Aggregated Rooftop PV Sizing in Distribution Feeder

Considering Harmonic Distortion Limit

Mrutyunjay Mohanty Shekhar Kelapure
Power Research & Development Consultant Pvt. Ltd., Power Research & Development Consultant Pvt. Ltd.,
Bangalore, India Bangalore, India
Student member, IEEE Senior member, IEEE
[email protected] [email protected]

Abstract— With the global green initiatives, agencies dealing penetration without violating harmonic distortion limit
with the renewable energy are coming with lucrative schemes to violation, an approach has been analyzed [3], which is limited
promote consumers for opting solar photovoltaic (PV) source as to few typical distribution patterns, such as, in case PV sources
an alternative source of energy. The aggregated impact of the are allocated across feeder in equal distribution / uniformly
growing number of dispersed rooftop PV source may originate increasing / uniformly decreasing manner. In [4] location based
many power system related problems, power quality problem PV optimization using particle swarm optimization (PSO)
being one of them. This paper presents the methodology to technique gives the ideal size of PV without violating harmonic
determine the maximum PV solar capacity that can be allocated distortion limits. But in case of distribution system, location
in a distribution feeder keeping harmonic distortion within
based optimization can’t be used, as the location of the rooftop
acceptable limit as per IEEE-519 standard. The proposed
approach also gives additional aggregated PV solar size at any
solar is fixed at consumer premise.
location for future PV penetration, provided the harmonic Though with the guidelines for rooftop PV approval
injection does not raise voltage distortion above specified limit. A process, over voltage and transformer overloading issue can be
case study is carried out on a distribution feeder consisting 5 avoided. But in case of heavily loaded and long feeder,
distribution transformers (DTs) to validate the approach and harmonic distortion crosses the limit specified by IEEE-519
results are published. Power system simulation tool MiPowerTM [5], because of aggregated harmonic injection from PV
is used for network modeling and for verifying the result.
sources.
Keywords—Dispersed PV solar source; PV penetration; Available power system simulation software can help in
aggregated PV source; PV sizing; harmonic analysis; voltage finding harmonic distortion level in a distribution feeder with
distortion. specific PV injection points. But it would be a cumbersome
process form network planning perspective, to determine
I. INTRODUCTION
As power distribution companies are providing subsidies • the maximum aggregated rooftop solar capacity in a feeder
for rooftop solar panels, a large number of consumers are now with different PV penetration level for transformers.
opting for PV sources as a secondary source of energy. Though • the feasible capacity of aggregated rooftop PV sources to
this is considered as clean energy source, many research areas be connected at specific location (under any DT) for future
are continuously evolving to identify and improve the impact PV penetration.
on flexibility, reliability and power quality issues due to large
penetration of these PV sources which use power electronics Considering these above requirements, a methodology is
based DC-AC converters[1-2]. There are some constraints, explained in section III, to find out maximum capacity of
which limits the net PV penetration capacity, such as, over- aggregated PV sources can be allocated in a feeder or in other
voltage in system, equipment overloading, harmonic distortion, words, to find out DT penetration factor for each DT in any
etc. The practical problem area for sizing aggregated PV source feeder without exceeding harmonic distortion limit. Thus a
in a distribution feeder with respect to harmonic distortion is chart can be made available for network planners on total
discussed in detail in section II. The methodology is also numbers of DTs with a range of DT penetration factors.
explained as a strategic solution for the same. DT
II. PROBLEM DESCRIPTION penetration = Aggregate installed PV capacity under the DT
factor DT rated capacity
Multiple guidelines are followed by the power distribution
companies for approving rooftop PV capacity based upon Also another practical challenge comes related to
consumer category. Normally the consumers are allowed to determining the available PV source capacity for future
install rooftop PV source in first come first serve basis, after penetration, under any DT with respect to harmonic distortion
feasibility study is done related to available transformer limit. In such scenario, though network is having enough
capacity, harmonic distortions, etc. For deciding maximum PV capacity to carter additional PV plant, but same can bring
harmonic distortion issues. Instead of repetitively checking the _ = _ + _ + _ × _ (1)
feasibility with different PV capacity, an approach is explored + + +
_ _ _ _ _
in section IV to compute feasible PV capacity directly.
Where,
III. MATHEMATICAL FORMULATION FOR MAXIMUM PV _ = Grid impedance for ℎ order,
PENETRAION _ and _ are the branch impedance between Bus 1-2
A feeder can get PV penetration near to the substation or at and Bus 2-3 for ℎ order.
tail end or at middle of the feeder or combination of all. If bus wise h order driving point impedance at Bus 1, 2
Allowable PV source capacity diverges [6] based upon it’s distance and 3 are considered to be Z _ , Z _ and Z _ respectively,
from substation along the feeder. Generally all distribution feeders ignoring load impedance, the difference between driving point
are operated radially, hence current harmonics, injected from impedance of two consecutive bus will be the line impedance,
converters get accumulated in feeder and flows towards so, Z _ = (Z _ − Z ), Z _ = (Z _ − Z _ ) and Z _ =
substation, unless feeder is equipped with mid-span filter Z _ . Because, if load impedance is ignored (generally taken as
banks. So using the mathematical logics of radial load flow parallel combination of resistance and harmonic order times
solution, total maximum allowable harmonic current can be fundamental reactance), the driving point impedance at each
computed keeping the voltage distortion below limit. Then bus sees the impedance in direction towards the substation[9-
based upon the harmonic current magnitude, a meaningful 10]. This consists of branch line impedance and substation
estimation can be concluded for deciding aggregated DT wise impedance.
PV penetration capacity. Of course due the phase cancellation,
there would be reduction in net harmonic current[7-8], this _ = _ + _ + _ _ + _ + _ _ −
deviation is not much to be worried about, at the planning + − (2)
_ _ _ _
level.
A typical distribution system shown in fig.1 consisting ‘ ’
number DTs connected to grid through a feeder is used for _ = _ ( _ )+ _ ( _ )+( _ )( _ ) (3)
deriving nodal equations to calculate voltage distortion.
Aggregated distribution loads as well as PV sources are In (3) harmonic voltage _ is represented in terms of
connected at DT secondary side. harmonic injections ( _ , _ and _ ) and driving point
impedance ( _ , _ and _ ).
Grid 1 2 3 n Similarly voltage distortion _ at bus is computed
using multiplication two matrices, these are:
• [1 × ] matrix, filled with bus wise driving point
impedance
• [ × 1] matrix, filled with bus wise current
Lumped injections at those buses.
Load
Solar As PV penetration is initiated from tail end, impedance matrix
Panel gets filled from [1, ] to [1,1], whereas current injection matrix
Fig. 1. A typical distribution system with aggregated load and PV sources gets filled from [ , 1] to [1,1] in arrow mark direction shown
A. Penetration from tail end in feeder in (4). In case of no harmonic injection, corresponding fields
gets filled with zeros.
When PV penetration starts from feeder tail end, current
harmonics accumulated at DT primary side sees maximum Harmonic voltage at tail end (at bus) is computed using
impedance. So when PV sources are installed from feeder tail below matrix:
end towards substation, voltage harmonic distortion at tail end
_
gets the maximum impact and increases gradually. So PV
sources can be added, till voltage distortion at tail end of main …
trunk line remains below acceptable limit. And to check the
feasibility related to harmonic distortion, no need to compute _ = _ … … _ _ × ... (4)
distortion at other buses, as distortion at those areas will be
_
always less than farthest bus from substation.
The derivation for harmonic voltage at the farthest bus from _
grid using driving point impedance is explained here in a 3 bus _ , _ , … _ are the driving point impedance
radial system network, taken from the fig. 1. If harmonic calculated at each buses and _ , _ , … _ are the
current injections are considered from Bus 1, 2 and 3 are _ , harmonic currents injected at each bus. Harmonic voltage at
_ and _ respectively, harmonic voltage _ at Bus 3 is as bus _ is as in (5):
in (1):
_ = _ ( _ )+⋯+ (5)
+ _ ( _ )
B. Penetration from substation end in feeder Step 9) If voltage distortion is below specified limit, go to
Unlike last matrix filling as explained in last sub-section A, step-7 to update matrices in (4) or (6) by including
as PV penetration is initiated from substation end, current adding next DT for voltage distortion calculation.
matrix gets filled from [1,1] to [1, ] and impedance matrix Step 10) Perform detailed analysis from various aspects with
gets filled from [1,1] to [ , 1] in arrow mark direction shown finalized PV capacity.
in (6).
All the steps explained above are shown in the flow chart in
_ fig.2.
_ Inputs:
• Network model( including lines, DTs
_ = _ _ … … _ × … (6) and lumped load)
• Interested harmonic orders (h= i, …, j)
…
_ • Fix PV penetration level for DTs
• Fix voltage distortion limits

Equation for computing harmonic voltage at bus

Compute driving point impedance at each bus
remains same as in (5).
C. Procedure to compute maximum feasible PV solar Select PV penetration direction,
capacity from substation end / from feeder tail end

To compute the total overall Solar capacity, step-by-step Calculate harmonic voltage at farthest location
procedures are described as follows. where PV is installed using (4) or (6)
Step 1) Model distribution network including elements, such
as, feeder branches, DTs, aggregated lumped load
(summated value of all consumer load) using any
power system simulation tool.
Does the computed
Continue addition
Step 2) Initialize IEEE specified voltage distortion limits and of next DT in
individual and total
allowable PV penetration limit for DTs. selected PV No voltage distortion is
above IEEE
Step 3) Compute driving point impedance at each bus for the installation direction
specified limit?
interested harmonic order ignoring the load
impedance.
Yes
Step 4) Decide the PV penetration direction, such as: starting
from feeder towards tail end of feeder or in a reverse • Stop further DT addition and compute total feasible PV
manner. solar penetration capacity as the summation of PVs till
Step 5) Accordingly formulate the matrix as shown in (4) or distortion limit is not crossed.
(6) based upon penetration directions. • Perform detail analysis from various aspects.

Step 6) Based on the desired penetration factor, allocate the

END
PV capacity. Assuming harmonic characteristics of all
inverters are same irrespective of their size, a fixed
percentage can be considered on a total PV capacity Fig. 2. Flow chart for computing maximum PV penetration
connected under DT.
This approach is applied on a test system and result is
Step 7) Execute equations formulated in step-5. Find the published in sub-section A and B of section V.
individual and total voltage distortion at farthest bus
from substation.
IV. MATHEMATICAL FORMATION FOR ADDITIONAL PV
Step 8) If computed voltage distortion is above IEEE
SOURCE FOR FUTURE PENETRATION
specified limit, stop and total PV capacity in that
feeder with the considered penetration factor is
This section explains about the methodology for
concluded as:
determining additional PV capacity at any bus without
∑ DT penetration factor × DT capacity violating voltage distortion limit.
Assume in the existing network (shown in fig.3) with PV
Where ‘n’ is the last DT included without violating penetration, harmonic voltage at Bus 1, 2, 3, 4, and 5 are _ ,
distortion.
_ , _ , _ and _ due to current harmonic injections _ ,
Go to step 10. _ , _ , _ and _ respectively. _ , _ , _ , _ and
_ are driving point impedance respectively.
 Bus 3 Similar equation as in (20) can be formed for desired
harmonic frequencies.
Grid Bus 1 Bus 2 Bus 4 Bus 5 While deciding the maximum allowed harmonic current
injections, a boundary condition can be created, such that, the
Fig. 3. A typical distribution system with proposed PV connection at Bus3 individual as well as total voltage harmonic distortion fall
below IEEE specified limit.
Maximum additional PV at 3 has to be designed
ensuring _ does not exceeds harmonic voltage limit. Voltage A case study analysis is presented in section V to validate
harmonic at 5: this approach (see sub section C).
_ = _ + _ + _ _ − _
(7)
V. CASE STUDY
+ _ _ − _
The proposed methodology is tested on a 11kV distribution
As harmonic injection remains same at 4 and 5, feeder consisting of five 11/0.415 kV distribution transformers
(7) can be written as follows: shown in fig. 4. Total distribution load connected under each
⇒ _ = _ + (8) 500kVA capacity DT is 350kW at 0.95 power factor. Constant
PQ type loads are considered for the analysis with harmonic
Where constant = ( _ + _ )( _ - _ ) + _ ( _ - injections from PV sources. However, load side harmonic
_ ). current injections also can be included, which would further
So if _ changes to ′ _ , with additional PV source, new decrease the PV capacity in order to keep the harmonic
distortion below allowable limit. Weasel type conductor is
harmonic voltage at 5 changes as (9):
considered for the analysis with 1.5 kms distance between
′ _ = ′ _ + (9) buses, and total feeder length to be 7.5 kms. Feeder library data
is provided in Table I.
With an additional harmonic current injection ′ at 3,
new harmonic voltage at Bus ′ _ are derived as follows: 33/11kV Bus 1 Bus 2 Bus 3 Bus 4 Bus 5 Bus 6
New harmonic voltage ′ _ at 1:
′ _ = _ + ′ _ (10)
11/0.415 DT
New harmonic voltage ′ _ at 2: %X= 0.052 p.u.

′ _ = ′ _ + ′+ _ + _ + _ + _ ( _ − (11)
_ ) PV PV PV PV PV
⇒ ′ _ = _ + ′ _ + ′+ _ + _ + _ + (12) Fig. 4. Distribution system for case study
_ ( _ − _ )
TABLE I. 11KV FEEDER IMPEDANCE DATA
⇒ ′ _ = _ + _ + _ + _ + _ ( _ (13)
− Positive seq. R Positive seq. X Zero seq. R Zero seq. X
_ ) + ′ _ + ′( _ − _ )
ohm/km/phase ohm/km/phase ohm/km/phase ohm/km/phase
⇒ ′ _ = _ + ′ _ (14) 1.04 0.382 1.216872 1.61782
As previous harmonic voltage at 2, _ = _ +
( + _ + _ + _ )( _ − _ ) Driving point impedance computed through MiPowerTM
_
software tabulated in Table II.
New harmonic voltage ′ _ at 3:
TABLE II. HARMONIC DRIVING POINT IMPEDANCE
′ _ = ′ _ + ′+ _ + _ + _ ( _ − _ ) (15)
th
5 Order 7th Order 11th Order
=> ′ _ = _ + ′ _ + ′+ _ + _ + (16) Z in Angle Z in Angle Z in Angle
Bus
ohm in deg. ohm in deg. ohm in deg.
_ ( _ − _ ) Bus 1 2.02 90.000 2.82 90.00 4.44 90.00
=> ′ _ = _ + _ + _ + _ ( _ − _ )+ (17) Bus 2 5.13 72.27 7.01 77.14 10.85 81.73
′ _ + ′( _ − _ )
Bus 3 8.35 68.06 11.29 73.95 17.33 79.62
Bus 4 11.60 66.20 15.58 72.51 23.81 78.66
=> ′ _ = _ + ′ _ (18)
Bus 5 14.85 65.15 19.87 71.70 30.30 78.11
Here previous harmonic voltage at 5, _ = _ + Bus 6 18.11 64.48 24.17 71.17 36.79 77.76

_ + _ + _ ( _ − _ )
The current harmonic injections from PV solar inverters are
Solving two equations (9) and (18) gives the ′ _ in terms assumed to be 30%, 12% and 10% for 5 , 7 and 11
of as shown in (20) harmonic order respectively. Total allowable PV capacity is
determined in sub-sections A and B. The 5 harmonic current
=> ′ _ =( _ + ′ _ )+ (19) injected form 200kW PV source 0.415 kV side is calculated as
=> ′ _ = ′ _ + (20) follows:
0.30 ×( (200/(√3 ×0.415)) (21)
Where =( _ + )
 And current transformation ratio (0.415/11) is multiplied to 4 2.0604 0.4955 1.0624 2.3705
get the reflected current at DT primary side. 5 2.9949 0.7183 1.5374 3.4423

Similiary 7 and 11 current harmonics injections to be TABLE VII. HARMONIC VOLTAGE DISTORTION AT BUS 6 WITH 225 KW
calculated. PV CAPACITY PER DT
DT V5 V7 V11 V THD
Counts in % in % in % in %
A. Penetration from substation end in feeder 1 0.2978 0.0727 0.1577 0.3447
2 0.7825 0.1898 0.4093 0.9033
Using the flow chart in section II, both individual and total 3 1.4557 0.3513 0.7551 1.6771
voltage harmonic distiortion are calculated as shown in Tables 4 2.3179 0.5574 1.1952 2.6668
III to V. Shaded portion in “DT Counts” coloumn defines the 5 3.3693 0.8081 1.7295 3.8725
feasible number of DTs, those can take the allocated PV
TABLE VIII. HARMONIC VOLTAGE DISTORTION AT BUS 6 WITH 250 KW
capacity keeping THD below speified limit. For example, in PV CAPACITY PER DT
Table III, 200 kW of aggreagted PV source can be installed
DT V5 V7 V11 V THD
under all 5 no.s DTs. Whereas, as per Table IV, 225 kW Counts in % in % in % in %
capacity off aggreagted PV source can be installed under only 1 0.3309 0.0808 0.1752 0.3830
3 no.s DTs. 2 0.8695 0.2108 0.4548 1.0036
3 1.6175 0.3903 0.8390 1.8635
TABLE III. HARMONIC VOLTAGE DISTORTION AT BUS 6 WITH 200 KW 4 2.5755 0.6193 1.3280 2.9631
PV CAPACITY PER DT 5 3.7437 0.8979 1.9217 4.3028
DT V5 V7 V11 V THD From the test results as shown in Tables III to VIII,
Counts in % in % in % in %
1 0.9352 0.2229 0.4751 1.0724 maximum aggregated PV capacity with different DT
2 1.7022 0.4062 0.8663 1.9527 penetration factor is as shown in Table IX, as a comparison
3 2.301 0.5499 1.1738 2.6410 between backward and forward PV penetration.
4 2.7319 0.6539 1.3975 3.1375
5 2.9949 0.7183 1.5374 3.4423 TABLE IX. BACKWARD VS FORWARD PV PENETRATION

TABLE IV. HARMONIC VOLTAGE DISTORTION AT BUS 6 WITH 225 KW Backward PV Forward PV
PV CAPACITY PER DT Aggregated PV penetration penetration
capacity / DT Total feasible capacity Total feasible capacity
DT V5 V7 V11 V THD In kW In kW
Counts in % in % in % in % 200 kW 200*5= 1000 kW 200*5= 1000 kW
1 1.0521 0.2508 0.5344 1.2064 225 kW 225*3 = 675 kW 225*4 = 900 kW
2 1.5367 0.3678 0.7861 1.7648 250 kW 250*3= 750 kW 250*4 = 1000 kW
3 2.2105 0.5294 1.1320 2.5393
4 3.0734 0.7356 1.5721 3.5296
It can be observed, when PV penetration starts from tail
5 3.3693 0.8081 1.7295 3.8725
end, total feasible PV capacity increases as compare to
TABLE V. HARMONIC VOLTAGE DISTORTION AT BUS 6 WITH 250 KW forward penetration. Because of harmonic currents from PV
PV CAPACITY PER DT inverters sees more impedance as compared to those installed
DT V5 V7 V11 V THD
near to substation.
Counts in % in % in % in %
1 1.1690 0.2787 0.5938 1.3405
C. Available PV source capacity at any specific location
2 2.1277 0.5078 1.0829 2.4408 This test case is meant to determine additional PV capacity
3 2.8763 0.6873 1.4672 3.3012 at specific location, using the methodology explained in
4 3.4149 0.8173 1.7468 3.9218 Section IV. Distribution network shown in fig. 4 is taken as a
5 3.7437 0.8979 1.9217 4.3028 sample network. Aggregated roof top solar PV source under
each DT is considered as 200kW. Current harmonic distortions
from PV solar inverters are taken as, 27%, 12% and 10% for
B. Penetration from substation end in feeder 5 , 7 and 11 harmonic order respectively.
Tables VI to VII depict voltage distortion results in case of In order to find the maximum available aggregated PV
forward PV allocation starting from substation end. capacity at 4, using (20) and driving point impedance from
Table II, following equations are formed:
_ = (11.60) + (183.412), for 5 (22)
TABLE VI. HARMONIC VOLTAGE DISTORTION AT BUS 6 WITH 200 KW
PV CAPACITY PER DT = (15.58) + (109.483), for 7 (23)
_
DT V5 V7 V11 V THD
Counts in % in % in % in % _ = (23.814) + (139.481), for 11 (24)
1 0.2647 0.0647 0.1401 0.3064
2 0.6956 0.1687 0.3638 0.8029 These describe the individual voltage harmonic variation at
3 1.4908 1.2940 0.3123 0.6712 feeder tail end (at 6 ), with respect to harmonic current.
Boundary conditions are formed considering individual as well which is below IEEE specified limit (3%) and voltage THD is
as total harmonic distortion limits as in (25 -26): also below IEEE specified limit (5%).
_ (25) So the additional PV solar capacity calculated through
× 100 ≤ 3%, ℎ proposed methodology does not violate harmonic distortion
_
limit. So without computing the feasible capacity in a repetitive
_ + _ + _ manner, this methodology is able to determine the maximum
× 100 ≤ 5% (26) future PV solar penetration at specific location.
_
Both THD and individual distortion for 6 are plotted VI. CONCLUSION
against harmonic current shown in fig.5. The proposed methodology computes maximum PV
penetration capacity in a feeder with different transformer
5.0
V5th V7th V11th V THD penetration level. Also in addition finds additional PV capacity
Voltage harmonic distortion in %

4.5 at a specific location for future rooftop PV penetration without

exceeding the IEEE voltage specified limit. The results
4.0 demonstrate the strength of the approach and are verified using
3.5
MiPowerTM simulation software.
2.998 3.001 The proposed methodology can be used for distribution
3.0
system planning level as a preliminary approach to study the
2.5 impact of rooftop solar source penetration in distribution feeder
with respect to harmonic distortion. And accordingly necessary
2.0 prevention measures can be taken to avoid high harmonic
1.5 distortion improving the power quality.
0.5 0.52 0.54 0.56 0.58 0.6 0.62 0.64 0.66 0.68 0.7
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