PM SHRI KENDRIYA VIDYALAYA

KELTRON NAGAR

PHYSICS INVESTIGATORY PROJECT

(2024-2025)

A Project report on:

“TO FIND THE RESISTANCE OF A WIRE
DEPEND ON WHAT ALL FACTORS”

BY
NEHA P
CLASS: XII A
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
The successful completion of any task would be

incomplete without mentioning the names of those persons

who helped to make this possible. We take this opportunity to

express our gratitude in few words and respect to all those who

helped in the completion of this project. Principal in charge

Mr.Thomas P V for his immense encouragement that has made

this project successful.

It is our humble pleasure to acknowledge our deep sense

of gratitude to our physics teacher Mrs. Rashmi G.B (PGT

Physics) for her valuable support, constant help and guidance

at every stage, without which this project would not have come

forth. We also thank Mr. Sajeevan M (Lab Attendant) for his

valuable and selfless help.

We would also like to thank our friends and family for

encouraging us during the course of this project.

Last but not the least, I would like to thank CBSE for

giving us the opportunity to understand this project.

 INDEX
o CERTIFICATE
o ACKNOWLEDGMENT
o INTRODUCTION
o AIM OF PROJECT
o APPARTURE REQUIRED
o CIRCUIT DIAGRAM
o THEORY
o PROCEDURE
o OBSERVATION
o PRECAUTION
o SOURCE OF ERROR
o RESULT
o BILBOGRAPHY
 INTRODUCTION
Current electricity is the electricity that powers our
homes and electrical devices. Current electricity is
named for the way electrons move. they flow in one
direction- like a river current. The study of electrons of
motion like this is called electrodynamics.
Materials that conduct electricity are able to have an
electric current flowing through them. The best-known
metal for conducting wire is metal. Electric current is the
movement of electrons through a conductor wire.
Electric current refers to the number of charges which
move through the wire per second. Also, we may say that
the electric current is the flow of electrons through a
circuit of conductor.
Electricity is one of the forms of energy. It is the
flow of electrons whereas the current is the combination
of flow of charge per unit time.
RESISTANCE – Resistance is the measure of the
opposition to flow in a circuit resistance is measured in
ohms .
 AIM -
TO
FIND THE
RESISTANCE OF A
WIRE DEPEND ON
WHAT ALL
FACTORS.
 APPARATUS REQUIRED

 Resistance wire
 Voltmeter
 Ammeter
 Battery
 Rheostat
 Meter scale
 One way key
 Connecting wires
 Sand paper
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM
 THEORY
OHM’LAW
Ohm’s Law is one of the most fundamental and
widely used principles in the field of electrical
engineering and physics. It defines the relationship
between voltage (V), current (I), and resistance (R)
in an electrical circuit.
LAW STATES THAT – The potential difference
across the two ends of a metallic conductor is
directly proportional to the current flowing
through it. provided the temperature remains
constant.
One arrives at the three mathematical equations
used to describe this relationship

V=IR OR,
I=V/R OR,
R=V/I
 where I is the current through the conductor, V
is the voltage measured across the conductor and
R is the resistance of the conductor.
 R = ℓ L/A where ℓ is resistivity or sp. resistance.
=ℓ L /Πd2/4 = 4ℓl/πd2
ℓ= π D2 R/ 4L
 + R depends upon the material, temperature
and dimensions of the conductor. In Sl units,
the potential difference V is measured in volt
and the current I in ampere, the resistance R
is measured in ohm.
-(1) To establish the current-voltage relationship, it
is to be shown that the ratio V/I remains constant
for a given resistance. Therefore, a graph between
the potential difference (V) and the current (I)
must be a straight line.
-(2) The constant ratio gives unknown value of
resistance, (R).
 PROCEDURE
1. Arrange the apparatus in the same manner as given
in the arrangement diagram.

2. Clean the ends of the connecting wire with sand

paper to remove the insulations, if any.

3. Make neat, clean, and tight connections according

to the circuit diagram. While making connections ensure
that +ve marked terminals of voltmeter and ammeter
are joined towards the +ve terminal of the battery.

4. Determine the least count of voltmeter and

ammeter, and note the zero error, if any.

5. Insert the key K, slide the rheostat contact and see

that ammeter and voltmeter are working properly.

6. Adjust the sliding contact of the rheostat such that a

measurable current passes through the resistance coil or
the resistance wire.

7. Note down the value of potential difference V from

voltmeter and current I from ammeter.

8. Shift the rheostat contact slightly so that both

ammeter and voltmeter show full divisions readings and
not in fraction.

9. Record the readings of the voltmeter and ammeter.

Note. In case of battery eliminator, follow these steps:

Turn the knob at 2 V in battery eliminator and put the

constant point in rheostat at fixed position. Now record
the reading in voltmeter and ammeter.

Without disturbing the rheostat, turn the knob of battery

to different voltage, say 4, 6, 8, 10 and 12 volts and
record corresponding readings in voltmeter and
ammeter.

10. Take at least three sets of independent observations.

11. Cut the resistance wire at the points where it leaves

the terminals, stretch it and find its length by the meter
scale.

12. Record your observations.

 OBSERVATIONS

Least count = 0.01mm

Diameter of the wire=
Area= π(d/2)2

TABLE FOR LENGTH

Length - 20cm(thin)

Ammeter Voltmeter
Resistance Mean
Reading Reading
(ohm) (ohm)
(A) (V)

80 120 1.5

100 150 1.5 1.48

150 220 1.46

Ammeter Voltmeter
Resistance Mean
Reading Reading
(ohm) (ohm)
(A) (V)
100 170 1.7
120 220 1.83 1.77
150 270 1.8
Length=40 (thin)

Ammeter Voltmeter
Resistance Mean
Reading Reading
(ohm) (ohm)
(A) (V)
100 270 2.7
120 300 2.5 2.6
150 400 2.6
Length= 60 cm(thin)
From the above observation, we can conclude that as the
length of wire increases resistance also increases
 TABLE FOR AREA

Ammeter Voltmeter
Resistance Mean
Reading Reading
(ohm) (ohm)
(A) (V)
150 190 1.26
120 160 1.33 1.26
200 240 1.2
Length = 40 (thick)

Ammeter Voltmeter
Resistance Mean
Reading Reading
(ohm) (ohm)
(A) (V)
110 490 0.22
70 400 0.17 0.19
50 270 0.18
Length = 60 (thick)
From the above observation, we can conclude that as the
area of wire increases resistance decreases.
 PRECAUTIONS
1. The connections should be neat, clean, and tight.

2. Thick copper wires should be used for the

connections after removing the insulations near their
ends by rubbing with sand paper

3. Voltmeter and ammeter should be of proper range.

4. A low resistance rheostat should be used.

5. The key should be inserted only while taking

observations to avoid heating of resistance (otherwise its
resistance will increase).

6. The electric current through resistance wire should

not be very high, so as to avoid heating effect of current.

7. The switch should be open when you are not taking

readings.
 SOURCES OF ERROR

1. The Instrument Screw May Be Loose

2. Thick Connecting Wire May Not Be Available

3. Rheostat May Have High Resistance

 RESULT
RESISTANCE DEPEND ON LENGTH OF THE
WIRE.

Resistance of a conductor is directly proportional to the

length

R∝ l

-if we increase the length of the wire, its resistance also

increases.

-if we decrease the length of the wire, its resistance

decreases.

RESISTANCE DEPEND ON THE AREA OF

CROSS SECTION OF THE WIRE

-Resistance is inversely proportional to the area of cross

section of the wire.

R ∝ 1/A

-As the area of wire increases, the less is the resistance

and less is the area , and more will be the resistance.
 BIBLIOGRAPHY

• https://youtu.be/bRmMb6MH43E
• http: s//www.slideshare.net
• http: s//en.m.wikipedia.org

PROJECT DONE BY:

DHANUSREE.T
DEVAPRIYA.K
NEHA.P
ANUSREE.M