**********Unit 01: *********************************

Variable References:
====================
$a=100;
$b=&$a;

Variable Scope:
====================

1) Global Scope
2) Local Scope

User defined function declaration syntax:

function functionName(Parameter list)

{
//body
}
==========================
Data Types
==========================
- PHP Supports eight primitive data types.

1) Integer:

- It is a collection of 0 to 9 digits combination value without

decimal points.
- Its range is similiar to long int data type in C.
- Its range is -2147483648 to 2147483647
- You can represent Integer number in decimal,octal and
hexadecimal format.
- If it is decimal, it is just the number. For example: 145
- If it is Octal,then number should preceeded with zero(0). For
example: 0123
- If it is hexadecimal, then number should preceeded with 0X.
For example: 0X23
- In PHP, we can test whether value is int or not by using is_int()
or is_integer()
Example:
<?php
//Integer data Type
$num=0x34;
if(is_int($num))
{
echo "Number is integer";
}
else
{
echo "Number is not integer";
}
?>

2) Floating Point Number:

- Floating point number is called as real number.

- It is a collection of 0 to 9 digits combination value with decimal
points.
- In PHP, floating point number will display value upto 15 digits decimal
places.
- Its range is 1.7E-308 to 1.7E+308
- You can represent floating point number using two different format.
I) Fractional Format : 23.45, 67.8, 143.78
II) Exponential Format: 1.3E-56, 2.3E89
- In PHP, we can test whether value is float or not by using is_float()
or is_real()
- Example:
<?php
//float data Type
$num=3.14;
if(is_float($num))
{
echo "Number is float";
}
else
{
echo "Number is not float";
}
?>

3) String:

- Collection of characters is known as String.

- We can represent string using single or double quotes.
- For example: "VJTech" or 'VJTech' both are same.
- PHP provided method is_string() to check whether given value is string
or not.
- Exmple:
<?PHP
$name="VJTech";
//echo "My class name is $name";
if(is_string($name))
{
echo "$name is String";
}
else
{
echo "$name is not String";
}
?>

4) Boolean:

- Boolean value can be either TRUE or FALSE value.

- Both values are case-insensitive.
- is_bool() method used to check whether value is boolean or not.
- Example:
<?PHP
$m=true;
if(is_bool($m))
{
echo "$m is Boolean";
}
else
{
echo "$m is not Boolean";
 }
?>
- In PHP, the following values are false:
=> The keyword false,0,0.0,empty string(""),NULL

5) Arrays:

- Array is used to store multiple values in single variable.

- In PHP,Collection of different types of values is known as Array.
- Array index should begin with 0 and end with SIZE-1.
- We can retrive the individual array elements using subscript and index
number.
- Example:
<?PHP
$p=array('a','b','c','d');
$q=array('first'=>'10','second'=>'20','third'=>'30');

echo "Value of p array 0 index = $p[0]";

echo "<br>Value of p array 1 index = $p[1]";
echo "<br>Value of p array 2 index = $p[2]";

echo "<br>Value of q array = ".$q['first'];

echo "<br>Value of q array = ".$q['second'];
echo "<br>Value of q array =".$q['third'];
?>

6) Objects:

- PHP supports OOP.

- Objects are the special instance of the class.
- Class is a collection of properties and methods.
- We can define the class using keyword 'class'.
- Once class is created then we can create no of objects.
- We can access members of the class using -> symbol.
- Example:
<?php
class Student
{
public $name=' ';
function get_stud_info($nm)
{
$this->name=$nm;
}
function disp_stud_info()
{
echo "Hello $this->name";
}
}
$s1=new Student();
$s1->get_stud_info("Dennis");
$s1->disp_stud_info();
?>

7) Resource:

- Resource is a special PHP data type.

- It is used to refer to external resources like file,images, etc.
- It is used to interact with outside the world.
- For example: Database connection function return resource which is used
to identify
that connection. That resource we use while calling query.
- One more benefits of resource is that they are garbage collected when
no longer in use.
- is_resource() function to test whether value is resource or not.
- Example:
<?php
$result=database_connect();
database_query($result);
if(is_resource($result))
{
echo "This is resource data type";
}
else
{
echo "This is not resource data type";
}
?>

8) Null:

- This data type is having only one value denoted by the keyword Null.
- The numm value represent a variable that has no value.
- A Variable considered to be null if:
I) It has been assigned constant NULL
II) It has not been set to any value.
III) It has been unset();
- is_null() function used to test whether value is null or not.
- Example:
<?php
$result=null;
if(is_null($result))
{
echo "This is null data type value";
}
else
{
echo "This is not null data type value";
}
?>

===================
Operators:
===================
- Operators are the symbol which indicate operation to be perform.
- There are three main categories of the operators
I) Unary Operators: require single operand.
II) Binary Operators: require two operands.
III) Ternary Operators: require three operands.

1) Arithmetic Operators:

I) Negation (-) : -$a;

II) Addition(+) : $a+$b
III) Substraction(-) : $a-$b
IV) Multiplication(*) : $a*$b
V) Division(/) : $a/$b
VI) Modulus(%) : $a%$b
VII) Exponentiation(**) : $a**$b

- Example:
 <?php
//Arithmetic Operators
$no1=100;
$no2=50;
$result=$no1+$no2;
echo "Addition is $result";
$result=$no1-$no2;
echo "<br>Substraction is $result";
$result=$no1*$no2;
echo "<br>Multiplication is $result";
$result=$no1/$no2;
echo "<br>Division is $result";
$result=$no1%$no2;
echo "<br>Modulus is $result";
$result=$no1**$no2;
echo "<br>Exponentiation is $result";
$result=-$no1;
echo "<br> Negation is $result";
?>

2) AutoIncrement(++) & AutoDecrement(--) Operators:

- Increment operator increase value of variable by one.

- Decrement operator decrease value of variable by one.
Example:
$a=100; $a=100; $b=100; $b=100;
$a++; ++$a; $b--; --$b;
$a=101; $a=101; $b=99; $b=99;

<?php
$a=100;
echo "Value of a before incrementation=$a";
$a++;
echo "<br>Value of a after incrementation=$a";
?>

<?php
$a=100;
echo "Value of a before decrementation=$a";
$a--;
?> echo "<br>Value of a after decrementation=$a";

3) String concatenation Operators:

- We use dot(.) operator for concatenation.

- Example:
<?php
$str1="Welcome";
$str2=$str1." Friends";
echo "Concatenated String is $str2";
?>

4) Assignment Operator:

- The symbol of assingment operator is (=).

- It is used to assign right side expression result or value to the left
side variable.
- We use assignment operators in different ways(= ,+=,-=,*=,/=,etc)
- Example:
<?php
$a=100;
$b=200;
$a+=$b;
echo "Addition = $a";
?>

5) Comparison Operator:

- PHP provides comparison operators to compare two operands.

- It return boolean value, either true or false.
I) Equal(==) : $a==$b
II) Identical(===) : $a===$b
III) Not Equal(!=,<>) : $a!=$b
IV) Not Identical(!==) : $a!==$b
V) Less than(<) : $a<$b
VI) Greater than(>) : $a>$b
VII) Less than or equal to(<=) : $a<=$b
VIII)Greater than or equal to(>=): $a>=$b
-Example:
<?php
$a=100;
$b=200;
$c=$a<$b;
echo "$a<$b = $c";
$c=$a>$b;
echo "<br>$a>$b =$c";
$c=$a<=$b;
echo "<br>$a<=$b =$c";
$c=$a>=$b;
echo "<br>$a>=$b =$c";
$c=$a==$b;
echo "<br>$a==$b =$c";
$c=$a!=$b;
echo "<br>$a!=$b =$c";
$c=$a!==$b;
echo "<br>$a!==$b =$c";
$c=$a===$b;
echo "<br>$a===$b =$c";
?>

6) Logical Operator:

I) Logical AND(&&,and) : True if both sides are true otherwise false

II) Logical OR(||,or) : False if both sides are false otherwise true
III) Logical XOR(xor) : If both sides are identical then it is false
otherwise TRUE
IV) Logical NOT (!) : Reverse the result
-Example:
<?php
$a=100;
$b=200;
$c= ($a<$b and $a<=$b);
echo "($a<$b and $a<=$b) : $c";

$c= ($a<$b or $a>=$b);

echo "<br>($a<$b or $a<=$b) : $c";

$c= ($a<$b xor $a<=$b);

echo "<br>($a<$b xor $a<=$b) : $c";
 $c= !($a<$b and $a<=$b);
echo "<br>!($a<$b and $a<=$b) : $c";
?>

7) Bitwise Operator:

I) Bitwise AND (and) : If both bits are 1 then output would be 1

otherwise 0
II) Bitwise OR(|) : If both bits are 0 then output would be 0
otherwise 1
III) Bitwise XOR (^) : If both bits are same then output would be 0
otherwise 1
IV) Bitwise NOT(~) : Change 1 to 0 or 0 to 1
V) Bitwise Left Shift(<<)
VI) Bitwise Right Shift(>>)
-Example

<?php
$a=12;
$b=13;
$c=$a and $b;
echo "Bitwise AND = $c";
$c=$a | $b;
echo "<br>Bitwise OR = $c";
$c=$a ^ $b;
echo "<br>Bitwise XOR = $c";
$c=~12;
echo "<br>Bitwise NOT = $c";
$c=14<<2;
echo "<br>Bitwise left Shift = $c";
$c=14>>2;
echo "<br>Bitwise right Shift = $c";
?>

8) Conditional Operator(?:)/Ternary Operator:

Condition?Expression-1 : Expression-2

Constants:
===========
- Constant is a variable which can not change value during the execution
of program.
- Syntax: define("ConstantVariableName",value);
- Example: define("PI",3.14);

<?php
define('PI',3.14);
$radius=2;

$area=(PI*$radius*$radius);

echo "Area of Circle is $area";

?>
====================================
Decision Making Control Statements:
====================================
1) if statement:
- Syntax:
if(condition)
{
//body of if
}
- Example-1:
<?php
$str1="VJTech";
$str2="VJTech";
if($str1==$str2)
{
echo "Both strings are equal";
}
echo "<br>End of the program!!!";
?>
-Example-2:
<?php
$age=readline("Enter your Age:");
if($age>=18)
{
echo "You are eligible for Voting!!!";
}
echo "<br>End of the program!!!";
?>
-Exmple-3:
<?php
$a=10000;
$b=2000;
$c=300;

if($a>$b && $a>$c)

{
echo "Greatest Number is $a";
}
if($b>$a && $b>$c)
{
echo "Greatest Number is $b";
}
if($c>$a && $c>$b)
{
echo "Greatest Number is $c";
}
?>
-Example-4:
<?php
$a=100;
$b=20;
$c=300;

if($a<$b && $a<$c)

{
echo "Smallest Number is $a";
}
if($b<$a && $b<$c)
{
echo "Smallest Number is $b";
}
if($c<$a && $c<$b)
{
echo "Smallest Number is $c";
 }
?>

2) if-else statement:

- if condition is true then program controller executes if body.

- if condition is false then program controller executes else body.
- Syntax:
if(condition)
{
//body of if
}
else
{
//body of else
}
- Example-1:
<?php
$x=100;
$y=500;
if($x>$y)
{
echo "Greatest Number is $x";
}
else
{
echo "Greatest Number is $y";
}
?>
- Example-2:
<?php
$no=14; if($no
%2==0)
{
echo "Number $no is EVEN!!!";
}
else
{
echo "Number $no is ODD!!!";
}
?>

3) Nested-if statement:

- One if-else within another if is known as nested if-else.

- Syntax:
if(condition)
{
if(condition)
{
//body of if
}
else
{
//body of else
}
}
else
{
//body of else
 }
- Example:
<?php
$no=-1; if($no!
=0)
{
if($no>0)
{
echo "$no is positive";
}
else
{
echo "$no is negative";
}
}
else
{
echo "0 is neither positive nor negative";
}
?>

***Switch Statement***
========================
- switch, case ,default and break are predefined keywords.
- In switch case, we compare value to multiple cases.
- Syntax:
switch(Expression)
{
case value-1 : //block of code
break;
case value-2 : //block of code
break;
case value-3 : //block of code
break;
-
-
case value-N : //block of code
break;
default: //block of code
}
- Example:
<?php
$day="xyz";
switch($day)
{
case "Mon": echo "It is Monday";
break;
case "Tues": echo "It is Tuesday";
break;
case "Wed": echo "It is Wednesday";
break;
case "Thurs": echo "It is Thursday";
break;
case "Fri": echo "It is Friday";
break;
case "Sat": echo "It is Saturday";
break;
case "Sun": echo "It is Sunday";
break;
default: echo "Invalid Day!!!";
 }
?>

======================
Loop Control Structures
======================
1) for loop
2) while loop
3) do-while loop
4) foreach loop

***for loop:

- syntax:
for(initialization;condition;increment/decrement)
{
//body of for loop
}
- Example:
<?php
for($x=1; $x<=5 ;$x++)
{
echo "<br>Value of x : $x";
}
?>
***while loop:

- syntax:
while(condition)
{
//body of while loop
}
- Example:
<?php
$x=1;
while($x<=5)
{
echo "<br>Value of x : $x";
$x++;
}
?>

***Do-while loop:

- syntax:
do
{
//body of while loop
}while(condition);
- Example:
<?php
$x=1;
do
{
echo "<br>Value of x : $x";
$x++;
}while($x<=5);
?>

***foreach loop:
- foreach loop provides an easy way to iterate over an array.
- syntax:
foreach(Array_Expression as $value)
{
//body of foreach loop
}
- Example:
<?php
$Num=array(10,20,30,40,50);
echo " Array Elements are:";
foreach($Num as $x)
{
echo "$x ";
}
?>
================
break statement
================
- when break statement is executed then program controller comes out of
loop.
- Example:
<?php for($i=1;$i<=5;$i+
+)
{
if($i==3)
{
break;
}
echo "<br>Value of i = $i";
}
?>
================
continue statement
================
- when continue statement is executed then program controller goes to
next iteration.
- Example:
<?php for($i=1;$i<=5;$i+
+)
{
if($i==3)
{
continue;
}
echo "<br>Value of i = $i";
}
?>
++++++++++++++++
Practice Program
++++++++++++++++
- Write a PHP program which acceptn five subjects marks from user and
display total and
percentage of student.
- Write a PHP program to find area of Rectangle.
- Generates following output in PHP.
*
* *
* * *
* * * *
 * * * * *
- Generates following output in PHP.
*
* *
* * *
* * * *
* * * * *
- Write a PHP program to check whether no is prime or not.
<?php
$no=readline("Enter Any Integer Number:");
$flag=0; for($i=2;$i<$no;
$i++)
{
if($no%$i==0)
{
$flag=1;
break;
}
}
if($flag==0)
{
echo "Number is prime";
}
else
{
echo "Number is not prime";
}
?>