Atom & Nucleus Materials

ATOM AND NUCLEUS

Rutherford Alpha
lpha Scattering Experiment :-
:
Rutherford bombarded a thin gold foal with highly energetic a particles and studied the scattering of
a particle in order to explain the structure of atoms.
An a particles is a equal to that +vely
+ charged particles having of helium atom and a mass positive
charge.
In magnitude equal to a times the charge an electron
OBSERVATION:
Most of the a particles were found to pass straight through the gold foal.
Some a particles were found to be deflected through
th Small angles.
few a particles found to be scattered at large angle from in their initial path.
A few a particle about I in 8000 retraced their path i.e.
i. 0=180

CONCLUSION
The large number of a particle passing through the atom straight indicate thatt most of the portion of
the atoms in empty inside.
Because α particles are +vely
vely charged the scattering of α particles indicate the some part of the atom
must have +ve charge.
Whole of the +ve charge and mass of the atom concentrate at the centre.
The scattering of α particle is due to the Coulombic repulsion between
bet α particles and nucleous.
nucleous
Few particles like 3 or 7 experiences Small repulsion as they pass the atom at large distance from the
nucleus.
But the α particle like 4 or 6 pass closer to the nucleus
nucleus experiences large repulsive force hence
scatter through Large angle.
An α particles like 5 travels towards the nucleus experiences strong repulsive force with is finally
stepped and returned back and its original path.
Rutherford Atomic Modles:-
4 An atom may be a sphere in which whole of the tve charge and almost au Masses is Concentrated
in a small region of the Centre of the
th atom and is known as Nucleus of radius
adius 1 Fermi.
Electrons are revolving around
round the nucleus in a circular Path or orbits in all
all possible raddi.
The necessary Centripetal force is provided by the electrostatic force of attraction between the
nucleus and the electron.
AS an atom is electrically neutral total + ve charge of atom is equal to the total −ve charge.
Limitation of Rutherford
erford Atomic Model:-
Model
According to electromagnetic theory, an accelerated charged Particles must radiated electromagnetic
energy as e are revolving around the nucleus is Ender Continuous accelerations towards Centre.
Centre
It should continuously loss energy and move in orbitals of gradually
dually decreasing radii.
radii The electron
should follow a spiral path and finally it should
s collapse into the nucleus.
“This Rutherford
utherford model can't explain the Stability of atom.”
atom.
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Atom & Nucleus Materials

In Rutherford model of e Θ can revive in orbits of all possible radii so it should emit a continuous
spectrum but an atom. like H2 always emit discrete line spectrum.
Distance of closet Approach:-
When α particles are projected towards Nucleus then a stage come at which α particles retroces its
path. That distance from nucleus where a particles retraces its path is called distance. of closet
approach.
No of proton = no of
Q = Ze
αV
+
r0

α Particle retraces its path when KE of particle get Converted into electrical potential energy.
1 1 Ze
mV 2 = × ( 2e )
2 4πε 0 r0
1 ( Ze)(2e) W
r0 = V=
q
4πε 0 1 mV 2
2 w=V×q
1 2 Ze 2
2 β Ze 2 Potential energy
r0 = (Or) r0 =
4πε 0 KE KE

Impact Parameter:
It is defined as the perpendicular distance of initial velocity vector of a particle from the Central line
of the nucleus.
α Particle
Velocity θ Nucleus
Vector
b
+
Central line
θ
Ze 2 cot
1 2
b=
4πε 0 KE

Bohr's postulate:-
(1) Nuclear Concept :-
An atom Consists of a small and massive Central Past Called nucleus around which electron are
revolving in orbit.
(2) Quantum Condition:
OFF all the possible orbits the electron are allowed to revolve in those orbits in which their angular
momentum of an electron is quantized.
ng
L = mvr = L = angular momentum
2π
M = Mass of e Θ
V = Velocity of e Θ
h = Plank’s constant (6.6 × 10−34 J/s)

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Atom & Nucleus Materials

(3) Stationary orbits:

While revolving in the permitted orbits an electron does not radiates energy. These orbits are called
stationary or fixed orbit
(4) Frequency conditions:-
An atom Can emit or obsorb energy in the form of discrete photons only. When an e jumps from a
higher to a lower orbits or form lower to higher orbit respectively.
h = Plank’s constant
E 2 − E1 = HF F = Frequency
Bohr’s Model of Hydrogen atom:-

Ze r e

According to Bohr's theory of hydrogen atom it consist of a nucleus with a +ve charge Ze and a
single e Θ of charge e which revolve around it in a circular orbits of radius r. Here Z is an atomic number.
Ze 2
Force of attraction between nucleus and electron is given by Fe β .
r2
To keep the electron moving in the circular path a centripetal force required which is equal to the
electrostatic force of attraction.
FC = Fe
mv 2 Ze 2
= β 2 ………………….(1)
r r

From Bohr’s quantum condition of angular momentum.

nh
mvr = …………………….(2)
2π
Speed of the e Θ :-
Dividing eq(1) by eq(2) we get
mv 2 Ze 2
β 2
r = r
mvr nh
2π
v Ze 2 2π 2 β Ze 2 π
=β × V=
r2 r2 nh nh

It is the velocity of e Θ in nth orbit, for hydrogen atom in first orbit Z = 1 and n = 1.
2 β × (1) × e 2π
V0 =
(1)h

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Atom & Nucleus Materials

C 3 × 10 8
V0 = =
137 137
V0 = 2.18 × 10 6 m/s
Z
Vα
n

Radius of the orbits:

From eq (2)
nh
Mvr =
2π
nh
r=
2πMv
nh
r=
2 β Ze 2 π
2πM ×
nh
n2h2
r=
4βZe 2 π 2 M
It is the radius in nth orbits.
For hydrogen atom in 1st orbit.
Z = 1, and n = 1
h 2 (1)
r0 =
4 β (1)e 2π 2 M
r0 = 0.53 A 0
h2
rα
Z
Energy of an Electron:
Kinetic Energy: It is the energy experienced with an e Θ during its revolution around nucleus.
1
i.e K= mv2
2
2
1  2 βZe 2 π 
K = × m ×  

2  nh 
1 4βZ 2 e 4π 2
K = ×m×
2 n2h2
2β 2 Z 2 e 4π 2 M
K=
n2h2

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Potential Energy: Electrostatics potential energy between nucleus and electron is:
Ze 2
U = −β
r
Ze 2
U = −β
n2h2
4βZe 2π 2 M
− 4βZ 2 e 4π 2 M 4β 2 Z 2 e 4π 2 M
U= −
n2h2 n2h2
− 2β 2 Z 2 e 4π 2 M
=
n2h2
− 2β 2 Z 2 e 4π 2 M
T=
n2h2
It is the energy of an electron in nth orbit for hydrogen atom in 1st orbit Z = 1, n = 1.
− 2β 2 e 4π 2 M
E0 =
n2
Z2
E 0 = −13.6 ev E = E0 ⋅
n2
Relation between Kinetic energy, Potential Energy & Total Energy:-
PE = −2KE
TE = −KE
PE
TE = −KE =
2
Frequency, Wave length and Wave number of radiation:-
Let n1 and n2 be the lower and higher orbits of an atom. So the energy associated with these orbits.
− 2β 2 z 2 e 4π 2 M
E1 =
n12 h 2
− 2β 2 z 2 e 4π 2 M
E1 =
n 22 h 2
From Bohr’s frequency condition:-
E 2 − E1 = hF
Where F = frequency of radiation
− 2β 2 z 2 e 4 π 2 M 2β 2 z 2 e 4 π 2 M
hF = +
n22 h 2 n12 h 2
2β 2 z 2 e 4 π 2 M  1 1 
hF =  − 
h2  (n1 )
2
(n2 ) 2 

2β 2 z 2 e 4 π 2 M  1 1 
F=  − 
h3  (n1 )
2
(n2 ) 2 

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Atom & Nucleus Materials

C 2β 2 z 2 e 4 π 2 M  1 1 
=  − 
λ h 3
 (n1 )
2
(n2 ) 2 

1 2β 2 z 2 e 4 π 2 M  1 1 
=  −  C = Fλ
λ Ch 3  (n1 )
2
(n2 ) 2 

1 2β 2 z 2 e 4 π 2 M  1 1 
=  − 
λ Ch 3
 (n1 )
2
(n2 ) 2 

1  1 1 
= Rz 2  − 
λ  (n1 )
2
(n2 ) 2 
Where R is known as Rydberg const. its value is 1.097 × 107 m−1.
Hydrogen Spectrum:-
As shown in figure a series of spectral lines of hydrogen atom can be explain as follows.

Lyman Series:-
The spectral series corresponding to transition of e Θ from higher orbit to first orbits.
i.e. n1 = 1, n2 = 2, 3, 4, …….
1  1 1
= R 2 − 2 
λ  (1) n2 

1  1 
= R 1 − 2
λ  (n2 ) 
It belong to uv region of electromagnetic spectrum.
spectrum

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Atom & Nucleus Materials

Balmer series:-
It is the spectral series corresponding to the transition of e Θ from higher orbit to 2nd orbit.
i.e. n1 = 2, n2 = 3, 4, 5, 6, 7
1  1 1 
= R 2 − 
λ  (2) (n2 ) 2 

1 1 1 
= R − 2
λ  4 (n2 ) 
It belongs to visible region of electromagnetic spectrum.
Paschen:-
It is the spectral series corresponding to the transition of e Θ from higher orbits to 3rd orbit.
i.e. n1 = 3, n2 = 4, 5, 6, 7, …….
1  1 1 
= R 2 − 
λ  (3) (n2 ) 2 
It belongs to infrared region of electromagnetic spectrum.
Bracket series:-
It is the spectral series corresponding to the transition of e Θ from higher orbits to 4th orbits.
i.e. n1 = 4
1  1 1 
= R 2 − 
λ  (4) (n2 ) 2 

1 1 1 
= R − 2
λ 16 (n2 ) 
It belongs to infrared region of electromagnetic spectrum.
P fund:-
It is the spectral series corresponding to the transition of e Θ from higher orbits to 5th orbit.
i.e. n1 = 5, n2 = 6, 7
1  1 1 
= R 2 − 
λ  (5) (n2 ) 2 

1 1 1 
= R − 2
λ  25 (n2 ) 
It belongs to infrared region of electromagnetic spectrum.
Energy Level Diagram:-
It is diagram in which the energies of the different stationary states of an atoms are represented by horizontal
lines drawn according to suitable energy scale.

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Atom & Nucleus Materials

Energy level of Hydrogen:-

From Bohr’s theory the total energy of an e Θ in nth orbit
− 2β 2 z 2 e 4 π 2 M
E=
n2h2
For H atom Z = 1
So, energy of an electron of hydrogen atom in ground state [ First orbit]
− 2β 2 z 2 e 4 π 2 M
E0 =
h2
− 2 × (9 × 109 ) 2 (1.6 × 10 −19 ) 4 [3.14]2 × 9 × 10 −31
E0 =
6.6 × 10 −34
E0 = −13.6 ev .
− 13.6 ev
Hence we can write E = .
h2
Putting n = 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7 we can get the energy associated with other higher energies called excited state.
− 13.6 ev
E2 = = −3.4 ev
4
− 13.6 ev
E3 = = −1.51 ev
9
− 13.6 ev
E4 = = −0.85 ev
16
− 13.6 ev
E5 = = −0.54 ev
25
− 13.6 ev
E6 = = −0.34 ev
36
− 13.6 ev
E7 = = −0.27 ev
49
Limitation of Bohr’s Theory:-
(1) It does not explain why only circular orbits should be chosen while elliptical orbits are also possible.
(2) This theory is applicable only hydrogen like Monoelectronic atoms.
(3) In the spectrum of hydrogen certain spectral lines are not single line but a group of closed lines with
slightly different frequency. Bohr’s theory could not explain this.
(4) It does not explain the further splitting of spectral lines in magnetic field Zeeman effect or electric field
[Stark effect]
Excitation Energy:-
Energy of an atom is defined as the energy required by its electron to jumped from ground state to
any of the excited state.
Ionisation Energy:-
It is defined as the energy required to remove an e Θ completely out of an atom.

☺☺☺

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