg.length); // Error: Property 'length' does not exist on
type 'T'.
return arg;
}

8. Advanced TypeScript Concepts

Union Types and Intersection Types


● Union types (|) allow a value to be one of several types, while intersection
types (&) combine multiple types into one.
Type Aliases and Type Assertions
● Type aliases allow developers to create custom names for types,
improving code readability.
● Type assertions (as) are a way to tell TypeScript that a value is of a
specific type, overriding TypeScript's type inference.
Type Guards
● Type guards are runtime checks that help narrow down types within union
types. They are useful for working with conditional logic.
Conditional Types and Mapped Types
● Conditional types allow developers to create types that depend on other
types or conditions.
● Mapped types are used to dynamically transform existing types into new
types based on certain rules or mappings.

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