PART 1

1 Basics 1

BASICS
1 Basics 1

1 Basics
1 Basics 1
1 Basics
This1 section
1.1 of the mathematics workbook will guide you through the
Introduction
1.1Basics
Introduction
essential skills required to complete mathematical problems. After
1.1 Introduction
completing this section, you should be ready to apply these skills to
solving
1.2 problems
Powers of a scienti ic and pharmaceutical nature.
1.2 Powers
1.2 Powers
1. POWERS
T he power (or index) of a number is all about a sense of scale. We are familiar with dealing with numbers in the
decimal (or base 10) system such that:

base
base
power
base power

power
Figure 1.1 The base and power (or index) of a number.
Figure
Figure 1.1 1.1
TheThe baseand
base and power
power (or
(orindex) of aof
index) number
a number.

Figure 1.1 The base and power (or index) of a number.

10 4 ( 10 )
4
1 1
Where a number is raised to a negative power, for example 10−4, this means = .

PHAR1001 Mathematics Tutorial Workbook April 2014

PHAR1001 Mathematics Tutorial Workbook April 2014

PHAR1001 Mathematics Tutorial Workbook April 2014

1
f
2 1 Basics
2 1 Basics

Such that a progression of scale may be seen from the power of a number:

0.001 0.01 0.1 1 10 100 1000

0.001 0.01 0.1 1 10 100 1000

special case:
special
any number raised to case:
the power
ofany
zeronumber
must beraised
equaltoto1.
the power
of zero must be equal to1.
Figure 1.2 The progression of scale of decimal powers.
Figure 1.2 The progression of scale of decimal powers.
Figure 1.2 The progression of scale of decimal powers

In the course of your study, you may encounter base numbers other than 10. For example, incomputing, e you may
have to deal with the base number of 2; but no matter what the number is the rules remain the same. A caseethat
e
you will certainly encountereis thee special e e e, which has a numerical value of approximately 2.718281828;
e number
e e e
but remember that the rules remain the same e such e e 5 = e × e × e × e × e.
e that

Test yourself Indicate the incorrect answer.

Indicate the incorrect answer.
Test yourself
Q1
Q1

Answer
Answer
O O O O O
O O O O O

Information
Information
INFORMATION
All of the questions you will face in the maths tests will be in this format: Aninstrucrion telling you
what to do (normally
PHAR1001 to either identify
Mathematics the correct
Tutorial or the incorrect
Workbook Aprilanswer)
2014 followed by a question
and up to 5 possible answers.
PHAR1001 Mathematics Tutorial Workbook April 2014

2
 Indicate the incorrect answer of the following:
Test yourself
Indicate the incorrect answer of the following:
Q2
Test yourself
Q2

Answer
Answer
O O O O O
O O O O O

Indicate the correct answer.

Test yourself
Indicate the correct answer. e
Q3
Test yourself
e
Q3

Answer
Answer
O O O O O
O O O O O

HINT
Hint e
This is an example of a case where you should approximate. We know that the numerical value of
Hint
e is between 2 and 3— so the answer must lie between 23 = 8 and 33 = 27. Only e one answer
lies in this range.

PHAR1001 Mathematics Tutorial Workbook April 2014

PHAR1001 Mathematics Tutorial Workbook April 2014

3
 1.3 Units

2. UNITS

S ome numbers, for example ratios,kghave no units and are said to be dimensionless.
However, this is not the normal case and unless a unit is stated, the numerical answer
alone is usually meaningless. For example, if Dr Simon was said to weigh 70, this would be
Think like a
entirely meaningless we mean that Dr Simon weighs 70 kg.
professional
THINK LIKE A PROFESSIONAL
If we fail to state the units in an answer, the patient may receive the wrong dose of a prescribed
medicine or a formulation may be made of the wrong strength. For example, if asked to ll in the
mg g tablets
quantity of drug on a batch record sheet we must be explicit if we write "2" this may be
interpreted as "2 mg", '2 g" or even "2 tablets". By failing to state the units, we could easily
create a whole batch of medicines either 1000 times too potent or completely ine ective. How
many people would su er?

Our actions, and lack ofOur

them,actions, and lack of Always
have consequences: state the
them, have units and always
consequences: check
Always
your answer. state the units and always check your answer.

In pharmacy, and throughout this course, you will most commonly be employing metric units. These metric units
may be preceded with a pre x, which determines the decimal scale (power) of the unit that we have already
introduced.

Prefix micro milli kilo mega

Symbol µ m k M

Factor

L L g kg
Examples
mmol mol kPa MPa
Figure 1.3 The common metric prefixes.
Figure 1.3 The common metric pre xes

Note that in medicine, the microgramMathematics

PHAR1001 abbreviation preferred is "mcg"
Tutorial rather than "µg".
Workbook April You
2014must be happy to use
both (in science we tend to use µg rather than mcg).

WHY?
Why do you think we prefer the abbreviation “mcg” in medicine?

HINT
Think about what a poorly hand-written “µ” might look like.

4
ff
fi
fi
ff
fi
 mcg g
mcg g
h
both
mcg g
th
As pharmacists, we must be able to convert between such units without the possibility of error. The consequences
of error in converting such units is likely to be an order of magnitude error of at least a factor of ( × 10).

t HINT Hint
Include units in all stages of your calculations, then you can clearly see what the units are and
nt when units cancel.
You are also far less likely to make an error when converting
You are also far less likely to make an error when converting
units.
units.
You will also be far less likely to make an error when converting units.
You are also far less likely to make an error when converting
units.
HINT
t Hint
Units can always be converted by multiplication by a fraction anywhere in an equation —
providing we are only multiplying by 1 in reality.
nt
For example, it is always true that …

g
g
kg
g kg
kg
kgvice versa:
… and
vice versa kg
g vice versa
kg g
vice versa
g

… because the overall e ect of both these statements is just to multi[ply by 1 as the numerator
and denominator are equal.
1.3.1 Examples
mples
EXAMPLE
1.3.1.1 Simple examples
mg
mples g mg
mg
mg g g mg
g g g
mg g
g mgg
g mg

6 mg 1 Basics
001 Mathematics Tutorial Workbook April 2014
PHAR1001 Mathematics Tutorial Workbook April 2014
EXAMPLE
001 Mathematics Tutorial Workbook April 2014
g mg
g tablet
mg mg
mg g
tablets

1.3.1.2 More complicated examples

mol L g mol
g
ff
 g mg mg mg
mg g
g tablet
mg mg
tablets mg g
tablets
2.1.MORE COMPLICATED
1.3.1.2 UNIT
More complicated CONVERSIONS
examples

T he following examples are a little more di cult — but only because there is more than one conversion being
undertaken at1.3.1.2 More
the same time. complicated examples
You will see that the technique is the same —state that the quantity is itself
and then multiply by whatever conversion factors are required,

EXAMPLE
g
mol L g mol
mL mol L g mol
g
mL
mol mol L g
L L mL mol
mol mol L g
L L mL mol

mol L g
L mL mol
mol L g
L mL mol
g
mL
g
g
mL
mL
g
mL

The above solution shows the power of the simple approach. Exactly the same answer would
be given to the question:

g mol
mol L
g mol
mol L

1 Basics 7
ANOTHER WAY OF APPROACHING THE PUZZLE
PHAR1001 Mathematics Tutorial Workbook April 2014
Here is another method of working it out:
PHAR1001 Mathematics Tutorial Workbook April 2014
x
x mol
mL L
mol
x mL
L

mol L g
x mL
L mL mol
mol L g
mL
L mL mol
g

Hint
6

x y
ffi
 g

Hint
HINT
The last two examples show a good point of principle: Do not be in a hurry to reach for the
calculator!
x y
If you show all the stages which must be performed, they often cancel much of each other out .
As a general rule, keep speci c quantities as "x" or "y" (which may di er in an experimental series)
to the last minute to nd the simplest general formula. When you are in laboratory classes this will
save hours of work!

Indicate the correct answer.

Test yourself
g
Q4
kg
kg
kg
mg
g

Answer
8 1 Basics
O O O O O
Indicate the incorrect answer.
Test yourself
mg mL
Q5
PHAR1001 Mathematics Tutorial
g mL Workbook April 2014
g L
gL
mg L
gL

Answer

O O O O O

Indicate the correct answer.

Test yourself
Q6 mL
mg
mL

mg
mg
mcg
mcg
mcg

Answer

O O O O O
7
Indicate the incorrect of the following:
Test yourself
fi
fi
ff
 Answer
Answer

O
O O
O O
O O
O O
O

Indicate
Indicate the
the correct
correct answer.
Test
Test yourself
yourself answer.

Q6
Q6 mL
mL
mg
mg
mL
mL
mg
mg
mg
mg
mcg
mcg
mcg
mcg
mcg
mcg

Answer
Answer

O
O O
O O
O O
O O
O

Indicate
Indicate the
the incorrect
incorrect of
of the
the following:
Test
Test yourself
yourself following:

Q7
Q7 mg
mg mcg
mcg
mg
mg kg
kg
gg gg
gg mcg
mcg
gg mg
mg

Answer
Answer

O
O O
O O
O O
O O
O
1 Basics 9

Indicate the correct answer.

Test yourself
PHAR1001
PHAR1001 Mathematics
Mathematics Tutorial
Tutorial Workbook
Workbook April
April 2014
2014

Q8 kPa s

kPa ms
kPa ms
MPa ms
Pa s
Pa s

Answer

O O O O O

Hint

8
 Hint
HINT
The pre xes work the same — regardless of the units. Do not be afraid of units that you have not
encountered before.

1.4 Scientific notation

3. SCIENTIFIC NOTATION
S o far, when considering the scale of numbers, we have only considered whole numbers, e.g.1,000,000 = 106.
However, in science experiments and calculations rarely result in whole number answers. We therefor adopt
scienti c (or standard index) notation of the form:
scientific standard index
10 a n 1 Basics
a mantissa a
n exponent

Thus notation is a scienti c very and convenient way of visualising manipulating very large and very small
numbers. Here the mantissa provides the exact number and the exponent tells us the magnitude of the number.
magnitude
example 1 exact number

EXAMPLElarge — LARGE NUMBERS atoms mol

numbers
Avogadro’s number is the number of molecules in one mole. The numerical is:
602,252,000,000,000,000,000,000,000 atoms mol-1
which I hope I have typed correctly!

PHAR1001 Mathematics Tutorial Workbook April 2014

More conveniently, we express the number in scienti c form as:
atoms mol
6.02252 × 10 23atoms mol-1

INFORMATION
Scienti c form numbers can easily be calculated by just counting the number of decimal place
shifts required to make a number in the range 1 ≤ n < 10
a . for example:

5500 = 5.5 × 103

which we arrive at by counting the number of decimal shifts (positive to the left —division and
negative to the right —multiplication). In the case of our example:

example 2
Js
small
9
numbers
Js
fi
fi
fi
fi
fi
 EXAMPLE 2 — SMALL NUMBERS
Planck’s constant is very small:
0.00000000000000000000000000000000066261 J s
1 Basics and therefore can much more readably be presented in scienti c form as: 11
1 Basics 11
6.6261 × 10−34 J s

Indicate the correct answer.

Test
Test yourself
yourself Indicate the correct answer.
Q9
Q9 g
g
mg
mg
g
g
g
g
g
g
g
g
Answer
Answer
O O O O O
O O O O O

HINT
Hint
Hint
Don’t forget the units!

Indicate the correct answer.

Test
Test yourself
yourself Indicate the correct answer.
Q10
Q10 g
g
g
g
kg
kg
mg
mg
g
g
g
g
Answer
Answer
O O O O O
O O O O O

PHAR1001 Mathematics Tutorial Workbook April 2014

PHAR1001 Mathematics Tutorial Workbook April 2014

10
fi
12 12 1 Basics
1 Basics
12 1 Basics

Test
Test yourself Indicate
yourself the correct
Indicate answer.
the correct answer.
Indicate the correct answer.
Test
Q11 yourself
Q11
Q11

Answer
Answer
Answer
O O O O O O O O O O
O O O O O

1.5 1.5
Rounding numbers
Rounding numbers
4. ROUNDING NUMBERS
1.5 Rounding numbers
O ften the result of a calculation yields a long numerical answer in very the decimal system, for•example:

g g
g
However, for practical purposes, such numbers are too detailed.
too For
tooexample, we might calculate that
54•673271882 g of drug is required
g to
g make 100 capsules. If we have a 3 gure (3 decimal place balance) we
too
might express the result of our calculated dose as:
g
g g
g g g
g

because to provide more detail would be meaningless as it is beyond the accuracy of the measuring instrument.

IMPORTANT
important
important
important
Rounding is always the last part of any calculation.

Never round a number before the calculation is performed as this can lead to very large errors in
the calculated result.
1 Basics 13
PHAR1001 Mathematics
PHAR1001 Tutorial
Mathematics Workbook
Tutorial April April
Workbook 2014 2014
INFORMATION
PHAR1001 Mathematics Tutorial Workbook April 2014
always
Always, when you round a number, explicitly state the rounding applied; for example:

Hang on doesn't rounding mean inaccuracy: Should we do

Think like a that?
11
professional
very g g
fi
 always

THINK LIKE A PROFESSIONAL

Think like a Hang
Hang on … doesn’t
that?
on
roundingdoesn't rounding mean
mean inaccuracy? Should inaccuracy:
we do that?Should we do

professional
True; but look at the example in question. The error in rounding is very small:0.000271882 g in
54.673271882 g, or:
very g g
g
g

… which is really irrelevant. Remember that error is always relative to what is being measured.

Rounding to decimal places (as we saw in the example above) is easy but not usually the most appropriate form of
rounding. In science and medicine we generally round to signi cant gures instead. Rounding to 3 signi cant
gures (3 s.f.) means taking only the rst 3 non-zero gures of a number, the last digit being rounded up one if the
4th digit (which would have followed) is > 5.

EXAMPLES
37.2418 mg = 37.2 mg (3 sf)
mg 3.286
mg mg = 3.29 mg (3 sf)

mg mg
PRINCIPLE OF SIGNIFICANT FIGURE ROUNDING
Principle of
In signi cant gure rounding, the position of the decimal point de nes the scale of the answer
and the number of signi cant gures de nes the precision of the answer.
significant
Always round after completing the calculation and never state the answer to more
figure
precision thanAlways
one of the starting
round numbers.
after completing the calculation and never
rounding state the answer to more accuracy than one of the starting
numbers.
EXAMPLE — SIGNIFICANT FIGURES ARE BETTER
If we consider the case of 0.010 mg divided by 30.0, we can see why the answer is better
rounded to 3 signi cant gures rather than 3 decimal places.
PHAR1001 Mathematics Tutorial Workbook April 2014
0.010 mg ÷ 30 = 0.0003333′ mg
= 0.000 mg (3 dp) ← !! we've lost the answer !!

= 0.000333 mg (3sf)
= 3.33 × 10−4 mg (3sf)

ROUNDING TO SIGNIFICANT FIGURES

Rounding to signi cant gures preserves the required level of precision regardless of scale.

12

fi
fi
fi
fi
fi
fi
fi
fi
fi
fi
fi
fi
fi
fi
fi
fi
 mg mg
mg

SO mg
Rounding to signi cant gures preserves the level of accuracy, regardless of scale.
mg

accuracy

Indicate the correct answer.

Test yourself
Q12

Answer

O O O O O

Hint
HINT
Here you are asked to understand the di erence between signi cant gures and decimal places.
Remember that 1.523 × 101 = 15.2 (1 d.p.);so that 1.5 × 101 (1 d.p.) would be quite wrong, as
the decimal place has been lost.

n
In this case, to say that 89164 × 108 = 8.92 × 10 n, where n ≠ 4, is just plain silly. That leaves
just two answers which couldn be right (but actually only one is, why?).
1 Basics 15

Indicate the incorrect answer.

Test yourself
PHAR1001 Mathematics Tutorial Workbook April 2014
Q13 g

kg
g
mcg
g
mg

Answer

O O O O O

13
Indicate the incorrect answer.
Test yourself
Q14
fi
fi
ff
fi
fi
 O O O O O

Indicate the incorrect answer.

Test yourself
Q14

Answer

O O O O O

5. MATHS USING INDICES 1 Basics

O ften it is necessary to manipulate a number expressed as a base and exponent (or power) (see Section 1.1).

1 Basics
EXAMPLE
Maths using indices
We may wish to do a multiplication:
Maths using indices
1 Basics

1 Basics
PHAR1001 Mathematics Tutorial Workbook April 2014
Maths using indices
base
INFORMATION — MULTIPLICATION
Maths using indices
Provided the base is the same for both numbers (in this case it is 10), we can simply add the
base indices to get the same result:

dividing subtract
base

base
dividing subtract
INFORMATION — DIVISION
… and similarly, when dividing we subtract the index of the index of the denominator from that of
the numerator:
dividing subtract

dividing subtract

or:

etc
14 n
an am a m
General
an etc am an m
rules n m n m
 subtract

EXAMPLE
The latter example shows how easy it is to generate reciprocals:

and similarly:
etc
an etc am an m
General
aann aamm aa nn m
m
rules
General n
a am a nn m
rules GENERAL
etc RULES an
n
an am an m a
an
an am an m

n
a Tutorial Workbook April 2014
PHAR1001 Mathematics
1 Basics an 17
PHAR1001 Mathematics Tutorial Workbook April 2014
Indicate the correct answer.
Test yourself
Q15
athematics Tutorial Workbook April 2014

Answer

O O O O O

Indicate the correct answer.

Test yourself
Q16

Answer

O O O O O

Indicate the incorrect

15 answer.
Test yourself g
g
Q17 f f f
 O O O O O

Indicate the incorrect answer.

Test yourself g
g
Q17 f f f
h h h h
g g g
a a a

Answer

18 O O O O O 1 Basics

When18 1 Basics
we wish to raise a number expressed as a base and index to another power, again the rules may be
simpli ed: PHAR1001 Mathematics Tutorial Workbook April 2014
18 1 Basics

1 Basics

or:

Similarly when we wish to nd a root, we divide by the index:

m
General an an m

rules m
General anan
m
an m

GENERAL RULES
m
General
rules an an m

m
m n
a an m
x
Hint
an rules
an m m
an x a n m

x
m
Hint
an m
an
Indicate the correct answer. x
Test yourself Hint x
x

Q18 x
Test SPECIAL
yourselfx CASE Indicate the correct answer.
Test Inyourself Indicate
the special case of a square thethe
root, correct answer.
symbol is usually written as n which means the same
as n .
Q18
2
ndicate the correct answer. Q18

Answer 16

O
Answer O O O O
fi
fi
 x
Hint x

Indicate the correct answer.

Test yourself
Q18

Answer
1 Basics 19
1 Basics 19
O O O O O

Indicate the correct answer.

Test yourself
PHAR1001 Mathematics Tutorial
Test yourself Indicate the correct Workbook
answer. April 2014

Q19
Q19 m
m

m
m
m
m
m
m
m
m
m
m
Answer
Answer

O O O O O
O O O O O

Indicate the correct answer.

Test
Test yourself
yourself Indicate the correct answer.
Q20
Q20

Answer
Answer

O O O O O
O O O O O

17
 20
20 1
1 Basics
Basics
20 1 Basics
1.6.1 Scientific
Scientific notation
5.1.SCIENTIFIC
1.6.1 NOTATION
notation

R 1.6.1 Scientific
emember that in scientinotation
xx
c notation, we express a number in the form:
aa nn

a mantissa aa
x aa n mantissa
nn exponent
exponent
a mantissa a
n exponent

Because scienti c notation expresses the number as the product of two numbers (one of which is a power of 10),
these numbers may be readily multiplied and divided. For example:

Which also gives us another important example of rounding. There is a di erence is between 4 and 4.00 because in
the latter it is implicit that we know the accuracy of the number to three signi cantis gures. Because we only know
the accuracy of the input numbers to 3 s.f., we may not state the answer to our calculation
is to a higher level of
accuracy than that; to do so wouldgenerate a false sense of security in the calculated answer.

Similarly for division:

PHAR1001
PHAR1001 Mathematics
Mathematics Tutorial
Tutorial Workbook
Workbook April
April 2014
2014

PHAR1001 Mathematics Tutorial Workbook April 2014

18
fi
fi
ff
fi
fi
Remember that when indices are added, we are performing a multiplication and when indices are subtracted we
1 Basics
are dividing.
1 BasicsIt follows that simple addition and subtraction of numbers expressed as a base and index21
is more
21
complicated:

… for addition and subtraction we may only add and subtract the mantissa of scienti c notation provided the base
and the exponent are the same:
and and

Indicate the correct answer.

Test yourself
Test yourself Indicate the correct answer.
Q21
Q21

Answer
Answer

O O O O O O O O O O

lookslooks
HINT
Hint
Hint
Without a calculator, this example looks mean, but it really is most simple. Here's how to solve it:

The two numbers are both in the range 10−3, being with mantissae of about 16 and 1.2
respectively. Simply enough,10 × 1.6 = 16 and then just put back the × 10−5. And, of course,
16 × 10−6 = 1.6 × 10−5 in standard form.

BUT there are two numbers in this range, 1.6972 × 10−5 and 1.70 × 10−5 which is correct?
Think about signi cant gures ... we started out with 3 s.f. in the rst number and 4 s.f. in the
second: This means that the maximum accuracy to which we can meaningfully state the answer
is 3 s.f. ... SO obviously whilst 1.6972 × 10−5 seems more accurate (and numerically is quite
correct) it is wrong.
PHAR1001 Mathematics
PHAR1001 Tutorial
Mathematics Workbook
Tutorial April April
Workbook 2014 2014

19
fi
fi
fi
fi
 wrong
Let us try some more …

Indicate the correct answer.

Test yourself
Q22
Indicate the correct answer.
Test yourself
Q22

Answer

O O O O O
Answer

Hint
HINT O O O O O
Only one answer is the correct accuracy from the input numbers.

Hint
Test yourself Indicate the correct answer.

Q23
Indicate the correct answer.
Test yourself
Q23

Answer

O O O O O
Answer
PHAR1001 Mathematics Tutorial Workbook April 2014
O O O O O

PHAR1001 Mathematics Tutorial Workbook April 2014

20
 1 Basics 23

Indicate the correct answer.

Test yourself
sics Q24 23

Indicate the correct answer.

st yourself
23
Q24
Indicate the correct answer.
elf Answer
24
O O O O O

1.7 Logarithms (Logs)

Answer

e O O O O O
6. LOGARITHMS (LOGS)
S o far, we have only looked at numbers which are whole powers of other numbers, for example 10 2 or e 5 and
Answer
logarithm
so on. Where the number has not been so conveniently round as a number like 100 = 10 2, then we have
Logarithms (Logs)
expressedOit in scienti O O 200 = 2 ×O10 2 where the
c notation e.g. O exponent again remains a whole number (an
There
integer).isHowever,
no simple
we way to calculate
may also a logarithm.
express numbers Rather,
as a decimal they are
exponent lookednumber
of another up from
—atables or
logarithm.
e
obtained from a calculator.
x
y
There is no simple way to calculate a logarithm. Rather, n looked up from tables or obtained from a
they are
s (Logs)
calculator. So why bother with them at all? Because we must understand what are to logarithms solve problems of
logarithm
the form y = 10 x × n , which are commonly encountered in science and we will be meeting again in Part 3.

is no simple way to calculate a logarithm. Rather, they are looked up from tables or
x
ed from a calculator. a
logarithm y a x n and
GENERAL RULES x
way to calculate a logarithm. Rather,
In the general case: they are looked up from tables or
ulator. a x x
x
y a n x

a and
x a x

x
a a x x
a and
x
EXAMPLE
PHAR1001 Mathematics
a x Tutorial Workbook April 2014
a x x
In this case say that the logarithm (to base 10) of a is x, where x is any real number. Thus we
write:

a x
PHAR1001 Mathematics Tutorial Workbook April 2014

21
R1001 Mathematics Tutorial Workbook April 2014
fi
 1 Basics

Note NOTE
The normal case is logarithms to the base 10, which are written Log10, Log or Lg. However, in
e
science we often encounter “natural” logarithms (logarithms1 to the base e) which are written Ln.
Basics

The reverse operation to a logarithm (or log) is the antilog, which is normally written Log−1 or
Note Ln−1 for logsrithms to the base 10 and e, respectively.
e e

EXAMPLE
For example:

ccuracy ACCURACY
magnitude
Logs are a special case in terms of the accuracy employed.The whole number part of the log, (2
xxxx
in the last example) provides only the magnitude of the answer, thus
precision
Log (2.xxxx) ⟶ 10 to 100; ie between 10 2 and 10 3. The decimal part (n.3010 in the last
−1

ccuracy example) provides the precision.

magnitude
Itfour
is important to understand that because the decimal part of logs provide the accuracy, you
xxxx
should always work to at least four decimal places when manipulating them.
precision

EXAMPLE
four
This is best illustrated by an example:

… a di erence of about 7,500 from a di erence of just 0.0009 in the log value.

a b a b

PHAR1001 Mathematics
a b Tutorial
a bWorkbook April 2014

PHAR1001 Mathematics Tutorial Workbook April 2014

22
ff
ff
 four

GENERAL RULES
Good news. Because logs are just indices to a common base, the rules for log mathematics are
exactly the same as for indices; when you multiply two (or more) numbers this is the same as
adding the exponents.

EXAMPLE
You are already familiar with the problem in the form:

a b a b
25
25
25
In log maths we would write:

x y x y
x
PHAR1001 Mathematics y Tutorialx Workbook
y April 2014
x y x xaa y
x a b
x y b
y b
y

and similarly:

a
a a b
a a b
b a b
b
b
x
x x y
x y x y
y x y
y

a b a b
ba b a b
a a b
xnn n x
n x n x
x n x
a
n a an
n a n
a
n a n

x
n
x x
n
n
x xn
x n
n
… which are manipulations of the index rules given in Part 1 Section 5.

EXAMPLE
Given that Lg (2) = 0.3010 evaluate Lg (8):

Hint
Hint 23
Hint
 1 Basics 27
27
1 Basics Indicate the correct answer. 27
Test yourself
Indicate the correct answer.
Q26 Indicate the correct answer.
Test yourself
Q26

Answer
Answer
O O O O O
Answer
O O O O O
O O O O O
HINT
Hint
Hint

x
0
so in the range of x10 , or 1 ≤ x < 10 … and there is only one such number provided. So all we
had to do was divideSo aall
number by 10
we had totodogetwas
the order
divideofby
magnitude!
ten to get the order of
x
So all we had to do was dividemagnitude!
by ten to get the order of
magnitude!
So all we had to do was divide by ten to get the order of
Indicate the incorrect answer.
Test yourself
Indicate the incorrect answer.
magnitude!

Q27 Indicate the incorrect answer.

Test yourself
Q27

Answer
Answer
O O O O O
Answer
O O O O O
PHAR1001 Mathematics
O Tutorial
O Workbook
O O 2014
April O
01 Mathematics Tutorial Workbook April 2014
PHAR1001 Mathematics Tutorial Workbook April 2014

24
 28 1 Basics 1 Basics

1 Basics

Indicate
answer.the correct answer.
Test yourself
yourself Indicate the correct

Q28
Indicate the correct answer.
Q28 A A e A A k t t e k t
t
A A Akt t A k t
At A t ek t Akt t A k t
At A
At A k t Akt t A k t
At A
At A k t Akt t A k t
At A
At A k t At k A k t
At A t
At A k t
At A kAnswer
t
Answer
Answer O O O O O
O O O O O
O O O O O
The last case raises that a point often occurs in science — how do I convert between logs science, namely of
di erent bases. The most common case is expressing a Log as a Ln, or vice versa. It is actually rather simple, we
just need to apply the rules: vice versa
vice versa
vice versa
CONVERTING BETWEEN LOG BASES
Say:

a
a
eb eb
a
a
eb
a
eb eb
a
eb a b e a b e

a b e b a b a
e e
b a b a
e b a
b a
HINT
Hint must must
Hint This is a very common xconversion. You must
x x learn that: x
must
x x

PHAR1001
PHAR1001 Mathematics Mathematics
Tutorial Tutorial
Workbook Workbook
April 2014 April 2014

Mathematics Tutorial Workbook April 2014

25
ff
1 Basics 29
1 Basics 29
1 Basics 29
Indicate the correct answer.
Test yourself Indicate the correct answer.
Test yourself Indicate the correct answer.
Test yourself
Q29
Q29
Q29
e
e
e

Answer
Answer
Answer
O O O O O
O O O O O
O O O O O

Indicate the correct answer.

Test yourself Indicate the correct answer.
Test yourself Indicate the correct answer.
Test yourself
Q30
Q30
Q30
e
e
e

Answer
Answer
Answer
O O O O O
O O O O O
O O O O O

Indicate the correct answer.

Test yourself Indicate the correct answer.
Test yourself Indicate the correct answer. e
Test yourself
Q31 e
Q31 e
Q31
e
e
e

Answer
Answer
Answer
O O O O O
O O O O O
O O O O O
PHAR1001 Mathematics Tutorial Workbook April 2014
PHAR1001 Mathematics Tutorial Workbook April 2014
\ PHAR1001 Mathematics Tutorial Workbook April 2014

END CONGRATULATIONS. You have reached the end of Part 1.

26
ANSWERS FOR PART 1 PUZZLES
1. D 11. A 21. B

2. B 12. D 22. C

3. B 13. C 23. C

4. A 14. C 24. E

5. C 15. A 25. C

6. C 16. C 26. C

7. D 17. E 27. A and B are both incorrect

8. C 18. E 28. D

9. D 19. B 29. D

10. E 20. B 30. B

31. A

27