R.D.

ENGINEERING COLLEGE
DUHAI, GHAZIABAD

IT SKILLS LAB

REPORT

Submitted by: Submitted to:

Assistant professor Ashish Kumar
Mr. Rohit Sir MBA 1ST Sem.

DR. A P J Abdul Kalam Technical University, Lucknow

In the partial fulfillment of the requirement for the award of the degree of
MASTER OF BUSINESS ADMINISTRATION
(2024-2025)
 INDEX
SR.NO TITEL SIGNATURE
01 CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWOKR

02 WINDOWS AND USERS INTERFACE

03 WORD PROCESSOR SOFTWARE

04 SPREADSHEET SOFTWARE

05 PRESENTATION SOFTWARE
 EXPERIMENT - 01
CONCEPTUAL FARMEWORK

What is Hardware?
• The physical parts of a computer system. Such as the screen, keyboard,
and internal components.
• Role: Hardware is essential for running software applications and
processing data.

Input Devices
Keyboard: A device with keys used to enter data into a computer.
• Used for typing text and numbers.
• Includes special keys for functions like deleting and copying text.

Voice Speech Devices: Tools like microphones that allow users to input audio data
• Microphones capture sound and convert it to digital data.
Scanner: A device that copies images or text from physical documents to a
computer.
• Converts physical documents into digital form.
• Comes in flatbed and handheld types.

MICR (Magnetic Ink Character Recognition): Used to read special ink on

checks.
• Commonly used in banking for check processing.

OMR (Optical Mark Recognition): Scans marks on paper, like answer sheets.
• Detects marks on paper, such as filled circles on exams.

Bar Code Reader: Scans barcodes for quick data entry.

• Widely used in retail and inventory management.

Digital Camera: Captures photos and videos in digital format.

MICR, OMR and Bar Code Reader

 Output Devices

Visual Display Unit: Often called a monitor, it displays text and images.
• Displays text, images, and videos from the computer.
• Types include LCD, LED, and OLED screens.

Printers: Machines that create paper copies of documents.

Printing Devices: Machines like printers that produce hard copies of digital
documents.
• Inkjet printers are good for photos and colored documents.
• Laser printers are faster and more economical for text.

Plotters: Specialized printers used for large graphics, like maps and architectural
plans.
• Produce high-quality graphics on large sheets of paper.
 • Used in design fields, like architecture and engineering.

Storage Devices

Magnetic Storage Devices: Use magnetic fields to store data (e.g., hard drives).
• Hard Disk Drives (HDDs) are common for large data storage.
• Use magnetic disks to store and retrieve data.

Optical Storage Devices: Use lasers to read/write data (e.g., CDs, DVDs).
• CDs and DVDs store data using pits and lands read by lasers.
• Blu-ray discs offer higher storage capacity than DVDs.

Flash Memory: A type of electronic storage (e.g., USB drives, SSDs).

• Solid State Drives (SSDs) are faster than traditional HDDs.
• USB drives and memory cards are portable and easy to use.

Conclusion

Summary: Understanding hardware helps in selecting the right components for

personal or business needs.
Mention how these devices work together to make computers functional.

Introduction to Software

Definition: Software is a set of instructions that tells a computer how to perform

tasks.

Importance: It enables users to perform various functions on a computer, from

simple tasks to complex operations.

Types of Software
1.System Software

Description: This software manages the hardware and provides a platform for
running application software.

Examples:
 • Operating Systems: Windows, macOS, Linux. These control the
computer’s basic functions and allow other software to run.
• Device Drivers: Software that allows the operating system to
communicate with hardware devices, like printers or graphics cards.

2. Application Software

Description: This software is designed to help users perform specific tasks.

Examples:
• Word Processors: Microsoft Word, Google Docs. Used for creating and
editing text documents.
• Spreadsheets: Microsoft Excel, Google Sheets. Used for calculations, data
analysis, and creating charts.
• Presentation Software: Microsoft PowerPoint, Google Slides. Used for
creating slideshows and presentations.
• Web Browsers: Google Chrome, Mozilla Firefox. Used for accessing the
internet.

3. Utility Software

Description: This software helps manage, maintain, and control computer

resources.

Examples:
• Antivirus Software: Norton, McAfee. Protects the computer from viruses
and malware.
• Disk Management Tools: CCleaner, Disk Cleanup. Helps in managing disk
space and improving performance.

4.Development Software

Description: Software that helps developers create other software.

Examples:
• Integrated Development Environments (IDEs): Visual Studio, Eclipse.
Provide tools for coding, debugging, and testing.
• Text Editors: Notepad++, Sublime Text. Used for writing and editing code.
5.Educational Software

Description: Software designed to facilitate learning and education.

Examples:
• Learning Management Systems (LMS): Moodle, Blackboard. Used for
online courses and training.
• Language Learning Apps: Duolingo, Rosetta Stone. Help users learn new
languages.

Conclusion

Summary: Software is vital for performing various tasks on computers.

Understanding different types helps users choose the right software for their needs.

Interrelation: Highlight how system software supports application software, and

utility software enhances performance.

Introduction to Languages

What is a Language?
 A way to communicate ideas.
 A way to express thoughts and ideas.

Programming Languages
Used to write instructions for computers.
Examples:
Python: Easy to read and write, good for beginners.
Java: Used for many applications, runs on many devices.
C++: A bit complex, used for games and systems.
Compiler

What is a Compiler?
A program that translates code from a high-level language to machine code
(binary).

Key Point:
It takes the entire program and translates it all at once.
Example: C++ uses a compiler to create an executable file.
Interpreter
What is an Interpreter?
A program that reads and executes code one line at a time.

Key Point:
Runs the program without creating an executable file.

Example:
Python uses an interpreter.

Assembler
What is an Assembler?
Translates assembly language (low-level language) into machine code.

Key Point:
Helps in understanding how hardware communicates with software.
Example:
 Assembly language is used for system programming.

Operating System Functions

What is an Operating System (OS)?
Software that manages computer hardware and software resources.

Key Functions:
Managing Files and Directories: Helps you store and find your documents,
pictures, and programs.
Handling Input/output Operations: Lets you use devices like keyboards, mice,
and printers.
Providing Security: Keeps your data safe and allows only authorized users to
access the system.

Classification of Operating Systems

Based on User Interface:
Command Line Interface (CLI): Requires text commands (e.g., Linux).
Graphical User Interface (GUI): User-friendly with graphics (e.g., Windows,
macOS).

Elements of a GUI based Operating System

Graphical User Interface (GUI) based operating systems are designed to provide
a user-friendly environment for interaction with the computer. Here are the
main types and classifications, along with key elements:

Types of GUI Based Operating Systems

1. Desktop Operating Systems: These are designed for personal computers and
laptops. Examples include:
➢ Microsoft Windows
➢ macOS
➢ Linux distributions (e.g., Ubuntu, Fedora)

2. Mobile Operating Systems: These are designed specifically for mobile

devices. Examples include:
➢ Android
➢ IOS

3.Embedded Operating Systems: These are used in embedded systems with

specific functions. Examples include:
➢ RTOS (RealTime Operating Systems)
4. Server Operating Systems: These are optimized for server hardware and
services. Examples include:
➢ Windows Server
➢ Linux server distributions
(e.g. Centos, Ubuntu Server)
GUI BASED OS & Components of GUI

Introduction to Computer Networks

What is a Computer Network?
 A group of computers and devices connected together to share resources and
communicate.

Why Networks are Important

➢ Allow sharing of information, files, and devices like printers.
➢ Enable communication through emails, chats, and video calls.

Types of Computer Networks

Networks can be classified based on their size and the area they cover.
The three main types are LAN, WAN, and MAN.

Local Area Network (LAN)

A network that connects computers and devices in a small area, like a home,
school, or office.
Key Features:
 Limited Area: Covers a small geographical area.
 High Speed: Fast data transfer rates.
 Low Cost: Generally, less expensive to set up and maintain.
Example:
 A home network connecting computers, Smartphone's, and printers.
A network that connects computers and devices in a specific city or large campus
area.
Key Features:
Medium Area: Covers a larger area than a LAN but smaller than a WAN.
Moderate Speed: Generally faster than WAN but not as fast as LAN.

Metropolitan Area Network

Cost Efficient: Less expensive than WAN, as it serves a specific area.
Example:
A network connecting several buildings of a university within a city.

Wide Area Network (WAN)

A network that connects computers and devices over a large geographical area,
like cities or countries.
Key Features:
Large Area: Spans long distances, often connecting multiple LANs.
Lower Speed: Slower data transfer rates compared to LAN due to distance.
Higher Cost: More expensive to set up and maintain because of the infrastructure
needed.
Example:
 The Internet itself is the largest WAN, connecting millions of computers
worldwide.
Netiquettes

Netiquettes are a set of rules and guidelines for proper behaviour on the internet.
Here are some basic netiquettes:
❑ Be respectful
❑ Use clear and concise language
❑ Proofread your messages
❑ Respect others' time
❑ Be mindful of others' bandwidth

Basic Services Over the Internet

Internet: Worldwide network of computer networks that use the TCP/IP network
protocols to facilitate data transmission and exchange.
• WWW (World Wide Web): The WWW is way of exchanging information
between computers on the internet.
A system of interconnected hypertext documents accessed through the
internet.
• FTP (File Transfer Protocol): A standard protocol used to transfer files
between computers over a network.
• Telnet: A network protocol used to access remote computer systems.

Basic Services Over the Internet

 Gopher: An older network protocol used to access information on university
and research networks.
 URL (Uniform Resource Locator): A unique address for a resource on the
internet.
 Domain names: A human readable name for an internet address.

Basic Services Over the Internet

Web Browsers
Web browsers are software applications used to access and view web pages.
Some popular web browsers include:

 Google Chrome
 Mozilla Firefox
 Safari
 Microsoft Edge

Multimedia and Its Applications

Multimedia refers to the combination of text, graphics, animation, audio, images,
and video.
 Text: The written content of a multimedia presentation.
 Graphics: Images or drawings used in a multimedia presentation.
 Animation: A sequence of images that appear to move when displayed in
rapid succession.
 Audio: Sound recordings, such as music or speech.
 Images: Still pictures, such as photographs or illustrations.
 Video: A sequence of images that create the illusion of motion.
 Multimedia Applications

Multimedia Applications
 Education: Multimedia can be used to create interactive and engaging
learning experiences.
 Entertainment: Multimedia is used in movies, video games, and other forms
of entertainment.
 Marketing: Multimedia can be used to create effective advertising
campaigns.
Common Multimedia File Formats:
 Image formats: JPEG, PNG, GIF, BMP
 Audio formats: MP3, WAV, AAC, FLAC
 Video formats: MP4, AVI, MOV, WMV
 EXPERIMENT - 02

Windows Operating System: An Overview

Introduction to Windows Operating System

 Definition: The Windows Operating System (OS) is a graphical operating

system developed by Microsoft. It provides a user-friendly interface to
interact with the hardware and perform tasks.
 Versions: Windows has seen many versions like Windows XP, Windows 7,
Windows 10, and now Windows 11.
 Usage: Windows OS is widely used on personal computers, tablets, and
enterprise desktops for running applications, managing files, and performing
everyday computing tasks.

Using the Mouse in Windows

 Left Click: Selects items or executes commands.
 Double Click: Opens files, folders, or applications.
 Right Click: Opens context menus for additional options (e.g., creating
shortcuts).
 Dragging: Move items across the screen by holding the left button and
dragging.

My Computer Icon & The Recycle Bin

➢ My computer: Provides access to system resources like drives, connected
devices, and storage.
➢ Usage: You can open the file explorer from here to view files and folders on
different storage devices like hard disks, CDs, USB drives, etc.
The Recycle Bin
➢ Purpose: Stores deleted files temporarily.
➢ Restoration: Files in the Recycle Bin can be restored if deleted accidentally.
➢ Permanent Deletion: You can empty the Recycle Bin to permanently delete
files.

Start Menu and Menu Selection & Running an application

 Start Button: Located on the bottom left, it opens the Start Menu.
  Start Menu: Provides quick access to installed programs, settings, search
bar, and power options.
 Menu Selection: Programs and options are categorized for easy access.
 Method 1: Open the Start Menu, navigate to the application, and click to
open.
 Method 2: Use desktop shortcuts or taskbar icons to run programs directly.

Windows Explorer & Opening and Closing Windows

 Windows Explorer: The file management tool in Windows.

 File Management: Helps you view, organize, and manage files, folders, and
directories.
 Viewing: Open Windows Explorer to see a list of your files and folders.
 Creating and Renaming: Right click in the Explorer window to create or
rename files/folders.
 Opening a Window: Double-click on the desired file or application.
 Closing a Window: Use the “X” button at the top right of the window to
close it.

Windows Settings: Control Panel

 Control Panel: A central location to change system settings like display,

sound, and device configurations.
Common Settings:
 Wallpaper: Personalize the desktop background.
 Screen Saver: Set a screen saver to appear after inactivity.
 Date & Time: Adjust the system date and time.
 Sound Settings: Customize volume and sound effects.

Menu Concept in Windows & Using Help in Windows

• Menus: Provide lists of commands or options within applications.

• Using Menus: Each application has its own set of menus that allow you to
perform tasks like saving files, printing, or editing documents.
• Windows Help: Available via the Start Menu or by pressing F1 in most
programs.
• Purpose: Provides guidance on how to use features, troubleshoot, or
configure settings.
 Creating Shortcuts, Windows Setup Basics & Notepad

 Purpose: Shortcuts provide quick access to files or programs.

 Method: Right click on a file or application and choose Create Shortcut.
 Installation: Step-by-step installation of Windows, including language, time
zone, and account creation.
 Updates: Regular updates are essential to keep the system secure and
running smoothly.
 Notepad: A basic text editor that comes preinstalled with Windows.
 Usage: Useful for taking notes, creating simple text documents, and editing
files without formatting.

Windows Accessories
 Basic Tools: Windows offers a range of built-in accessories like:
 Calculator: Perform basic to advanced calculations.
 Paint: A simple drawing tool for creating graphics.
 Snipping Tool: Capture screenshots.

Windows Shortcuts keys:

1. General Shortcuts:
 Ctrl + C: Copy the selected item.
 Ctrl + X: Cut the selected item.
 Ctrl + V: Paste copied/cut item.
 Ctrl + Z: Undo the last action.
 Ctrl + Y: Redo the last undone action.
 Ctrl + A: Select all items in a document or window.
2. Navigation:
 Alt + Tab: Switch between open applications.
 Windows + L: Lock your computer.
 Windows + D: Show desktop.
3. File Explorer:
 Ctrl + N: Open a new window.
 Alt + F4: Close the current window/application.

4. Task Management:
  Ctrl + Shift + Esc: Open Task Manager.
5.Google Chrome Shortcuts:
1. Tab Management:
 Ctrl + T: Open a new tab.
 Ctrl + W: Close the current tab.
 Ctrl + Shift + T: Reopen the last closed tab.
2. Navigation:
 Alt + Home: Open your homepage.
 Ctrl + L: Highlight the URL bar.
Microsoft Office Shortcuts:
1. Word:
 Ctrl + B: Bold selected text.
 Ctrl + I: Italicize selected text.
 Ctrl + U: Underline selected text.
2. Excel:
General Shortcuts
 Ctrl + N: New workbook
 Ctrl + O: Open workbook
 Ctrl + S: Save workbook
 Ctrl + P: Print workbook
 Ctrl + F4: Close workbook
 Ctrl + Z: Undo
 Ctrl + Y: Redo
Formatting Shortcuts
 Ctrl + B: Bold
 Ctrl + I: Italic
 Ctrl + U: Underline
 Alt + H, H: Change fill color
 Ctrl + 1: Open Format Cells dialog
Navigation Shortcuts
 Arrow Keys: Move one cell in the direction of the arrow
 Ctrl + Arrow Key: Move to the edge of data region
 Home: Move to the beginning of the row
  Ctrl + Home: Move to the top left corner of the worksheet
 Ctrl + End: Move to the last cell with data
Selection Shortcuts
 Ctrl + A: Select all data
 Shift + Arrow Keys: Extend selection by one cell
 Ctrl + Shift + Arrow Key: Extend selection to the last nonempty cell
 Ctrl + Shift + Space: Select the entire worksheet
Editing Shortcuts
 F2: Edit active cell
 Ctrl + C: Copy selected cells
 Ctrl + X: Cut selected cells
 Ctrl + V: Paste copied/cut cells
 Delete: Clear cell contents
 Ctrl + ' (apostrophe): Copy the formula from the cell above
Formula Shortcuts
 =: Start a formula
 Alt + =: Automatically sum selected cells
 F4: Toggle absolute/relative reference in formulas
 Ctrl + Shift + U: Expand or collapse the formula bar
Miscellaneous Shortcuts
 Ctrl + 1: Format cells
 F7: Spell check
 Alt + Enter: Start a new line within a cell
 Ctrl + K: Insert hyperlink
Conclusion

Summary: The Windows operating system provides a powerful, userfriendly

environment for both novice and advanced users. Understanding its features,
navigation, and tools will help you utilize it effectively for various tasks.
 EXPERIMENT - 03
WORD PROCESSOR SOFTWARE

What is Microsoft Word?

• Microsoft Word is a popular word-processing software developed by

Microsoft. It is used for creating, editing, formatting, and printing
documents.

Key Features:
1. Creating and Editing Documents
2. Formatting Text and Paragraphs
3. Inserting Tables, Images, and Shapes
4. Spelling and Grammar Check
5. Page Layout and Printing Options

Basic Features of Microsoft Word

1. Home Tab
• Font styles, size, bold, italic, underline
• Text alignment (Left, Center, Right, Justify)
• Bullet points and numbering

2. Insert Tab
• Adding pictures, tables, and charts
• Inserting headers, footers, and page numbers

3. Page Layout Tab

• Margins, orientation (Portrait/Landscape)
• Columns and page breaks

4. Review Tab
• Spelling and grammar check
• Track changes and comments
Advanced Features

1. Using Templates
• Ready-made document formats for resumes, letters, and reports

2. Mail Merge
• Creating bulk letters and emails with customized details

3. Macros
• Automating repetitive tasks

4. Collaboration Features
• Sharing and editing documents in real-time using OneDrive

Conclusion & Benefits

• Benefits of Using Microsoft Word:
• Easy to use for document creation
• Saves time with templates and automation
• Enhances professionalism with formatting tools
• Supports collaboration with multiple users
 EXPERIMENT - 04
SPREADSHEET SOFTWARE

Microsoft Excel is a spreadsheet software developed by Microsoft. It allows users

to organize, format, and calculate data with formulas using a system of rows and
columns. It's widely used for tasks like financial analysis, data management, and
chart creation.
Excel is a semi accounting package software.
• Extension name of Microsoft Excel (2007) is .xls
• Extension name of Microsoft Excel (2010) is .xlsx
• Extension name of Microsoft Excel Worksheet 2007 is .xlw
• Extension name of Microsoft Excel Worksheet 2010 is. xlwx
There are three Methods to open Microsoft Excel 2010.
• Start Microsoft Office Microsoft Excel 2010.
• Start + R Open Run Dialog Box and type [excel].
• Go to search box and Type [excel].
• Columns are labeled with letters (A, B, C, D).
• Rows are numbered (1, 2, 3, 4,5,6).
• Each cell is where a row and column intersect (e.g., A1, B2).
• The Total No. of Rows in Microsoft Excel 2010 is 1048576.
• The Total no. of Columns in Microsoft Excel 2010 is 16384.
• The last Column name in Microsoft Excel 2010 is XFD
• The Last Cell Address Name is XFD1048576
• 3 sheets are given by default in Microsoft Excel 2010
 EXPERIMENT – 05

POWER POINT PRESENTATION

What is Microsoft PowerPoint?

• Microsoft PowerPoint is a presentation software developed by
Microsoft that allows users to create slideshows with text, images,
animations, and multimedia. It is widely used in education, business,
and personal projects.

Key Features:
1. Slide creation and customization
2. Adding multimedia elements (images, videos, audio)
3. Slide transitions and animations
4. Collaboration and sharing options
5. Presentation delivery tools

Basic Features of PowerPoint

1. Home Tab
• Adding and formatting text
• Changing fonts, colors, and styles
• Arranging slide content
2. Insert Tab
• Adding pictures, tables, charts, and videos
• Inserting SmartArt and shapes
3. Design Tab
• Applying themes and slide layouts
• Changing background styles
4. Transitions and Animations
• Applying smooth transitions between slides
• Animating text and objects
Advanced Features
1. Using Templates
• Pre-designed slide layouts for quick presentation creation
2. Slide Master
• Customizing slide layouts for consistent design
3. Speaker Notes
• Adding notes to assist presenters
4. Collaboration and Sharing
• Working together with others using OneDrive and cloud storage

Conclusion & Benefits

• Benefits of Using PowerPoint:
• Enhances communication and engagement
• Helps visualize ideas effectively
• Makes presentations professional and organized
• Easy to use for beginners and professionals