TUTORIALS

FOR
BEE 4214 ELECTRICAL MACHINE & DRIVES II
TOPIC ONE: TRANSFORMERS
Q1: Considering the phasor diagram of a current transformer shown in Fig. 1.1, and making the
necessary assumptions, derive the equations for phase angle (β) and the ratio error (𝜀) or otherwise,
show that
𝐼0 cos 𝛼
𝛽=
𝐾𝑇 𝐼𝑆
−𝐼𝑚 sin 𝜃 − 𝐼𝑒 cos 𝜃
𝜀=
𝐾𝑇 𝐼𝑆

Fig. 1.1 Current Transformer Phasor Diagram

Q2: A CT with turn-ratio of 1:201 is rated as 100/5A, 25VA. The core loss and magnetizing
components of primary are 3A and 7A under rated conditions. Find the ratio and phase angle errors
for full burden at 0.8pf leading. Secondary winding and leakage may be neglected.
Q3: Draw the phasor diagram of a potential transformer and derive an expression for the phase angle
thereof. Make any valid assumptions, where necessary.
Q4: Explain at least four characteristics of a potential transformer
Q5: Briefly describe three design features of a PT that aid in measurement error reduction
Q6: Using a well labelled diagram and equations explain the absolute method for testing a potential
transformer
Q7: A current transducer with a bar has 300 turns in its secondary winding. The resistance and
reactance of the secondary circuit are 1.5Ω and 1.0Ω respectively, including the transformer winding
with a 5A flowing in the secondary winding, the magnetizing mmf is 100 amperes and the iron loss
is 1.2 watts. Determine the ratio and phase errors.
Q8: Two 2200/110V, transformers are operated in parallel to share a load of 125kVAat 0.8 pf lagging.
The transformers are rated as follows:
A: 100KVA; 0.9%resistance and 10% reactance
B: 50KVA; 1.0% resistance and 5% reactance
Find the load carried by each transformer
Q9: Two transformers A and B of ratings 500KVA and 250KVA are supplying a load KVA of 750 at 0.8
pf lagging. Their open-circuit voltages are 405V and 415V respectively. Transformer A has 1%
resistance and 5% reactance and transformer B has 1.5% resistance and 4% reactance. Find:
a) Cross-current in the secondary on no-load
b) The load shared by each transformer
Q10: A load of 1400KVA at 0.866pf lagging is supplied by two 3-phase transformers of 1000KVA and
500KVA capacity operating in parallel. The ratio of transformation is the same in both: 6600/400
delta-star. If the equivalent secondary impedances are (0.001+j0.003) ohm and (0.0028+j0.005)
ohm per phase respectively, calculate the load and power factor of each transformer
Q11: Using a well labelled diagram, describe the construction and operating principle of a welding
transformer
Q12: With the aid of properly labelled diagrams, explain the five types of reactors used in welding
transformers for arc control
TOPIC TWO: DC MACHINES DRIVES
Q1: A DC generator has the following magnetization characteristics:

Field current 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
Generated e.m.f(V) 23 45 67 85 100 112 121 126
If the generator is shunt excited, determine the load current:
a) When terminal p.d. is 120 V, the field resistance is 15Ω at a speed of 600 rpm
b) When terminal p.d. is 144V, the field resistance is 18Ω at a speed of 700 rpm
Q2: The O.C.C of a DC generator driven at 400 rpm is as tabulated below:
 Field Current (A) 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
Terminal Volts 110 155 186 212 230 246 260 271
Find:
a) Voltage to which the machine will excite when run as a shunt generator at 400rpm with field
resistance equal to 34Ω
b) Resistance of shunt circuit to reduce the O.C. voltage to 220V
c) Critical value of the shunt field circuit resistance
d) The critical speed when the field circuit resistance is 34Ω
e) Lowest possible speed at which an O.C. Voltage of 225V can be obtained
Q3: A fan which requires 8HP at 700 rpm is coupled directly to a DC series motor. Calculate the input
to the motor when the supply voltage is 500V, assuming that power required for fan varies as the
cube of the speed. For the purpose of obtaining the magnetization characteristics, the motor was
running as a self-excited generator at 600 rpm and the relationship between the terminal voltage and
the load current was found to be as follows;

Load Current (A) 7 10.5 14 27.5

Terminal Voltage (V) 347 393 434 458
The resistance of both the armature and field windings of the motor is 3.5Ω and the core, friction and
other losses may be assumed to be constant at 450W for the speeds corresponding to the above range
of currents at normal voltage. Compute:
a) Output power
b) Motor input power
Q4: Plot the performance curves for a shunt DC motor in the same axes graph and explain the varies
trends in characteristics of each curve
Q5: The Hopkinson’s test on two similar shunt machines gave the following full-load data: Line
Voltage=110V, Line Current =48A, Motor armature current = 230A, field currents are 3A and 3.5A
respectively and Armature resistance of each is 0.035Ω. Calculate the efficiency of each machine,
assuming a brush contact drop of 1V per brush.
Q6: A 250V, DC shunt motor has shunt field resistance of 250Ω and an armature resistance of 0.25Ω.
For a given load torque and no additional resistance included in the shunt field circuit, the motor runs
at 1500rpm drawing an armature current of 20A. If a resistance of 250Ω is inserted in series with the
field, the load torque remaining the same, find out the new speed and armature current. Assume the
magnetization curve to be linear.
Q7: A 2-pole series motor runs at 707rpm when taking 100A at 85V and with the field coils in series.
The resistance of each field coil is 0.03Ω and that of the armature 0.04Ω. If the field coils are connected
in parallel and load torque remains constant, find:
a) Speed
b) The additional resistance to be inserted in series with the motor to restore the speed to 707
rpm
Q8: Using a well labeled diagram, describe the full-wave, speed control of a shunt motor, based on a
DIAC triggered thyristor circuit
Q9: For reverse current braking (plugging) of a shunt motor, show that the braking torque is given
by:
𝑇𝑏 = 𝑘4 + 𝑘5 𝑁, where N is the speed and K4 and K5 are constants
Q10: Using a well labeled diagram, explain the principle of operation of a 3-Point starter for DC
motors
Q11: With the aid of a well labeled diagram, explain the working of thyristor controller starters, with
tacho-generator feedback, as applied in starting of a DC motors
Q12: A 230V DC shunt motor takes an armature current of 20A on a certain load. Resistance of the
armature is 0.5Ω. Find the resistance required in series with the armature to half the speed, if:
a) The load torque is constant
b) The load torque is proportional to the square of the speed
TOPIC THREE: INDUCTION MACHINE DRIVES
Q1: Using a well labelled diagram, explain the concept of an electric drive, describing the types of
components and their functions
Q2: Illustrate at least ten applications of electric drive systems
Q3: A 75KW, 4-Pole, 440V, 50Hz, star-connected, three-phase induction motor has the following
parameters per phase referred to the stator side: R1=0.1Ω, R2=0.083Ω, X1+X2=1.83Ω,
aeff=Np/Ns=2.5. If the rotor is star connected, determine the external resistance inserted in series
with the rotor winding per phase such that the motor develops an output shaft torque of 150Nm at a
speed of 1250rpm.
Q4: With the aid of well labeled diagram, explain how the following slip energy recovery techniques
are deployed for variable speed drives in industry
a) Static Kramer Drive
b) Static Scherbius Drive
Q5: A variable speed drive is used to drive a water pump which has a torque-speed curves described
by the equation TL=0.005𝜔2 SI Units, where 𝜔 is the speed of the pump motor. The drive employs a
three-phase, 240V, six-pole, 50Hz, star-connected induction motor controlled by pairs of inverse-
parallel connected thyristors in each supply line. The per-phase equivalent circuit parameters of the
motor, referred to primary turns are R1=0.3Ω, R2=0.2Ω, X1=X2=0.6Ω, Xm=infinity. The required
speed range is 975-600 rpm. Use performance curves of current versus firing angle to calculate,
approximately, the necessary ranges of thyristor firing angles.
Q6: With the aid of diagrams and waveforms, describe the operation and control of induction motors,
using the following drives:
a) Variable Voltage Inverter Drive (VVI)
b) Current Source Inverter Drive (CSI)
Q7: A motor driving some haulage equipment in a mine has to deliver a load which follows the
following cycle: 50KW for 10 minutes, No Load for 4 minutes, 25KW for 10 minutes, no load for 6
Minutes. The cycle is repeated indefinitely. Find the suitable size of the continuously rated motor for
the application.
Q8: Using well labeled diagrams and equations where necessary, explain the following methods of
starting induction motors
a) Direct Online (DOL) starter
b) Star-Delta Starter
Q9: State five advantages of slip-ring motors over the squirrel cage motors
Q10: Given the equivalent circuit of an induction machine shown in Fig. 3.10, whose speed is
controlled from stator side by variation of frequency, show or otherwise derive an expression to
prove that: “At small slips torque is proportional to flux squared times slip speed”

Q11: A 3.5HP, 415V, 50Hz, 4-pole, 1370 rpm, star-connected induction motor has the following
parameters referred to the stator side: R1=2Ω, R2=5Ω, X1=5.25Ω, X2=4.75Ω, Xm=Very High. The
speed of the motor is controlled by voltage variation method using two back to back connected
thyristors in each line with symmetrical phase angle triggering mode. The delay angles of the
thyristors are set to give line to line voltage of 300V across the motor windings. Calculate the motor
speed, current and torque when driving a fan load whose characteristic is give by: TL=57.8(1-s)2
Q12: In a tabular form, compare/differentiate AC Machine Drives from DC Machine Drives
TOPIC FOUR: SYNCHRONOUS MACHINE DRIVES
Q1: With a well-drawn block diagram, illustrate the grid-interconnection of the control, monitoring,
and operation equipment for synchronous generator as deployed in a turbine powered plant
Q2: Using phasor diagrams and equations, illustrate how the pitch factor and the distribution factor
affects the emf generated from synchronous generator
Q3: Outline and explain six methods utilized to suppress/ eliminate harmonics in induced emf, by
making the filed flux waveform of synchronous machine as sinusoidal as possible
Q4: Explain the cylindrical rotor theory of synchronous generator, with a description enriched with
equivalent circuit diagram, phasor diagrams and equations
Q5: State four conditions for proper synchronization of parallel alternators and use diagrams to
illustrate their instrumentation
Q6: Explain the relationship between the following parameters/ characteristics with the
performance (frequency, voltage level, power output and harmonic content) of synchronous
generator output
a) Synchronizing current
b) Change of excitation
c) Variation of input torque
d) Parallel Load sharing
e) Prime-mover governor characteristic
Q7: Using Blondel’s two reaction theory and mathematical modeling, prove that a salient pole
alternator produces a little more power than a cylindrical rotor alternator
Q8: Consider a two-pole Y-connected synchronous generator rated at 300KVA, 480V, 60Hz, and
0.85PF lagging. The armature resistance is RA=0.04Ω. The core losses of this generator at rated
conditions is 10KW, and the friction and windage losses are 13KW. The open-circuit and short circuit
characteristics are shown in Fig. 4.8.

Fig. 4.8 S.C.C and O.C.C

a) Compute the saturated synchronous reactance of this generator at the rated conditions
b) Determine the unsaturated synchronous reactance of this generator
c) Calculate the rated current and the internal generated voltage of this generator (express your
answer in exponential form)
d) Find out the field current required by this generator to operate at the rated current, voltage
and power factor
e) Determine the voltage regulation of this generator at the rated current and power factor
f) Compute the electrical losses in this generator at the rated conditions
g) Find the amount of torque that must be applied to the generator shaft by the prime mover, in
order for it to function at the rated conditions
h) Determine the torque angle
 i) Assuming that RA is negligible, and that the field current is adjusted to supply 480V under
rated conditions, find out the static stability limit (Pmax) of the generator and hence determine
how close is the full load condition to the static stability limit
j) Neglecting RA, plot the power supplied by the generator as a function of the torque angle (𝛿)
k) Assume the generator field current is adjusted so that the generator supplies rated voltage at
the rated load current and power factor. Assume also the field current and the magnitude of
the load current are held constant. how will the load terminal voltage change as the load
power factor varies from 0.85 lagging to 0.85 leading (express this relationship in a
mathematical relation derived from a phasor diagram)
l) Plot the terminal voltage versus the impedance angle of the load being supplied by this
generator for the range between 0.85 lagging to 0.85 leading
Q9: With aid of graphical representations, explain the following concepts, regarding synchronous
motor
a) V-curve
b) Inverted V-curve
c) Performance characteristics
Q10: A 480V, 60Hz, delta-connected, 4-pole synchronous generator has the OCC as shown in Fig. 4.10.
The generator has synchronous reactance of 0.1Ω and an armature resistance of 0.015Ω. At full load,
the machine supplies 1200A at 0.8PF lagging. Under full-load conditions, the friction and windage
losses are 40KW, and the core losses are 30KW. Ignore any field circuit losses.

Fig. 4.10
a) What is the speed of rotation of this generator
b) Determine the amount of field current that must be supplied to the generator to make the
terminal voltage 480V at no load
c) If the generator is now connected to a load and the load draws 1200A at 0.8PF lagging,
calculate the field current required to keep the generator terminal voltage at 480V
 d) When the generator is running on the conditions of part (c), find out how much power it will
be supplying to the load, and how much power does the prime mover supply to the generator
and hence find out the efficiency
e) If the generator’s load were suddenly disconnected from the line, what would happen to it’s
terminal voltage
f) Finally, suppose that the generator is connected to a load drawing 1200A at 0.8PF leading,
how much field current would be required to keep VT at 480V

Q11:

Q12:

TOPIC FIVE: SPECIAL MACHINE DRIVES

Q1: With the aid of a cross-sectional diagram, describe the constructional details of a single phase
induction motor, and additionally illustrate the skewing in the rotor construction
Q2: State and explain the four classes of single phase induction machines depending on the method
used to create a phase difference that realizes a revolving field
Q3: Explain the theory/ principle of operation of a shaded pole single phase induction motor
Q4: A 3 phase VR stepper motor has the following parameters: winding resistance is 1Ω, average
phase winding inductance is 30mH and rated winding current is 3A. Design a simple unipolar drive
circuit such that the electrical time constant is 2mSec at turn on and 1mSec at turn off. The stepping
rate is 300 steps per second.
Q5: A stepper motor driven by a polar drive circuit has 30mH winding inductance, 45V DC supply, 3A
rated current and 15Ω total resistance in each phase. When the resistors are turned off, find:
a) Time taken by phase current to decay to zero
b) Proportion of stored inductive energy returned to supply
Q6: When a transistor used in a stepper motor driver is turned off, a high voltage builds up due to
𝐿 𝑑𝑖⁄𝑑𝑡 that could potentially damage the transistor. Explain at least four methods that are major
used to suppress this spike voltage and hence protect the transistors in the driver circuit. Consider
using illustrative circuit diagrams in your description.
Q7: Using diagrams where necessary, explain the principle of operation of universal motors
Q8: State four categories in which repulsion motors are classified and briefly describe them
Q9: Explain the repulsion principle as applied in repulsion motors, with the necessary illustrations
Q10: Describe the following aspects of a Schrage motor
a) Construction and operation
b) Speed control
c) Power factor improvement
d) Speed – torque characteristics
e) Advantages and shortcomings
f) Applications
Q11: If you were to ask one question/ questions/ problems, about machines and their drives, what
would it be?
Q12: Find out the solution to your questions/ problems in Q11.