Chnpre n

Mathemutics for Physics

7. QUADRATIC EQUATION Binomidl Theorem
An algebraic equation of second ordo (highest power of (a + b), - rn q non-t6, * #on-262 + ....+ bn
the variable is equal to 2) is called a quadratic equation. The n(n- l\ "
equation a* + bx + c:0
...(r) is the general form of quadratic (l +r)n: I * nx+-ir''*+ + .... f
equation where a + 0. The general solution ofabove equation is Bi n o m i a I Ap proxi m ati o n
-br{F-4;
x:----Za- If x is very small, then terms containing higher powers of x
can be neglected so
If values ofx be r, and.x, then (l +x)' -l+nx
rl= -b+ b2 - 4ac
and xz: -b- b2 - 4ac lllustration 2
2a 2a
Evaluate (100t;trt upto six places of decimal.
Here x, and x, are called roots of equation (i). We can
easily see that .!il:i:: ijrr i:

sum ofroots : xr+ xr: -! -

(1001)1/3 = (1000 + 1)1/3 10(l + 0.001)r/3
By comparing the given equation with standard equation
and, product of roots :xfiz= n(n-l\
* (l+r)':l*nxl-iyrx"*. "

lllustration 7 I
x: 0.001 andn: 5
Find roots of equation 2* - x - 3 : 0. l0(1 + 0.001)r/3
Solution: I , (.001)'
Compare this equation with standard quadratic equation
:10
I ++J (0.001) + l- t
+
a*+bx+c=0,
wehave a:2,b:-l,c:-3. : ro[r + o.ooo33 - ]to.oooool) + .. ]
Now from : 10.003301 (Approx)
*: -brE-4*
2a' :

l'lllustration i
-l + -t)' -4(2) (- 3) The mass m of a body moving with a velocity u is
mo
2(2) given by m = --- where rro = rest mass ofbody

tr.[+24 l+5 ^lt-Y"

Vc'
= 10 kg and c: speed oflight = 3 x 108 rn/s. Find the
4 4 value of rr at v : 3 x 107 m/s.

+ x
6
or -4
x: _T
4J
=.r: T or x: _| *:*o(r-5)',
2, BINOMIAL EXPRESSION :,,[, -(:i-isll"' : ro[r -fff'/'
An algebraic expression containing two terms is called
binomial expression.
a
:ro[r-(-])(#)l
For example (a + b), (a + b)3, (2* - 3y)-1, (, . +) :10+#= 10.05kg
etc. are binomial expressions.

1.1
 Physics
In this system, I right angle : 90o, lo : 60' (arc
3, LO6ARITHM
l' = 60" (arc seconds)
minutes),
Common formuloe:
c logmn:logm + log z [B] Circular system: In this system, angle is measured in
radian.
. toe # :logm-logn
o logm": nlogm ifarc = radius then 0: I rad

. Relation between degrees and radian

log, m:2.303logrom
2nrad:360"
4. AR|THMETtC PROGRESSTON (AP) nrad:180o + f rad=S :57.3"
General form: a, a * d, a + 2d, ..., a + (n - l)d
: To convert from degree to radian multiply Uy
a
Here a first term, d = common difference I 80'
Sum of n terms S, = tt, * a* (n - l\d)
To convert from radian to degree multiply by
l!0'
: f[I"'t"r.+n6term] TE

lllustration 4
Find sum of first z natural numbers.
@
A circular arc of length r cm. Find angle subtended
Solurrsr: by it et the centre in radian and degree.

Let sumbe S, then S, : I + 2 + 3 + .... * n;

s^: tu-tnf :lrgllD.] ftCm

5. GEOMETRTCAL PROGRESSTON (GF) cth

General form: a, ar, ar2, ..., arn-| . Herc a: first term, Solution:
r: common ratio ncm
e-{-
r 6cm=lrad:3oo
6
SumofntermsS,:
"l={'
SumofotermS. = T+ (H < l) lllustration 7
lllustration 5 When a clock shows 4 o'clock, how much angle do its
minute and hour needles make?
Find I -:.;*i*... upto @.
(a) 1200 (r)
lt
rad
3
Solutian: 2n
I o I (c) rad (4 1600
Here, a: I ,'=, So. ,S- = l- r =lJ= 2 ,
l-- Solution:
2

6. TRIGONOMETRY
From diagram angle 0:4 x 30o = t O, =?
^
Angle: It is measure of change in direction. 1
12

Arc (s)
Angle (o) - Radius (r)
1

I 4

S
arc
7 5
I

0r lllustrdtion 8
o Radius The moon's distance from the earth is 360000 km and
Angels measured in anticlockwise and clockwise direction its diameter subtends an angle of 42' at the eye of the
are usually taken positive and negative respectively. observer. The diemeter of the moon in kilometers is
System of meosurement of on angle (a) 44oo (r) 1000

[Al Sexagesimal system: [n this system, angle is measured (c) 3600 (d) 8800
in degrees.

1.2

E
 Mothemotics for Physics

5oJu#on; P B
sin0= cos0=
Here angle is very small so diameter = arc length
-H -H
IH
0=42'= 42*-]- =42xLrJ-= ,ud
7n tan 0: -P cosec o:
,in o
=F
60 60 180 1800 B

IH IB
_=_
Diameter = R0: 360000 ,-l-r?=4400 km seco: coto=
tan0 P
1800 7
"o.e=J
Tri g ono meffic I de ntitie s
Trig o no m etric R ati os (T- ratio s)
In figure, F + 82: F12 Divide by H2,
Following ratios of the sides of a right angled fiangle are
known as trigonometrical ratios.
(#),. (#)' =,
o-
\$\
s + sin2e+cos20= I
.9
!c
o
o.
o
o-
Divide rr r,, (;) .r=(+)'
0
Base (B) + I + tan2 0: sec2 0

Divide by,*,7-(;i =(+)'

I + cot2 0: cosec2 0

Commonly Used Values of Functions

Angle(0) 0o 300 37" 450 530 600 900

I J I 4 f
sin 0 0
2 5 6 =) 2
I

f 4 I J I
cos 0 I
2
-
5 o 5 2
0

I 1 4 t;
tan 0 0
E 4
1
;J VJ cO

Tligonometric ratios for any angle

.6 Most Valuoble Point
90"
All sil ver Tea Cups
I I I I

quadrant ll$ quadrant

I II m IV
llnd
Sin All
00 Trigonometrical Ratios of General Angles
360' (i)
1 80" Trigonometric function of an angle 2nn + 0 where
Tan Cos n:0, l, 2,3,.... will remain same.
srn(2nn +0): sin 0
llld quadrant lVs quadrant
cos (2nn + 0) gtt g :
tar(2nn + 0): tan 0

270' (ii) Trigonometric function of an angle (U+0

2
In first quadrant, all trigonometric ratios are positive.
In second quadrant, only sin 0 and cosec 0 are positive. (a) will remains same if n is even and sign of
In third quadrant, only tan 0 and cot 0 are positive. trigonometric function will be according to
In fourth quadrant, only cos 0 and sec 0 are positive value of that function in quadrant.

-
1.3
Physics
sin(n-0):+sin0
cos(n-0)=-cose @
f ind x, y and perimeter of the triangle.
tan r-e):-tan0 5
sin 1t+ 0): - sin 0
cos lt+ 0)=-cose
tan lt+ o): + tan o
sin(2n - 0): - sin 0 v x
cos (2r - 0):+cos0
tan(2n-0):-tane
(D) will be changed into co-function if n is odd and Salution
sign of tigonometic function will be according
to value ofthat function in quadrant. / = sin 53" =!5 + !=4cm
5
sin
(1*r)=* cos 0
[2 ) and I=cos53o=3 = x=3cm
55
cos (;.,)=- sin 0 Perimeter of the triangle = x * y+ 5 :3 +4+5 : 12 cm

lllustation 77
tan (;.') = - cot 0
Find the value of:
(r) sin 30" + cos 60o (rr) sin 0o - cos 0o
sin (; -,):. cos e
(iii) tan45o -tan37o (iv) sin 3900
(r) cos 4050 (rv) tan 4200
cos (; -') =. sin 0 (ur) sin 1500 (vii} cos 120o
(rx) tan 1350 (x) sin (3300)
(xr) cos 3000 @i) sin (- 30o)
tan (; -,) =. cot 0 (xiir) cos (- 60') (xtv) tan (- 45o)
(iii) Trigonometric function of an angle -0 (negative (xv) sin (- 150)
angles) ,-:.,.:; ai:-:: * ti
sin(-0)=-sin0 (i) sin 30' + cos 60o :
1l*: =l
:22
cos(-0)=+cos0
tan(-0):-tan0 (ii) sin 0o - cos 0o : 0 - I :-l

(iil) tan 45o - tan 37" :

_31=-
l--
lllustration 9 44
The two shorter sides of right angled triangle are
5 cm and 12 cm. Let 0 denote the angle opposite to
(iv) sin 390o = sin (360" + '2 sin:0": 1
30'):
the 5 cm side. Find sin 0, cos 0 and tan 0. I
Solution:
(v) cos 405'= cos (360'+ 45o) = cos 45o: r-
,12

6S I
19 (vr) tan 420" = tan (360'+ 60o): tan
'2 60o: :
H E
t o
P r, I
(vii) sin l50o : sin (90' + ,2 cos 60" = :
60'): or sin
B

12cm I
150': sin (180'- 30"):
'2 sin 30o: :
P 5cm 5
SlnH=-=-=- :- I
(vlii) cos 120" -- cos (180' - 60") = - cos 60o
H l3cm l3 7
(rx) tan 135' : tan (180'- 45') : - tan 45" : - I
^ B l2cm 12
COSU=-=-=- I
H 13cm 13 (r) sin 330' : sin (360'- 30') : - sin 30" : -
2
^ P 5cm 5
tanU=-=-=- : I
B l2cm 12 (xi) cos 300' cos (360'- 60'),2
= cos 60o: :

1.4
 Mathematics for P hysics
Sma I I Ang le Ap p roxi m ati o n
(xii)sin (- 30') : - sin ,0" = - I If 0 is small (say < 5o) then sin 0 = 0, cos 0 r, I and tan 0 = 0
, Note: here 0 must be in radian.
I 'lllustration 73
(xiii) cos (- 60): + cos UO" :
, Find the approximete values of (r) sin 10 (ri) tan 20
(xiv) tan (- 45") : - tan 45o : -l (iO cos lo.
(rv) sin (- 150) = - sin (150'): - Solution:
sin (180o - 30")
/ n\
I (;\ '" l-sin:rn 7t"
\-/ sinlo=sinl[ loxl go'/
=-sin30o:- - 180 180
2
( n \ n Tt
(ii) tan2" =tan[2""rr0.
Ad d iti on/ Su btra ctio n F orm
Ratios
u Ia e fo r Tri g o no metri ca I
)=r*i=i
. sin(l +B):sinl cosB+cosl sinB (-^ n ) n
(iii) cosl'=cosll"xiFJ=cos- =I
o sin (l -B) = sinl cos I - cosl sinB
. cos (l + B) = cosl cos I - sinl sin B
. cos (l -B) : cos A cos B + sinl sinB Maximum and Minimum Volues of Some uselul
Some more trigonometric identities Tri g o n o metri c F u n cti o ns

tan A+B tar.

-lSsin0<1
(i) tan (A+ B\ -l3cos0<l

(ii) tanG-B)
I -
tan
tan Atan B
A-tanB
a2

'lllustratian 74
+b2 Sacos0+Dsin0S lfr
I + tan Atan B
(iii) sin 20 = 2 sin 0 cos 0
Find maximum and minimum values ofy:
(iu) cos 20 = cos2 0 - sin2 e : I -2 sin2 0 :2 cos2 0- I (0 y=2sinx (ii) Y=4-cosx
GA y=3sinx+4cosr
(v) tan 20= 2tan0^ 5c!utien:
1- tan' 0
(i) .)i.o : 2( I ) = 2 and y^,n= 2(- l) : -2
lllustration 72 (ii) y,,o : 4 - (-l) : 4+I : 5 andY.r : 4 - (l) : 3
Find the value of
(i) sin74o (ri) cos 1060
(ifi) y,o*: + 42 :5 andyro: - ,@* =-s
(ii,i) sin 15o (iv) cos 75o T.GRAPHS OF IMPORTANT FUNCTIONS
Solution: A graph is a line, shaight or curved which shows the
(i) sin 74o : sin (2 x 37'):2 sin 37 cos 37o variation of one quantity w.r.t. otheq which are interrelated.
Conventionally, in any graph, the independent variable (i.e.,
: ,(1\(!\=24
-[s./ts] cause) is represented along x-axis and dependent variable
zs (i.e., effect) is represented along y-axis. For example, we
(ii) cos 106": cos (2 x 53o;: 53o sin2 53o want to depict V: /. .R graphically in which R is a constant
"otz called resistance, V is the applied voltage (cause) and .I
/r\2 ( q\2 s-16 7 (effect) is the resulting current. We will represent voltage on
[s/ (s/ 2s
:l_l _l_l
=_=-_
2s r-axis and current ony-axis.
(iir) sin l5o: sin (45o - 30") Some important graphs for various equations
: sin 45" cos 30o - cos 45o sin 30o

116 ll.6-t Y=mx+c

- Jr^ 2 Jr" 2- 2J, Y=mx
x X
o
(iv) cos 75o: cos (45'+ 30')
: cos 45o cos 30o - sin 45o sin 30"

1.6
x-- I I Jl-r m:tan0:slopeoflinewith c : Positive intercept on
1t 2 Jz 2 zJ2
-w_
r-axis y-axis andpositive sloPe

1.5
Physics

Y=mx-c Y=-mx+c
+1 +1
c 80' 450' 1 80'
X x 450'
0
90' 27U.

-1 -1
Y=sin0 Y=cos0

sine curve cosine cul "e

Negative intercept and Positive intercept and
positive slope negative slope 8. DIFFERENTIALCALCULUS
Method of Difierentiotion
dvd
Notation: 7dxor dx. (y) is read as
X X
o^ (i) derivative of y with respect to x or
2 Y'= - kx (ii) differential coeffficient ofy with respect to x.
v kx
Derivative of a function/(-r) with respect to variable

Symmetric parabola about Symmetric parabola about x can be represented u" Olt or f'(x).
positive X-axis negative X-axis ft<f
The derivative is calculated by the following rules:
Rule 1: Power rule If n is any real number, then
d,,,
(x") = n;,.-l
-
dx
x x
o 2
x
2
=kY
x =-l(Y
lllustration 75
Differentiate:
Symmetric parabola about Symmetric parabola about
positive l-axis negative I-axis
@ r@: # @) v= 1[7
Solution:
In each case we rewrite the function as a power ofx.
:
(a) Since (x) x2, we use the power rule with
f
n: _2:
X x d
f'@):;(x-')-r. =-2x-2-l
2
Y=ax bx+c 2
2*-t 1
x-
Asymmetric parabola (a > 0) Asymmetic parabola (a < 0)

222 @ +=4<,tFt:*o''')
dx dx dx
X +l =t
2
; xQt3) -l
2 ,-1t3
xY = constant x
X J 3

x Rule 2: If c is a constant and/is a differentiable function,

o
d_- _ d
Rectangular hyperbola Circle of radius 'a' then .lcJGil=c ..lG)
dY dx

lllustration 76
x Y=e
-kx Differentiate:
(s) y:3i (b) y=-x
).5=,
2

x Solution:
aD o
@ =t?-r
Ellipse of semi-major a and Exponential curve *efl:zftet:3(4r)
semi-minor axis b dd
(b) + (-x): (- l) ; (x): - l(l): - I
tlx clx

1.6
 Mothemotics for Physics

Rule 3: Derivative of a constant is zero 4dx Al : O

,6 most Voluable Point

Rule 4: The surn/difference rule:

O Derivative of a product is not equal to product of the
derivative of two functions. Letf (x\ = x and 8(x) : l.
ddd +g(x)l: Then the power rule gives/'(x) = I and d(x) : 2x. But
. V(x)
clx ctx
=f
(x) + ;g(x)
clx
r,fd @):.f, so W)'@):31. thus Ud' *f'!
ddd
. V@) -g(x)l= =f(x)
dx - clx, cG)
clx
'tllustration 77
W
Find the derivative of y = (*+ 1) (f + 3).
Differentiationy =.J + l2lF - 4l + 10f - fu + 5 Solution:
Solution: From the product Rule with u: * + I and v: f + 3,
we fin4
4dx'a, + r2xs - 4f +lor3 - 6x+ 5;
+ l)(x3 + 3)l = (f + 1) (3./) + (f + 3) (bc)
ddd .d *rr.'
, (ro)+;(l2.rr)--
= dx' dx' dx
(4,/.)+ . (l0rr)
dx
dd(6x)+ =#:,#:T.*
Example can be done as well (perhaps better) by
.
- clx =(5)
clx
multiplying but the original expression for y and
: 8x7+ 60x4 - 16x3 + 30x2 - d + 0 differentiating the resulting polynomial. We now check:
Derivative of some other functions
y=(* + l)(f +3)
f+x3+3*+3
g1 cosx d' :r#+3*+6x.
$6inx):
dx
Q) S@osx):-sinx
(iii) fiWr*l= sec2r; This is in agreement with our first calculation.
There are times, however, when the product Rule must
(rv) S {""" r): sec x tan x be used.

(v) ft@or*):-cosec2.r; lllustratian 20

lf f(x)= xe*,findf '(x).
(vr) ft @or""r) :-cosecx cotx
* ex. I = (x+ l)e,
Oii) Syos"i: + @iii) ft{"1: "' f'(x\= xex

Differentiate:
W
y=xsinx i

(a) y=Sx*cosx (b)y=sinx-lnx Solution:

Solution: dy
=x'
d(sin.r)+sinr 4ot
dx dx ca
@) 4 :4oa* $1.o.,; dy
:.r'cosx*sinr
clx ca ae
dx
:5-sinx
(b)
dy
:4t.t,l* {q,,,y @
dx clx clx.
Ifl(x) = G g(x), where g(4) = 2 endC(4) = 3, find
: cos.r - I
-x Solutian:

Rule 5: Product rule f'(x): Jis'@).#

ddvdu
(uvl + v'- Putr:2
dx'
- dx dx
.
f'(4)= "l-lg'117]
#
The derivative of the product uv is u times the derivative
of v plus v times the derivative of u.
:2.3+_-_6.s
2

1.7
Physics
Rule 6: The quotient rule Method 2: Observe the composite function sin (x2).
s@)4u@))-r@)*w@l Start with the outermost function, here it is sin ( )
a I rol1
AL"(,)]
: dx dx derivative of sin ( ) is cos ( ). This is first step we have
lg(r)12 derivative of sin (x2) as cos (l). Now go to the inner
x2 +x-2 function I
derivative of inner function is 2x.
Ex. Lety: Now multiply the results in both steps, we get sin (x2)
x3 +6
(2x).This is our answer.
Sol.

dy @ +01ft62 +x-2)-(*2 +x-21frQ +s1

d r-------:
dx (x3 +6)2 ({tan Jx)
dx
-*a -2*3 +6x2 +l2x+6 Solution:
(x3 +6)2 Observe the composite function (tan(xtn))tn.
Step 1: Note that ( ;ttz ir the outermost function on
.6 wtost Voluable Point I
differentiation we set ( \-rt2
O Don't use the quotient rule every time you see a quotient. | .

Sometimes it's easier to rewirte a quotient first to put it in Step 2: tan ( ) is the net function derivative of which
a form that is simpler for the purpose of differentiation. is sec2 (
).
For instance, although it is possible to differentiate the
function Step 3: xll2 is the innermost function derivative ofxl/2 is
I
5X + 2J; *_vz.
r(x) 2
x
Multiplying the answer in three steps we get
using the quotient rule, it is much easier to perform the I t-.- I
division fust and write the function as
;
(tan tJrll-ttz 1sec2 J ai(*)-'''
F(x):3* + 2)c-tt2 before differentiating.
which after simplification gives us
r..'Ji
Rule 7: Chain rule 4 x tan.6
Composite functions: Take a function y : sin (l), it
is made of f (x): sin x and CG) : *. ft can be written as Higher order derivatives
y = f
l(x)).Such functions are composite functions. Other If we differentiate the functiony:/(x) we write the derivative
examples of composite functions ,-\ are: dv
(D 1Gin r (ii) cos (* - *) (,,, h I I I ut * orf'(x).
\r/ If we differentiate the derivative f '(x) agan, we may
To differentiate composite functions we use a short cut called represent - **(*) =
# or f"(x).
chain rule.
Higher order derivatives similarly can be written as
@ dv
_ / dv
_/ ^- rnt \'
vLJ /--)r j:n,,(X)...
6f ;6n""
etC.

ft{,i,t"\) lllustration 25
Solution: fif (x) =.r cosr, find/" (x).
dt
Method 1: Put /=l 2x Solutian:
& Using the Product Rule, we have
dy
Now y=sin(t')=sin, cos , dd
dt f' (x):x -;(cosr)
clx
+ cos x, (x)=-x sinx* cosx
ctx
dy
But we need to find To find/" (x) we differentiatef' (x):
dx
d
dv= ( av\( at\ (cosr)(2x) f" (x):;clx (-r sinx + cosr)
-* li )lA):
Putting r:l :-x ddd. (sinr)+ sinr -;(-x)+ ;(cosx)
dv clx dx dx
= (cosx") (L\) : -x cos r - sin x - sinr : -, cos r - 2 sinx
fi

1.E
 == Mathematics for physics
INTEXT EXERCISE: 7
d( d( x )
1. _t
&[ x- +) " ala)
I
(a) I +
7 (b) r-+ (") 2x2 l- x2

(c) o
x'
-l -=
(A x'+
U;W
(b)
Gf
I

d( I )
x- (c)
G (d) None of these

'alF) 7.
!cno x)
dx'
(o\ Lx-7ta (a) 4 sin3x (D) 4 sin3x cosx
@)
4 +*-'o' (c) - 4 sin 3x cos x (d) None of these

k) i *''o @ j*-./a t. ft<nO+,'))

I 2x
,. !(x3lnx)
dx
(a)
*+12
(b) -------=
l+ x"
(a) *+3x2lnx (b) 3x x
2

(c) xlnx + * (d) None of these (c) (d) None of these

x+x-1
t. LGx + s\a d
dx' 9. (e.io(2r) I
dx
(a) 8(3x + 5)3 (b) t2(3x+5)3 (b) 2 cos(2$eh{x)
@) 6a<u1
(c) 4(3x + 5)3 (d) 3x+ 5)2 (c) cos(2r)eio(z') (d) None of these
d r-.
5. d
;(r/tanx) rl
-dx rfi-rirf
10.
sec2,
(a\ (D) Jtan.r sec2 x cos -r sin 2x
2Jtanx (a) --- (b)
- {l + sin'x {l + sin2 x
2Jtanx
(c) -----;- (d) None of these sin x cos x
cos-.r (c) -'- (d) None of these
{l + sin'x
Answer Key
r. (a) 2. (O 3. (a) 4. (b) s. (a) 6.(b) 7. (b) 8. (b) e. (b) 10. (c)

Applicotion of Derivatives
Lx
1. Instantaneous rate ofchange average Lt
Let us take an example (b) 2 sec and 2.1 sec
An object, sliding along horizontal plane, is Sol. For /: 2.1 sec, we have Ar: 0.1 sec
found to have its position at any instant given by
: + l, where r is in meters and r is in seconds. x:3(2.1)2 + l:14.23 m
x 3tz
and Ax = 1.23 m
Compute its average velocity in the time interval
between avemge Lt
(a) 2 sec and 3 sec
sol. For t=2sx=3Q)2 + l: 13 m. (c) 2 sec and 2.001 sec,
For / = 3 sec, we have Ar: I sec Sol. For t = 2.001 sec, we have Ar: 0.001 sec
x:3(3)2+l:28m x: 3(2.001)2+ I : 13.012003 m
and Lx:28 m- 13 m: 15 m and Ax:0.012003 m

1.9
Physics

: ,rrur"of change of 'y' with respect to 'x'

Thus vu,","g"
*
:0.012003 rn/0.001 sec In general,
fl
lllustration 26
= 12.003 ms-r
(d) 2 secand 2.00001 sec. The area I of a circle is related to its diameter by the
Sol. You may veriff that for t = 2.00001 sec It-
equation n=
vo,r: 12.00003 ms-l O,
(e) Also find the instantaneous velocity at 2 sec. How fast is the area changing with respect to the
Sol. We note then that as At becomes smaller the velocity diameter when the diameter is 10 m?
approaches the value of 12 ms-I. We may thus expect '',,' ,].,.
that this is the instantaneous velocity at sec. t:2 The (instantaneous) rate of change of the area with
We could do this process algebraically and save time' to respect to the diameter is
find the instantaneous velocity at time /, we first find average
velocity in a time interval (t, t + Lt) and then make the interval
At infinitesimal to get the result. #rnr: #rr'r=!o{zD=$
Ar _ [3(r+ tt:X:Et:t) When D: l0 m, the area is changing atrate (rl2)10
'average
v- : 5n m2lm. This means that a small change AD m in the
Lt (t + Lt)-t
diameter would result in a change of about 5nAD m2 in
:6t+ Lt the area of the circle.
Now we can get instantaneous velocity at time 'l' by
making A, -+ 0 in the expression of average velocity. lllustration 27
We can write this step aq: A 6 ft tall man is walking towards a 15 ft tall lamp
M post with a constant speed of 5 fl/s. Find the rate of
v: Ar-+O
Lim
A,=9
dt
=e, which the length of his shadow is changing.

when we set t:2 sec, then we obtain v : 12 mrl Solution:

In other words, the instantaneous velocity v equals the
limiting value of the rano LxlLt as A/ approaches zero but it
will mean Ax also becoming
can not be zero as A/ being zero
zero and velocity becoming undefined. L = 15 ft

-. Ar H=6ft
'= ,Bo a, "'(')

In calculus notation, this limit is called the derivative of r 1- y {_x-}

/=----+
with respect to t,wifien dxldt. t
Shadow

lim
* =q x is the distance of man from lamp post
'= N-ro Lt dt
+dt : - 5 ff/s (x is decreasing)
so we learn that when we calculate 4dt', *" get the
y is the length of the shadow at the instant.

insthntaneous rate of change of x with respect to r which we

also call intantaneous velocity. +dt : rate ofchange oflengthofshadow
Similarly we can take some more such examples
using similar triangles
(i\ a : adv this means acceleration 'a' is rate of H_ y
dt
change of velocity 'v'with respect to time 'r'. L y+x
(ii) F = *tmeans force 'P is rate of change of
(u\
ff Ir- a ).
momentum ?' with respect to time 'r'.

: dV dv(u)a,
:
__!_ | l-
this means power 'P' is rate of
(iil) Power
cil dt lt-n )at
=
change of work 'W'witbrespect to time 'r'. -

: do -9*snyr: -19ru.
7 *. 99
(iv') I means current '1 is rate of flow of
-ve sign means the length of shadow is decreasing
charge 'q' with respect to time 'r'.

1.10
 M othe m atics fo r Physics
lllustrotion 28 A
A hot air balloon rising straight up from a level field is V
tracked by a range finder 500 ft from the lift-off point.
At the moment the range finderos elevation angle is v
nl4,the angle is increasing at the rate of 0.14 rad/min. u
How fast is the balloon rising at the moment? o x

dx dv
de - uandv
re have tofind
Given, :0.l4radlminwhen0:n/4 dt fi
dt
dY
: dx
To find: dyldt when9 = rl4.
dt -xydt :-cotou
v
Substituting 0 : 30o and z: 5 r/s
s00
dY
dt
= -s..6rus

/ min
S =o.ro rad
C If the the quantity y is increasing v,ri1fo insrcasing x tlien
when0=a d,
4 the rate to change is nositive
v
dy ff
dt
O If the the quantity y is decreasing with increasing x
when0=a
0
4 then the rate to chang !t* *negative.
Rangefinder
500 feet
"
Differentiate with respect to /
2. GEOMETRICAL INTERPRETATION OF DERIVATIVE
4L =roor"",e do Let a function y:f (x) be plotted as shown in figure. Average
dt --- --- - dt rate ofchange ln ), w.r.t. x in interval fxp xr)
v
Substitute 0: n/4 and dilldt = 0.14
dy
soo(,[zY (0.14): (looo) (0.14)
dt =
(xz' yz)

: r4o ) ('..f; :,t

Ay
At the moment in question, the balloon is rising at the
rate of 140 ft./min. (xr

A Ax
lllustrotion 29
x
A ladder l,B is inclined against the wall and floor as
shown. The end,B is puled rightward with constant
Average t"" ot"nl'tu*rr,
Lv -
speed n = 5 m./s. Find the velocity of end I when - vz vr
0 = 30o. changeinx Ax- xz-xt
nl
t\ = slope of chord AB.

1x*
Instantaneous rate ofchange: It is defined as the rate of
change in y with x at a particular value of x. It is measured
graphically by the slope of the tangent drawn to they-r graph
at the point (x, y) and algebraically by the first derivative of
lr-r-r-r-r= functiony:
B
$olufrn*;
Assume that at any instant when angle is 0 the position
of A and B from the corner O is y and x respectively.
Nowx2+f:P (x, v)
Differentiating with respect to time
d (constant)
z*4+zr4:o
dt dt dt
=o
x

1.11
Physics

g": av <
Instantaneous rate ofchan if 0 for x = x^o then./(x) has a maxima at x: xo
* -dx'
: slope of tangent: tanO
lllustrotion 37
Moxima/minimo
A sheet of area 40 m2 in used to make an open tank
Consider point ,{ in graph-l and its slope is zero, and you
with square base. Find the dimensions of the base
can also note that value ofy, is larger than its neighbouring
such that volume of this tank is maximum.
points.
v
A
Yn
Let length of base be x m and height be y m.
Graph 1

v
x
xA
x
Note: If slope of a line at x : a is zero it means the tangent
at x: a is parallel to r-axis. V= x2y
Consider point B in graph-2 its slope is zero, and you can again .r and y
are related to surface area of this tank
also note that value of y, is smaller than its neighbouring which is equal to 40 m2.
points.
:+ x2 + 4xy= 49
v
40- x2
v 4x
Graph 2
Ye

x ,(+o-r'\
a'[
xB
= v(x)=
* J
This can be understood simply by thinking trat when $
(4ox- x3)
is positive,y increases and when {ca i. n.g"tin"y d".r""fr, v@)-
4
dv
hence at * :0, it has stopped increasing and it starting to maximizing volume,
dx
dv
decrease (in graph l) thus u, :0, y has maximum value. (40 -3x2) =0
; v'(x):
4
Similar explanation should be given for graph 2.
dv @
Thus when *clx = 0, they will either have maximum or = ': r/T m

minimum value compared to its neighbouring points. by second derivative test,

Second Derivotive Test

If for a tunctiony :f 4
(x),'dx : Oat some r = x.o then
v,,(x1: -!2 + ''['e) "
dzv> 0 at, = ,,ff
if -+
dxt
for x = x^ then/(x) o
has a minima at x: xo confirming that volume is maximum m.

INTEXT EXERCISE:2
1. A paticle moves along a straight line such that at time 2. A particle moves in a straight line, according to the law
t its displacement from a fixed point O on the line is
*: +o(,+ [a]l where x is its position in
\, /,1 ,
2. The velocity of the particle when t = 2 is:. a sin
3P - \.
(a) rnls-r
8 (D) 4 m/s-t
meters, I in sec, a is some constant, then the velocity is
(c) 12 rnlrt (A 0 zero at

1.12
 Mathemotics for Physics
v=4aznm
(a) (D) r=ns 6. A girl flies a kite at a height of 300 ft; the wind carrying
(c) r: 0 s (d) None the kite horizontally away from her at a rate of l0 ff/
sec. How fast must she let out the sting when the kite
3. A man 2 m high walks at a uniform speed is 500 ft away fromher.
5 m/hour away from a lamp post 6 meterhigh. The rate
at which the length of his shadow increases is
(a) 4ftls (D) 8ff/s
(c) 5 ff/s (d) 10 ft/s
(a) 5 mh fal lz rn 7. The two parts of 100 for which the sum of double of
first and square of second part is minimum, are

5 5
(a) 50,50 (D) 99, I
(") @o (c) 98, 2 (A
,.r, mnl
8.
None of these
The perimeter of a sector isp. The area of tle sector is
4. A ladder 5 m in length is resting against vertical wall. maximum when its radius is
The bottom ofthe ladder is pulled along the ground
away from the wall at the rate of 1.5 m/sec. The height
of the highest point of the ladder when the foot of the
@)Ji @)+
,lP
ladder 4 m away from the wall decreases at the rate of
(a) 2mlsec (D) 3 m/sec
@4
2 @1
"4
(c) 2.5 m/sec (d) 1.5 m/sec 9. A rectangle has a perimeter 20 m. the length of the
side of the rectangle when the length of the diagonal is
5. If the volume of a spherical balloon is increasing at the
minimum.
rate of 900 cm3/sec, then the rate of change of radius of
balloon at instant when radius is 15 cm
(a)s (b) 4
22
(c)3 (O7
[in crnlsec] ( 7
10. A right tiangle has base 6 cm and height 8 cm. A
rectangle is inscribed inside the niangle with one of
the sides along the base of the triangle. If the length of
@)* (b) 22
the sides for which the area of rectangle is maximum
area and D. then a + D is
22
(c) (d) s
T None of these (a) (b) 't
(c) l0 (O 6

1. (c) 2. (a) 3. (b\ a. @) s. (a) 6.(b) 7. (b) 8. (d) e. (a) 10. (D)

9. INDEFINITE INTEGRATION The constant C is the constant ofintegration or arbitrary

A function F(x) is called an antiderivative or simply an constant, Equation (l) is read, "The indefinite integral of/
integral of a function/(x) if differentiation ofF(x) gives us/ with respect to x is F(x) * C." When we find F(x) + C, we say
(x). F'(r): f (x) that we have integratedf and evaluated the integral.
The set of all antiderivatives of/is the indefinite integral
lllustration i2
of/with respect to x, denoted AV
t
If @) dx .

The symbol
J is an integral sign. The function/is the Evaluate
I 2x dx.
integrand of the integral andx is the variable of integration. Solution:
For example/(x) = x3 then/'(x):3x2
So the integral of 3x2 is t' ./ u, antiderivative of 2s
Similarly iff ($= f + 4thenf'(x):)72 Jlz*a*:x2-+c--'\the arbitrary constant
So the integral of 3x2 is x3 + 4 The formula f + C generates all the antiderivatives
In general integral of 3l is.t' * c where c is a constant. of the function ?sc. The function f + l, xz - n, and,
If F is one of antiderivatives of the functionl the other * + O are all antiderivatives of the function 2r, as you
antiderivatives of f differ from F by a constant. We indicate can check by differentiation.
this in integral notation in the following way: Many of the indefinite integrals needed in scientific
I f <*> dx = F (x) + c. ...(, work are found by reversing derivative formulas.

1.'l 3
 Physics
lntegral Formulos Method of integration
Rule 1: if k is a constant, then

I,,ro* : rl ru>a,
Indefinite Integral
Reversed derivative formula
n+l lllustration 34
1. Jl*' d* =xn+l:+C ;n *- l,n rational Find the integral

d (t_,n+t
[ 5.".xtanx dx = 5 J[
J - --- -' ----
t.., tanxdx Rule 1

n
-L : 5 (sec x + C,) Formula 6
dx [z+l
*=x+ C (special case)
: ; ::: ::L';is some constant
I ar=[,
Rure2, I Ut*l t g(x)dx): I fAWt I s@)ax
lot
dx
=, lllustrotion 35

2. J sin xdx=-cosx+C Evaluate !<*' - sin x) dr

4(-.orx) =sinx
dx' t@' -sin x) dx
f. cos x dx =sinx + C
: I*'dx-lsnxdx
J
d.. :
; (stn x) = cos x + (-cosx)+c

+. J sec2 xd.x=tanx+C .6 tvlost Valuoble Point

Lr*x =sec2x O In general the integral of a product of two functions

dx
I f f*l' s@) dx is not equal to the product of integrals
s. xdx=-cotx+C
Jcosec2
d
lff*>ax't s@dx. similarly no general formula

fr(- "ot r) = cosec2 x exists forintegrating I #*

O. J sec xtanxdx=secx+C
d Rule 3: integration bY Parts
=secxtanx
-secx
dx

7 cosecxcotxdx :- cosec x + C
!(ro s(x))dx
J
d
dx
(- cosec x) : cosec r cot x : r(x) I rgt,lr *-l(*tt(r))J(s(x)) *)*
8.
I "' e=e'+C (i) when you find integral J S(r) d.x then it will not

*G')
dx
=
"'
contain arbitrary constant.
(r, the choice off (x)and g(r) is decided by ILAIE rule.
lllustration 33 the function will come later in sequence is taken as
integral function g(x).
I
Find the integral I E dx I -> Inverse function
L -+ Logarithmic function
A-+ Algebraic function
I
dx: x-1t2 dx:2*u2 ag=2.ti+C
J
G ! T -+ Trigonometric function

Formulalwithn:-ll2
E -> Exponential function

1.14

t
 M athe matics fo r P hysi cs
lllustration 36 (* j!)"*t *c
Evaluate dx
!{**b)'dx -
[xe.
+ b)
J sin (ax + b) dx - -cos(ax *,
a
Exponential comes later in ILAIE and hence it will be
sin(ax+b)
taken as the function which is integrated twice (g(x)) J cos(ax +b)dx - *a
a
I
!xe'dx = *!,'r--l(*r,t(j,, ,l)* JI ax+b dr_h(**b)*C
a
u+b
= xe' - I t."- a* I e**bdx=e a
+C
=xd-d+C These can be derived by using @c +b : y.
Rule 4: Method of substitution
lllustrdtion 37
Let take am example
2z dz
Evaluate
J
d ,. :
x2 sin (*t) a* Evaluate J
W
Notice 3x2, andl is present in the integrand Solution:
fi(x")
multiplied to'dx'. Substituteu=*+l
Step 1: Lety: ,t j 2z dz
iu
du
U3
llz2 +t
4:r,,
dx
213

dY: 3xz dx
I ,-''3du:u
2t3
+c

step 2: J x2 sin (*t)a*: ,r(+) *c :ie2 +t)2t3 +c

J sin |u'B
lllustration 38
]Jri, ydy =-"o-t'*c
J
Step 3: Substitute y : x3 back into the final expression.
rind
I a!6*z
Solution:
Hence, x2 sin (r') d* = -
tot{"' * a u:l-?s
J
We make the substitution in order to
Note we cannot apply this method if simpliS the integrand to *.
we change the
sin (x3 )
integrand to ---#. Recall that the integral to
I witn respect to u is the
x'
natural logarithm of z,lnlrl. with u=l-?s, and
Let us look at same more examples and suggested
du __-,L
substitutions ca
-_4 rt follows that du : (*)* =_ Zdx
ol ! L*at+5)= 5r+use.r5 +5 =y
fua. rhe integrar becomes
I *tL*):-* I **
(ii) J cosa x sin r d- x) : cos x use sin x :y =-tnluft c
*(sin
:-|r" lr-bl+c
oiil !Q"td,, *r^r=f u," tnx:y
10. DEFINITE INTEGRATION
Note that the derivative of a part of expression to be eb
integrated is also present in the expression and is in multiplied
I f @) dr is known as a definite integral. b is called the
form with dr. "
Some more useful results: upper limit and a the lower.

1.15
 Physics
To evaluate the value of the definite integral we use the
rc>dx gives the under the curvey =/(x) between
following result: I'"
ob
: F(b) - F(a) x: a arrd x: b as shown in the diagram.
), "f {*) dx
lllustration 40
where -F(.r) is the anti derivative of f (x)'
Find the area under the curve y = i + I as shown
lllustration 39 below:
Evaluate

ot ['z, x'z ax (r) i; sin x dx

(a) x=0 x=2

J.ridr:1+C
Ii2r-r,
(2)r (l)3 7 Solutian:
Jr a1_\

3 3
[l@2 +l)dx
3
Therequired ur"u:
(b1
J sin x dx :- cos.r * C

:
J, tt, x dx [- cos (n)] - [ cos (0)] : 2
)3
1-+2
Definite integration as area under curve.
3
)-[+.,)
: t4
y = f(x) sQ. units
;
a b

t. lJiax (b)
- 2x cos 2x + stn2x
+c
4
I ? x3l2 +c
(a) -----= -lc (b)
3
(c)
-.rcos 2x-sin2x +c
2
2
(c) -'-- *c (d) None of these (d) None of these
3r/x'
edx
, ti$* 5. t_
lxlnx
I 3 (a) ln(ln x) + c (b) ln2x+ c
(a) (b)
4 4 (c) h*x + c (d) None of these

(c)
-l (d) 0 a. lan x ax
2
erl4 (a) - ln cos.r + c (D) lnsinr+c
3. Jo sec" x dx
(d) None of these
(c) sec2.r + c
I
@) Ji (b)
, e
x
7. dx
J e' +l
(c) I (o0
(a) ln(d + l)+c (b) lnd+c
o. t*sin2xdx
I
x cos 2x + sin 2x (c) c (d) None of these
(a)
2 ",
u+

1.16

L -+c
 M othemotics for Physics
rl dx 15
8. l.----.-----:
Jol+ (c) ;+ sq. units (d) None of these
x'
It 10. The velocity of the particle is given as v : (6t - 3P)
(a) x (b)
, m/s. The total distance covered by the particle during
fi
(") q
(d) None of these the first 3 seconds from the beginning of motion

9. The area bound by the curvey : x3 + l, x axis, r : 1 and

0=0)
.r:2 is
(a) 4m (b) 8m
(c) 0m (d) None of these
(a)
719
sq. units (b) sq. units
a ;

r. (b) 2. (b) 3. (c) 4. (b) 5. (c) 6.(a) 7. (a) 8. (.) e. (b) 10. (r)

77. VECTORS (iii) We draw a line of length equal in magnitude and in the
7. lntroduction
direction of vector to the chosen quantity.
(iv) We put arrow in the direction of vector.
Scalars: Physical quantities which can be completely
described by a numerical value with unit are known as AB
scalars. e.g., mass, temperature, density, charge, etc.
Vectors: Physical quantities which have magnitude and
Magnitude of vector: llB | : 5 N
N
direction, and also follow laws of vector algebra are known B
as vectors e.g., force, velocity, etc.
Head

.6 fflost Valuable Point W E

O A physical quantity having direction may not be a

vector. To be a vector, it must follow the vector law of Tail
addition and the commutative law of addition as well. s
e.g.,Electic current is a scalar, for, it does not follow By definition magnitude of a vector quantlty is scalar and
the law of vector addition. Angular displacement Ae(Ae is always positive.
* 0) is scalar but d0(A0 -+ 0) is vector because d0 follow
the cummutative law of addition but A0 does not follow 3, Terminology lor vectors
the same. Parallel vector: If two vectors have same direction, they are
parallel to each other. They may be located anywhere in
2, Representotion of vector the space.

A representation of vector will be complete if it gives us

a
direction and magnitude.
b
Symbolic form: i,a,F,S used to separate a vector
Antiparallel vectors: When two vectors are in opposite
quantity from scalar quantities (u, i, m).
direction they are said to be antiparallel vectors.
Graphical form: A vector is represented by a directed Equality of vectors: When two vectors have equal

4
shaight line, having the magnitude and direction of the magnitude and are in same direction and
quantity represented by it. e.g., if we want to represent a
represent the same quantity, they are equal.
force of5 N acting 45'N ofE
(t) We choose direction co-ordinates. i.e., d =6 ./6
(ii) We choose a convenient scale like 1 cm: I N. Thus when two parallel vectors have same magnitude
they are equal. (Their initial point & terminal point may not
be same)

W E Negative of a vector: When a vector have

equal magnitude and is in opposite direction,
S it is said to be negative vector of the former.
*
1.17
Physics

5=-d fi12 (x= 1t2)

i.e., d=-E or A

Thus when two antiparallel vectors have same magrritude

Collinear or parallel vectors: The vectors which act
they are negative of each other. along the same line or along a parallel line are called collinear
-}
, then d-i
Zero vector: When d.=6
a,
0 vectors.
->
(zero vector). It is a vector with zero magrritude and undefined
f
direction. + A
B B
Unit vector: A unit vector is a vector of magnitude of l,
with no units. Its only purpose is to point, i.e., to describe a
-----4 -----------|
(a) Like or parallel vectors.

direction in space. +
A unit vector in direction ofvector ,4 is represented as -+ A

) 4--
B A
{-
and
^7
A:_ (b) Unlike or antiparallel vectors.
B

lAl
or ,4 can be expressed in terms of a unit vector in its direction
Note: If i afi,E be t''ro collinear vectors, then there exists

)=1i;) a scalar & sucn that E = lrl , th" absolute value of & being the
,.".,
ratio of the length of the two collinear vectors.
Unit Vectors along three coordinates axes:
Coplanar and concurrent vectors: Vectors originating
unit vector along x-axis isi from same point are as concrurent vectors.
unit vector alongy-axis is j T"*"
B

unit vector along z-axis is k

v

I
k

z
Vector lying in same plane are called coplanar vectors. In
Multiptication of a vector by a scalar: When a vector is figure, i,E andd are coplanarand concurrentvectors.
multiplied by a scalar 1", we get a new vector which is )' times
the vector i i.".,l'7. fne direction of resulting vector is 4. LAWS OF ADDITION AND SUBTRACTION
that of 7 . OF VECTORS
If l" has negative value, then we get a vector whose Ttiangle rule of addition: Steps for adding two vectors
direction is opposite of 7 . tne unit of resulting vector is the representing same physical quantity:

multiplied units of t' i.

For example, when mass is
and, (i) Keep vectors such that tail of one vector coincides
momentum. The unit of with head of other.

,1
multiplied with velocity, we get
D
momentum is obtained by multiplying units of mass and
velocity. c
A A
rr---Fts
AB
J + -----------+
2A (x= 2) -24 (L=-21 (il) Join tail of first to head of the other by a line with
arrow at head ofthe second.
Similarly, we can have vector 7 Airid"a by a scalar 1,. + D
AD
7
The resulting vector becomes
1. A
B
l- This new vector is the sum of two vectors. (also called
The magnitude of the new vector becomes that of ,{ resultant)
1
and direction is same as that of ; . 7E+6=fr
1.18
 Mathematics for Physics
lllustration 47
A boy moves 4 m south and then 5 m in direction
37o E of N. Find resultant displacement. R 6
N D

W E4m 5m
A
angle between i. and E is r - 0
srnu: RBI
S
Solution: E=ZE:T
D represents the required displacement from the
:+ 0:30'
angle between A and B is 150".
diagram =
D:lmtowardseast. Polygon Law of addition: This law is used for adding
more than two vectors. This is extension of triangle law of
Subtraction of vectors: Let say we want to obtain d - 6' addition. We keep on arranging vectors such that tail of next
vector lies on head of former.
a-6: a+(6\ When we connect the tail of fust vector to head of last we
So d -6 can be understood as the addition of d and - 6' get resultant ofall the vectors.

6l ,l \
€
a a

W -
F
Z
d and 6 are two unit vectors such that their sum ./b
is also a unit vector. find the magnitude of their
difference. --_.:::_ a
a
Solution:
c .d fnost Vatuobte Point
-b O The order in which the vectors are added does not matter.
addition is associative.
a-6 A

b
Ex. P: (@+b+q+b: ((e+a) +b+a

o a+b
B
WABCDE is a pentagon. Prove that the resultant of the
Clearly OA: AB : AC: OB : I unit
By $rthagoras theorem vectors 7E ,78 ,Ee , DC , ED and 7Z is.
OC: BC2 -oB2 : Jl Solution:

lllustration 43
c
The resultant of two velocity vectors E 7 ana is
perpendicul* to A. Magnitude of Resultant i is A
equal to half magnitude of E . Find the angle between Let R be the resultant force

Z ana Et R-- 7E +E +Ee +De +ED +7e

Solutian:
R -- (m +Ee) + (E +ED +DO +Ve
Since i is perpendicular to ). Figure shows the three
vectorsABandR. -- 7e +7e +7e : 37e .Hence proved.

1.19
Physics

,d rfiost Valuoble Point la +6 fi, : I a -b I when e : 180"

C If a number a vectors kept in the same sense (head to lntriangle OBD

tail) form a closed polygon, their resultant will be zero.
tanct=
BD Dsin0
c OD
-=- 4+bcos0
a

6 Thus a = tan-r [ ' :tn ' =-l *r,".. cr is the angle made
la+bcos0l
by the resultant vector with d
e

I lllustration 45
d+6+d+d+a+j:o Ttvo vectors of 10 units and 5 units make an angle of
1200 with each other. Find the magnitude and angle
PARALLELOGRAM LAW OF VECTOR ADDITION of resultant with vector of 10 unit magnitude.
If two vectors are represented by the two sides of a Solution:
parallelogram with same initial point, then their resultant 'o2 +b2
@+bl: +2abcos}
1.e., sum is represented by that diagonal ofthe parallelogram
whose initial point coincide with the initial point of the 00+25 +2xl0x5(-ll2)
vectors.
c a B : jrrs-so : Jts=sJi
5 sin 120" 5'.6
a+ tiil] u =
b
d l0 + 5 cos l20o 20-5
,
.A 5.6 I
a 5x3 E
MAGNITUDE AND DIRECTION OF THE cr : 30o
RESULTANT VECTOR
lllustrdtion 46
Consider the figure below Suppose magnitude of the d is a

and that of 5 is b. The angle between the d and ttre 5 is g. A vector ) and E make angles of 20o and 110o
respectively with the X-axis. The magnitudes of these
In right angle triangle ABD, BD: D sin 0 and AD: D cos 0.
vectors are 5 m and 12 m respectively. Find their
In riCht angle triangle ODB resultant vector.
OD : a* 6 cos 0 and BD : D sin 0
Angle between the 7 and E : I 10'- 20o : 90o
oB= OD2 + BD2
n= A2 + Bz +2AB cos90o = 52 +122 =l3m
(a + 6 cos 0)2 + (b sin 0)2

a2 +b2 +2abcos0 R

B
B

d+6." 6
A

C[ e J
Let angle of .R from 7 i. o
=--
D B sin? l2 sin 90'
tano: A+B,,,sd:5112.**
Thus the magnitude of d + 6 i.e.,
_ t2xl _12
p+61: a2 +bz +2abcos0
5+12x0- 5
I2
orc: tan -t ( )
X-axis.
T) with vector or (u + 20') with
ld+81,,*:a+bwhen0:0o

1.20
 M athe m ati cs for P hysics
Subtroction of two vectors
l- E isequal to addition of 7 with reverse of E
W
TWo non zero vectors i and.E are such tn* l) +E I

I
!e = l;-E 1. rina angte between A ana E?

900- 0 Solution:
+
A- Method 1: If the lengh of the to diagonal vectors d + 6
B I : l@), + (B)2 + 2AB cos(180" and d - 6 ur" equal, this means the parallelogram
lA - - 9;1ttz
formed by the vectors d afi 6 must be a rectangle. and
li- El = + -2ABcos? therefore angle between d and 5 must a" t.
,6 fqost Valuoble Point Method z: l)+ El = lA- El
O In a parallelogram formed by vectors d and 6 the + A2 + 82 +2AB cos0 = A2 + 82 -2AB cos0

diagonal between the vectors is d+6' and the other = 4l,Bcos0:0 + cos0:0

diagonal is d -i
+ O:+
INTEXT EXERCISE:4
1. The magnitude of a given vector with end points 6. From figure the correct relation is
(4,4,0) and (-2, -2, 0) must be +
c N
(a)6 (b) sJ6
@) a @ 2Jto J
D
+
B

2. The magnitude of the resultant of two equal vectors

is equal to the magnitude of either vector. What is the M + P
angle between the two vectors? E

(a) 60" (b) 90"

(c) 120" (d) 150" @) 7+E +E =6 tal e -D = -7
3. What happens if a vector is multiplied by a number -2? @) E +E -e =-D (4 All of the above
(a) the magnitude of the vector is doubled but its
7. Figure shows three vectors d,6 andd, where R is the
direction remains the same
midpoint of PQ. Then which of the following relations
(6) the magnitude of the vector remains the same but is correct?
its direction is reversed P
(c) the magnitude of the vector is doubled and its
direction is reversed +
a. R
(d) neither the magnitude nor the direction of the
vector undergo any change o
o
b
4. If the magnitudes of tr, E and e are 12, 5 and
13unitsrespectively and, ) + E: d,thentheangle
(a) d +6 =2i (fi d +6 =e

between 2. ana E i" (c) d -E =2d (O d -E =d

(a) zero. (b) n
8. Vector i is2 cmlong and is 60o above thex-axis in
(c) n/2 (4 x/a
the first quadrant. Vector E isZ cm long and is 60o
5. A particle is acted upon by two forces of 3 N and
below the x-axis in the fourth quadrant. The sum
4 N simultaneously. Which of the following is most
correct? i+ E isa vector of magnitude
(a) The resultant ofthese forces is 7 N (a) 2 cm along positivey-axis
(6) IN
The resultant of these forces is
(b) 2 cm along positive x-axis
(c) The resultant ofthese forces in 4 N
(c) 2 cm along negative y-axis
(d) The resultant of these forces lies between I N and
7N (d) 2 cm along negative x-axis

1.21
Physics

9. Twoforces {=500N dueeast andEz=250Ndue 10. Given that 7+E=e . If lil=+,lEl=S and

northhavetheircommoninitialpoint. d-f, is lCl=JOf ,theanglebetween 7 ana.F is

@) zsoJi N, tan-r (2) w of N (a) 30.
(b) 250 N, tan-l (2) W of N (D) 60.
@) 25oJi N, ran-r (2) N of w (c) 90.
(d) 750 N, tan-r (2) W of N (O lij}"

r. (O 2. (c) 3. (c) 4. (c) s. (A 6.@) 7. (a) 8. (b) e. (a) 10. (r)

Resolution of a Vector into Components z

Following laws ofvector addition, a vector can be represented

as a sum of two (in two-dimensional space) or three (in
three-dimensional space) vectors each along predetermined
directions. These directions are called axes and parts ofthe
Az
original vector along these ixes are called components of the
v
vector.
Cartesion components in two dimensions
Ay
If a vector is resolved into its components along mutually
perpendicular directions, the components are called Cartesian
or rectangular components.
In figure is shown, a vector 7 resolved into its Cartesian
W
Resolve horizontally and vertically a force F :8 N
components 2., and io
alongthexandy-axis. Magnitudes
which makes an angle of 45'with the horizontal.
A, and ,4, of these components are given by the following
equation. Solution:
A*:Acos0andlr=lsin0 FV

i:,ti+,nri
F
A= ,4 *Atr
v
450
FH

A Horizontal component of F is
4 t-
.Fr: .F cos 45" = 8 --
= +JZ N
"lz
o Ax
and vertical component of F is F,= F sin 45o

Here i and j are the unit vectors forr andy coordinates /r\
respectively. =(8)l-;l:+J2N
''\.J2l
Mathematical operations €.9., addition, subtaction,
differentiation and integration can be performed ' tllustrotion 49
independently on these components. A vector makes an angle of 30" with the horizontal.
Cortesion components in three dimensions If horizontal component of the vector is 250. Find
Avector 7 resolved into its tlree Cartesian components one magnitude of vector and its vertical component?
along each of the directions .r, Ji, and z-axis is shown in the
figure.
i = ), + 2,, + i, : .q*i +,1'ri + A,fr ; A
30"
l- 4*ir*4
1.22
 Mothemotics for Physics
.$oJulisrl: Solution:
Let vector is 7 i -zi +zi+3i +aj ti=4i +tj -st
A,: Acos 30o =250: 4f Now,(4+r)i+ (3+ ilj +(-5+ ,)k :i
2
F Sor.r:-4,y=-2rz=5
-+ I
500 A sin 30"
A: A I and hence the vector is - 4? - Zi + S*
E 30'
I

tl
A cos 30" Addition ond subtraction of vectors in component form

Ar: A sin 30o =

500 I 250 Let i:l,i+lj+l,i md E=r,i+Bi+^B,[ benro
z-
Jl" Ji
-V--- vectors whose addition (or subtraction) has to be done. Then
the components in the same direction will be added and new
lllustration 50
vector will be obtained. For example, in this case,
Resolve a weight of 10 N in two directions which are
7 +E = (A, + B,)i + 11, + B)) + (A, + B,)i
parallel and perpendicular to a slope inclined at 30o
to the horizontal.
lllustration 53

Component perpendicular to the plane Vector tr , E and d hare magnitude 5, 5 J2 and 5

respectively, direction of A, E ana d are towards
east, North-East and North respectively. It i ana j
are unit vectors along East and North respectively.
W, Express the sum )+ E+ d io t..-, of lt, j. Aho
30' W=10N
Find magnitude and direction of the resultant.
Wr: Wcos30': (10)f
:s.6N A:si
and component parallel to the plane e:si
W,,= W sinro' = fr0l(j) :,
" E = sJi cos 45i + sJi sin 45j

lllustration 57 = ), +)/
F, = t N and .F, : 2 N act along the lines
Tivo forces
x:0 andy = 0 respectively. Then, find the resultant
i+E+e : si +si +si +si :10i+loj
force. North

6
x = 0 meansy-axis; y:0 meansx-axis; .'. I N is acting e
alongy-axis and 2 N is acting alongx-axis; So, the force East

F=zi+j. A

'lllustration 52
What vector must be added to the summation of li+E+dl : 0)2 +(10)2 : toJ,
i-Si+2i l0
vectors and i+ei-Zi so that the tan0:-:l
l0
resultant vector is a unit vector along they-axis.
= 0: 45o from East

1.23
Physics
TNTEXT EXERCISE:5

1. If aunitvectorisrepresentedby0.51'+0.8j+ci, 7. lf AandEaretrrovectorseachofmapitudeSunits.
then the value of 'c' is
If they are inclined with the x-axis at angles of 30o and
(a) l (b) JOl I 90o respectively, their resultant will be
(c) Jo.or @ Jc.;rs
(r)5..6^ 51 (b)5.6. 5,:

2. Theunit vector atong i+j is

,,+rl 2t-rJ
(o) k (b) i+i ^ 5.,6 15 ,:
to
5'.6 j
i+? i*j
@) , '+TJ |i.( -+) 2

<"\6 @
2 8. If ;--li-tj and 6=-ai+3i then, lal+l6l is
3. ff A : 3i+ ai nd 6=7i+24j tnen the vector equal to

6 and parallel to d is
(a) s (D) 8
having the same magnitude as
(c) l0 (O t2
(a) roi +sj @) tsi +zoi
9. Magnitude ofy-component ofvecto, Oi i"
(c) zoi +tsi g1 tsi +toi A v

4. A force is inclined at 60" to the horizontal. If it's

rectangular component in the horizontal direction is 50
N, the magnitude of the force in the vertical direction
approximately is
(a) N 25 (r) 7s N (a)
5
(b\ -=
5

2
87N
(c) (d) l00N
5. A vector 7 when added to the vector E =Zi + +i (c)5rE
z @*
yields a resultant vector that is in the positivey-direction
and has a magnitude equal to that of .8. rind th" 10. d and,6 are two vectors with magnitude of 20 and25

magnitude of 7. respective. The angle between them is 37o. The angle

Jro
(r) (r) lo between d + 6 andd will be
[tt
,r'=
]]
(c)s @JE
6. A plane is inclined at an angle of 30' with horizontal. ,,, ,*-'(;) (r)
""-'[;)
The component of a vector A=-lOt perpendicular
to this plane is (here z direction is vertically upwards) (c) 45o (r, *-'(3)
@) 5Jz @ 5J1
(c) s (O 2.s

l. (D) 2.(c) 3. (D) 4. (c) 5. (a) 6.(D) 7.(c) 8.(c) e. (c) 10. (b)

MULT\PL|CAT|ON (PRODUCT)OFVECTORS l. multiplicationofavectorbyascalar

When we add trro like vectors we get the resultant vector of 2. multiplication of a vector by a vector to get a scalar
same kind, but the multiplication operation is different from quantity. Such operations is known as dot product
addition operation. Vectors can be multiplied by one another or scalar products.
togetquantitiesofnewphysicaldimensions. 3. multiplicationofavectorbyavectortogetavector
Multiplication of vectors undergoes three different kinds quantity. Such operation is known as cross product,
ofoperation. or vector product.

1.21

-
 M athemotics for Physics
2. Scalar Product (Dot Product)
i.E i" positive if angle between the vectors is
The scalar product of two vectors are written as d .5 and is aafie (i.e., < 90o) and negative if angle between
themisobtuse (i.e.,90" <0< 180')
defined as, d '6 = ab cos$ where 0 is the angle between the

d and 6 , and a and b aretheir magnitude respectively. Dot lllustration 55

product of two vectors is commutative, that is, a.6 : 6 .a . If a:i+li and 6=Zi-i then find angte
between them.
Properties of scalar product Solution:
l. It is commutative, i.e., A' E = E' i coso= lr'l:s
2. Itisdistributive,i.e., i.1E+el = 7.8+e.e #,;ldl:5;
3. Scalar product of two vectors will be maximum So,
6-4
cos$= -------=-: ----F
2
when cos e : max l, i.e., 0 : 0o, 5.i5 5J5
:
r.e., vectors are parallel
= (4. E1r,* ,la 0: cos '
1 2

4. The scalar product of a vector by itself is ffi

(i)' : A.i:,q,qcoso:Az 10. i. E :,l6cos 0):3g.or 0
r=--=
/_
a:
= lA'A Geometrically, E cos 0 is the projection of E onto
5. If the scalar product of two nonzero vectors i and,l cos 0 is the projection of 7 orto E us
vanishes then the vectors are perpendicular.
shown. So 7 ..0 i. th" product of the magnitude
6. In case ofunit vector fi ,

fi.fi:lxlxcos0o=l of 7 and the component of E along 7 and vice

+ it.it:i.f=j.i=k.i=t versa.

7. In case oforthogonal unit vectors i, i ana i; B

B

i' j: i.k=k'i=0 0 0

A cose:+-
8. ).8: GA,+ jAy+kA,).Qn,+ jar+ta,1
Component of E alory i
=lAB +AB +A81
LXTVVZZJ B

=Bcos o:
)'E : ).8
lllustrotion 54 A

: ri + ai +li ma A: oi -Zi - i, Component of i along E

If the Vector" F

ere perpendicular to each other. Find the value ofa? :I cos o: i'B
B
: i.B A

Solution:
Ifvectors and. 0 are perpendicular lllustation 56

+ F.O:o Find the projection of 7 = i + i + /r atong the vector

= (ai +aj +zi).(ai -zi -[) : o E=2i-i*i.
= a2-2a-3:o Solution:
+ a2-3a+a-3=o The projection of vector ,Z i, tt direction of vector ^E

= a(a-3)+l(a-3):0 "
= a:-1,3 is given by P: :)-E
lBl
9. As by definition A' E : AB cos 0. The angle P: G+j+b ei-j+i)
I t.sl {7TT +P
betweenthevectors 0= cos' | (2 I + I) )
IAB
|
,-
D_
- ) 6 G
1.25
Physics
lllustration 57 p+612 : ldl'
=
tf d+6+e =o,lrl =3,161 =5and ldl=7,find
d and 6
+ lol'+1612 +zldll6lcos0 : ld12
the angle between .

Solution: + 9+25+2(3X5)cos0:49
W-e have, d+6+d =6 + .o.e: ]
a+b = -c
- @+b.@+61= (-e).(-e) = 0: +J

INTEXT EXERCISE:6

t. tt i=2i +li +t and .E =li -Zi, then their dot 6. If ;.6=i'i for 3 vectors ;,6,; , then it implies
product will be that
(a) 0 (b) t2 (a) angle between d arrd7 must be same as angle
(c) 8 (O 16 between d andi

2. Dot product of two vectors d andi is positive. Then (b) 5 must be equal to d
the angle between the two vectors must be (c) 6'must be parallel to d
(a) 90o (b) less than 90o
greater than
(c) equal to 90o (A dra insufficient 61 A isperpendicular to 6 -e

3. Two vectors dandi are d=zi+i+3k afi 6 = 7. If d +6 +d :0and le I : l0units.Then, G +61'i

will be
i + Zi -:[ . rne angle between the two vectors will
(a) 80 (b) 200
be
-100
(c) (O 40
(a)cos-'!(#) (r) .""'(#)
8. If i=2i+4iand6=xi-ei are two vectors
(c)cos-'I(#) (d) cos '(?) which are perpendicular to each other, then value
Kis
of

(a)8 (b) t2
a. If A and E are two vectors then, the value of
@) 2a (4 -18
a.(6.q wifl be
(a) a.b+a.c (b) a'b-a'c g. ff;=qi +3j and6=5i+2j thenthemagnitudeof
of d along 5 will
k) i.6+i component be
26
(d) the expression i'fi i> is invalid (r) @)+
T
5. If two vectors iandi *e i=2i+i+4t and 26 26

6'=i +3i + ci. The value of c such that i'6 : o

(c)
..129
@
i6
will be
10. Given lArl=2,lAzl=3 andlAr+ A2l:3. Findthe
5 A
(a) (b) value of 1i, + z7r1' Q4 - 4i)
a =) .

J @) 4a (b) 60
@) -1 @ 8 (c) -106 (A 64

1.26
 Mothemotics for Physics

r. (r) 2. (b) 3. (b) 4. (d) 5. (c) 6.(A 7. k) 8. (D) e. (r) 10. (c)

2. Vector product of two vectors

6. )r,q :AA sin 0' ri : 0.
The vector product of two vectors (d and 6'1 ir *ritt"n a,
xi : aD sin 0 i , where a and b are the magnitudes 7. In case of unit vector i , fix fi = 6
d of d
n
and 5
respectively and 0 is the angle between them, value of = ixi: j*j=kxk:u
i
which lies between 0o < e < l80o and is the unit vector
8. In case of orthogonal unit vectors lt, j and * in
perpendicular to the plane containing the vectors.
accordance with righrhand-thumb-ru1e,
RIGHT HANDED SCREW RULE
z ix j: ft
laa
Jxlc: t

kxi=j
ff(-i) -|
I j +
X
b
a
+
Now we discuss to specift the direction of f . Consider the
figure, Take a right handed screw fitted with a nut, keep the
+
k
plane of the nut parallel to the plane containing the vectors. (A) (B)

Now rotate the screw from 6 to a . The direction in which 9. In terms of components,

screw moves is the direction of fi . In the figure, d ana 6 ne lr i il

tt
inX- Iplane 6*d is directed along negative Z axis.Let AxB =lA, Ay A,l
ln, By B,l
er=6xd and er=Ar6. From the rule d1 is directed
along negative z-axis and e, is directed along positive i" E = i1.trn, - 4Br) + i1A,B, -,4,8,)
d
z-axis. Since direction of 5 x is opposite to the direction of + k(A,By - ArB,)
dx6 .Herce dxB + 6xd.
Properties of vector product
'lllustrotion 58

l. AxE *6 xd @otcommutative) Find 7rE ir 2=i -zi+efr ana t=3i- i+zi.

2. @QxE : ax(mb) : m(ax6)(associative), Solution
wherem is a scalar. t^
t, it
3. dx(6 +d)=(d
"67
+ 6xd) (distributive) i*E : -24
4. The magnitude of vector product of two vectors
will be maximum when sin 0 : max = l, i.e.,
lr -l 2

: iF q- (-4)l - ifz -ln1 + tt-l - (- 6)l

o=9oo lixEl,*: AB
l'.e., magnitude of vector product is maximum if :tOj+5k
the vectors are orthogonal.
10. dx5=0 <+ d and 6 are parallel (collinear)
5. The magrritude of vector product of two non-zero
vectors will be minfulum when I sin 0 I : minimum (d +0, 6 *$ i.e., d = KE ,whereKis a scalar.
: 0, i.e.,0 = 0o or 180o and 4x E l-" : 0 i.e.,
I l. Unit vector perpendicular to the plane of d and 6
if the vector product of two non-zero vectors , dxb
vanishes, the vectors are collinear. ls r?: t-
ldxb I

1.27
Physics
12. A vector of mapitude 'r' and perpendicular to the q^
: +2j +2k)
plane of d and 5 is 199. ;Ci
ldxbl : -3i +6i +et
@
Find a vector of magnitude 9, which is perpendicular
13. Geometrically I d :area of the parallelogram
"61
to both the vectors ti + i +3i and -2i + i -Zi .
whose two adjacent sides are represented by
Solution: d and6.
Letd =ai-i+tt andE =-2i+j-2f .Then,
ai
tJ i
d"6 = 4-l 3
a A
2t 2
A. lf A and 6 are the vectors representing two sides
: (2-3)i-(-8+Qj +@-2)i of the triangle. Then the area of triangle ABC :
1-
: -i+2j+2k -laxbl.
2'
ldx6l: ( -l)2 + 22 +22 :3
15. Area ofany quadrilateral whose diagonal vectors
dxi i1 andJ2
Required vector: 9
x6l
are is giuen ay !1ir*ar1
2
@

l.ffA=zf+4i+3ftand6=3i+zi+*,thendxi 5. If i=qi-si and 6=2i+3i, i=7i then

is
cx(axb)willbe
(a)-2i+ri-ti (b) -zi+li+8k
luo) 2i*i-i (b\ 3i-i+si
(r) i- ti+sk @ 2f -t;.* (c) zero @ 5i +zi -ltr
2. For two vectors dand6, iri may be equal to 6. If two of the adjacent sides of a parallelogram are
6, i when represented by vectors i=2i +3i - t and
(a) iandD areparalleltoeachother 6=i+2i+at.Theareaof theparallelogramwill
be
(b) angle between i and| is an acute angle
(c) Z and 6 are mutually perpendicular @)J-lgz (b)
'm
(d) anglebetween ialrdi isanabtuseangle @ Jn @ Jlu
7' If two of the adjacent sides of a triangle are
3. The value of 7.(7*E1
'\AxD) tor
ror rwo vectors Tandl
two vecl( i=2i +j i=i +2i.
represented by vectors and
willbe
Then area of triangle will be
(a) r7.7)rE (D 2l'E (a) 5 units (b) 25 units
G) 7.8+1712 (O zero
(c) l.5units (d) 9units

4. If 1,Earrde are mutually perpendicular vectors, 8. Threevectors 7,8 and d satisfythe relation )'E
0 and, tr'c : o. The vector 7 is parallel to
then C x(Ax B) will be equal to
@)e.1+e.E @G.1)E+(e.b1 (")B (b)c
@) e x1?-Ey+e .17,81 (d) zero k) E'e g1 Bxe

'1.2E
 Mathe m atics for Physics

e. ixljxfl is @) trandE are perpendicular to each other and

(a1 i+i+i (b1 i+j+t lil=lEl
(c) zero vector (d) unit vector
@ TandE are perpendicular to each other
10. The sum, difference and cross product of two vectors
@) Zarrd,E are perpendicularbut their magnitudes
trandB are mutually perpendicular if
are arbifary

@ I A; = lB I and their directions are arbitrary

Answer Key
1. (a) 2. (a) 3. (d) 4. (O 5. (c) 6. (b) 7. (c) s. (d) e. (c) 10. (d)

1.29
 Unsolved Exercises

t EXERC'SE _ 1

M ethod ol Dille re nti atio n 1 I

(a\ (b)
(x +2) 2(x*2)
L y= Jit*,
I
x- tanx tan.r (c) - (d) None of these
ffi 1by Gsec2x+ -------
r
@) Jisecz 2.,1 x 2(x +2)'
(c;lEsec2x+ ry (d) None of these
{x r *ln-*J':
2. y: er (l + cos r) I I
@) a sinx+(l+cosx)d (a) l- (b) t+ 1
(D) er sinx+ (l + cosx)er
-x-
(c) -d + (1 + cosx)er (c) l-- ZXI (d) None of these
(d) None of these

sinx o d( I )
3. v= e'- " drl*o sec*)
-l-l-
xsin.r * 4cosr sinx * 4cosx)
(a) (D)
(a)
cosx * sinx (b\
sinx- cosx
,5 x'
e' -----.
e'
4cosx - xsinx
(c) (d) None of these
sinx
--- -.
cosx x-
(c) (d) None of these
e'
ldz
10. ' a-z , then -dy :
Ify
4.y= *+1
exd) (a) (z - a)z (b) -(z-a)z
2x2 +6x-2 2x2 +6x+2 (c) (z+ a)z (d) -(z+ a)2
(a)
(2x+3)2
(b) -Q#f ll. lf y: x sin r, then
*2 + t-2 ldv I
(a) --?:-*cotx (6)
dvl
' - -*cotx
ydx x dxx
(c)
a** (d) None of these
ldv 1
(c) -*:--cotx (d) None of these
1 yclx x
5. y=
ffi d.
12. dx. logr(logrx):
(a) -l (D) -l
(2x +10)3t2 ,a;+ I log"7
(a) (6)
I xlog"x xlog"x
(c) (d) None of these
,@+@ (c)
log, e logt e
@
6. Y:lo xlog"x xlogT x
""
(a) xe (b) 2xe" d
13. ^x+3logx -
dx
(c) 20x (d) None of these @) e.*@+31 (b) d x(x+3)
""
3
7. y:rn (Jx+zl (c) d+ -x (d) None of these

1.30
 M ath e m ati cs fo r P hysi cs
ol Diff e re nti ati o n
Ap p I i cati o n 23. If x > 0, -y > 0, x * y:32 and 16 + y6 is minimum then
14. If a particle moves along a line by S: lz4 -f then the the numbers are
time at which the particle comes to rest is (a) 14, 18 (b) 12,20
(a) 2 (b) 4 (c) 16, 16 (A 17,15
(c) 6 (d) 8
24. The sum of two positive numbers is 48. The numbers
15. If the rate of decrease of f tZ - 2x + 5 is twice the so that the sum of their squares is a minimum are
decrease ofx then x : (a) 36,12 (b) 32,16
(a) 2 (D) 3 (c) 24,24 (A 22,26
(c)4 (Ar 25. The sum of two numbers is 16. If their product is
16. The radius of a circular plate is increasing at the rate of maximum then the numbers are
0.01 cm/sec. when the radius is 12 cm. Then the rate at (a) 12,4 (6) 10, 6
(c) 8,8
which the area increases is
(A 2,ru
(a) 0.24n sq. cm/sec. (b) 60n sq. cmlsec.
26. A line segment of length 8 cm is divided
(c)24n sq. cm/sec. (d) l.zn sq. cm/sec.
into two parts AP and PB by a point P. If
17. If the rate of change in the area of circle is equal to the
rate of change in its radius then the radius is
AP + PB2 is minimum thenAP=
I (a) 6 cm (b) 5 cm
(a) -
fi
(b) +
z7C
(c) 4cm (d) 2cm
I I 27, Length, breadth of a rectangle are increasing at 2
(c) @ cm./sec and decreasing at I cm/sec. Findout the rate
G 'l2n of which area of rectangle changes w.r.t. time when
18. The side of a cube increases at the rate of length is 4 and breadth is 3 cm.
0.02 cm/sec. The rate of increase in the surface area of (a) -2cm'lsec (b) +2cm'lsec
the cube when the side is 5 cm is
(a) crn/sec. (b) 1.2 sq. cm/sec.
3 sq.
(c) +3cm'lsec @ -3cm'lsec
(c) l0 sq. cm/sec. (O 15 sq. cm/sec. 28. A box of maximum volume with open top is to be
made out of a square tin sheet of side 6 ft in length by
19. If the rate of change in the volume of sphere is equals cutting out small equal squares from the four corners of
to the rate of change in its radius then the radius is the sheet then height ofthe box is

(o)
lt (b) (a) 2 (b) I
n m (c) t/2 (A 3/2
I 2 29. Awire of length 20 cm is cut into two parts which are
(c)
G @- IE
bent in the form ofa square and circle, then the least
a
value of the sum of areas so formed is
20. If the semivertical angle of a cone is 45o then the rate
(a\ 400 (b\ 20
of change in base radius must be equal to TL+ 4 TE+ 4
(c) rate of change in volume -5 -100
(b) rate ofchange in surface area (c)- d\-
(c) rate ofchange in height
TE+4 n+4
(d) rate of change in curved surface area I nteg ration o nd Ap p li cations
21. The minimum value of/(x) = 2* + 3x + 1 is
30. J0 - DJ-x ax
(a\ -- l3 (b\ --
8.,4 2
(a) ; *trz *?*srz c +!*t,, c
(c) I (O -4 J
+ @) -1*r,, +

22, The minimum value of (x - a) (x - D) is 2r,.2.,."

(o - b)z
(c\ -axt''
353s - axt'' + C d\ +!x3'2 - axs/2 + C
(a) ab (b)
4

(o -b)2
, ax3 +bx2 +c
31.
J + dx equals to
(c) o (d)
4

1.31
Physics

(a) arosx*#*#*" 39.

I sin(x2 +
_1
l)x dx

(a) ,jcos(r'+ t)+c

(b) atogx*Lr-#*"
(D) -2cos( ,'+ l) +c
(c) -bc
alogx ^ ,*c
x 3x- (c) 2sin(x2+ l)+c
(d) None of these
I
I @, sin(x'+ t)+c
32. The value of I (x - 5)- CDC ts

I I
(a)
.x-)-*c - (b)
x-)-*c
eo. ! xJt+-* ax=
l+2xz
(c) 2
*c (O -2(x- 5)3 + c
(a) --7*c @) t[+f +c
(, - s)" r/l f x'

- (c) 3(l + *13t2 + c fO ]O + x273t2 +c

33. J sec xtanxdx =
(a) secx*tanx*c (D) secx+c
41. JI
r sin 2.r
(c) tanx + c (d) -secx+c
------------
l + sin'x
^ dx =

34. ltrrnz
x dx isequal to (a) log sin 2x + c (b) log (1 + sirf x) + c

(a) tanx* v,* c (b) tanx -xt c (.i jfoglf + sin2 .r) + c (O tan-r (sin x) + c
(c) sec v.tv,*c (d) sec x-xi c

rs. J (sin4 -r - cosa x) dr = 42.

I cosx'dr
(sinx * 2)
cos2x
(a) - 2+" (b)- sin,2x +c (a)
(sin.r+2)P
+c (r) ln(sinx*2)*c
2

(c)sin2x
, +c (Ocos2x
,+c
(c) cos(x*2)*c @ |m(sinx+2)+c
td2

36. I (1 -3x)3 dx 43. I

I sinx.dx
0
(l
(a\ - '' - -'-'
3x)a
t2
IC <otff+c (a) l (D) 0

I
(l (c), 3 @,
tc)_ - 4
3x)a
(d) None of these

I
2

44. (x + 2)' dx
0
37
i "-5'd, (a) 4 (r) 6

(a) -5e-s'dx+ C rot

!+c (c) 7

cot.r
@ J

o-5,
45.
i logsinx
(c) -|+c (A se-s'+ C
(a) log(logsinx)+ c (b) log(logcosesx)*c
-dX=
(c) 2log(log sinx) + c (4 None of these
38.
J
ro., e'in' dt
(l+logx)z
(a) db'+ C (b) ecos'+ C 46.
I *_
(c) - e'h'+ C (d) None of these x

1.32
 M oth e m otics for P hysics
(a) (l + logr)3 + c (b) 3(l + logr)3 + c Vector Addition and Subtrsctian
t.
(c) + logx)' + c (d) None of these 54. The resultant of A and, E makes an angle cr with 7
;(l
and p with E,
47.
J sece xtanxdx= (a) a<palways (D) o<pif A<B
(c) cr<pifA>B (A a<pifA:B
(a) secP+l.x -fc (b)
secP x
c 55. Which of the sets given below may represent the
p+r p magnitudes ofthree vectors adding to zero?
-rt
tang '' x
-+
tanP x (a) 2,4,8 (b) 4,8,12
(c) *c
p+t- {rt) p (c) 1,2,5 (A 0.5,1,2
-+c 56. Let e =7+8.
as. I x2sec*3 d*=
(a) log (sec x3 + tanr3)
(a) I I is always greater than l7l
(6) 3 (sec 13 + tan x3) (b) itispossibletohave le Vlll and I e l<El
(c) C is always equalto A + B
(c) 1 log(secx3 * tanx3)
J
(d) C is never equal to A + B
(@ None of these 57. Two vectors iandi are such that ),+E=e and

A2 + 82 = C2 . which of the following is correct ?

49.
T"-,* tr isparallel to E
0 @)
(o) 1 (D) 0
(.) - (d1 None of these @ V isanti-parallelto E

Vectars Definitions @) ) isperpendicular to E

50. Choose the false statement: g1 2 andE areequaltomagnitude
(a) Electric current is a vector because it has both
58. Let the angle between two nonzero vectors i, and E
magnitude and direction
(D) Time is a vector which has direction always in the be 120' and its resultant be d
forward direction
(a) C must be equai to I A- E I

(c) All quantities having magnitude and direction are

vector quantities (D) Cmust be less than I i - E I

(d7 all the above

51. Which one of the following is not a scalar:
(c) C must be greater than li- El

(a) time (b) Length (d) C maybe equal to I A- B I

(c) mass (@ weight.

59. The resultant of two forces of magnitudes 8 N and 15
52. A man walks 40 m North, then 30 m East and then
40 m South. What is his displacement from the starting N is 17 N. The angle between the forces of 8 N and 15
point ?
Nis
(a) 30mEast (b) lsOmWest (a) 30' (b) 4s"
(c) 40 mWest (A 150 mEast
(c) 60' (A 90".

60. The sum and difference of two perpendicular vectors

53. Given: 7=2i + pi + qtt and .D = 5i +7 j +3k . If ofequal lengths are
illE ,ttenthe values ofp and q are respectively
(a) ofequal lengths and have an acute angle between
them
(a) t4and 6 (b) 14and.6 (b) of equal length and have an abtuse angle between
-5535- - -
them

(c) -6and.t- (d) -3and-1-

(c) also perpendicular and ofdifferent lengths

53 44 (d) also perpendicular and of equal lengths

1.33
Physics
61. The resultant of two vectors of magnitudes 2A and ofthe two having equal magnitude. The angles between
the vectors are
JI A actingat an angle g is J1() I . The correct value
(a) 90o,135o, l35o (b) 30',60o,90o
of 0 is
(c) 45o,45o,90o (O 45",60o,90o
(a) 30" (b) 45"
69. The resultant of two vectors of magnitudes 3 units and
(c) 60' (A 90'
4 units is @. The angle between the two vectors is
62. Given , e = i+.8 . Alro, the magnitudes of 7, F and (a) 0" (D) 30'
e *"
(c) 60" (O 90"
12, 5 and 13 units respectively. The angle
70. A vector of length m is tumed through an angle B about
between Tana E is
its tail. The change in the position vector of its head is
(c) 0' (b\ :
+ (a) zmsnl (b) 2mcos E
TI 2 2
(c) ; (A Tt
Z g
63. Given : F = )-E and P: A + 8. The angle between (c) 2mtanl (d) Zmcot
2 2
)afiE is
71. The ratio of maximum and minimum magnitudes of
(a) 0' (D) 90"
the resultant of two vectors d and b is 3 : l. Now
(c) 180' (d) 270"
ldl=
64. The resultant of two forces makes angles of 30o and
60' with them and has a magnitude of 40 N. The @ t tE (b) zt6l
magnitudes of the two forces are @ 3t6t (a 4t,t.
(a) N (b) 20 N, 28 N
20 N, 20
72. The simple sum of two co-initial vectors is 16 units.
(c) 20N,20\6N (O 20N,60N Their vector sum is 8 units. The resultant ofthe vectors
is perpendicular to the smaller vector. The magrritudes
) of the two vectors are
65. The resultant e of and ^E is perpendicular to i .
(a) 2 units and 14 units (b) 4 units and 12 units
Also, l,l1=lel.Theanglebetween 7 ana E is (c) 6 units and l0 units (d) 8 units and 8 units.

@)i
TE
(b) 3n 73. ABCDEF is a regular hexagon with point O as cenhe.
4 The value ot B +T +D +fr +fr i"
(") 5n
q @
7n
@) 27d @ 4fu
4
@) 6h (o o.
66. Iftheresultantoftwovectors 7 andE isperpendicular 74. For the three vectors the magnitude of D = Z -E - e
to 7, then the angle between 7 and E is and its direction are
B=4
(a) tan-r(
#) ,r) '*-'(#) C=2
A=1

,., *-'(4) 1d; cos-r(

#)
(a) 25,45o, below + ve, r-axis
(b) 13,57o above * ve, x-axis
(c) 5' 53o' below + ve' x-axis
67. The maximum and minimum resultants of two forces
(A 36' 45 above * ve' r-axis
are in the ratio 7 : 3. The ratio of the forces is
(a) 4:1 (b) 5:2 75. Arrange the vectors subtractions so that their
magnitudes are in decreasing order. If the two vectors
@ J1:Jl @) a9:9. Z andr areactingatanan'gle (7trlFll.
68. Given : d+6+d=0. Out of the three vectors A' 60o B' 90'
- i andc , two are equal in magnitude. The
a,b C. 180' D. 120"
(a) D' C' B' A (') A' B' D' c
magaitude of the third vector is .D times that of either 1c) C,D,B,A (A C,D,A,B

1.34
 : Mothemoticsfor Physics
76. If the angle between two vectors of equal magnitude P
is 0, the magnitude of the difference of the vectors is
(a) 20N,3oN (b) 2OJ'N,2oN
(a) 2Pcosl (b) 2Psin;
0 @ 2oJlN,2o.,6N (A rcN,3oN
85. A man of 80 kg is supported by two cables as shown
0 e
the tension ratio oft : 7, is
(c) Pcos (A Psin
7 ,
77. lfttveevectors F,Q and R arerelatedas F-O=R T1 T2

and P-Q: R,the angle between the vectors P and Q

is
(a) 0 (b) 30o 80 kg
(c) 60' (d) 180'
78. Eleven forces each equal to 5 N act on a particle @) t:Jl (al .6:1
simultaneously. If each force makes an angle 30'with (c) l: I ($ 2:t
the next one, the resultant ofall forces is
(a) l5N (b) ssN 86. If F-A=R and P = Q = R, the Ratio of angles
(c) 5N (d) zero
between P and n to P ana @ is
79. Two forces are such that the sum of their magnitudes in (a) 1:2 (b)2:t
18 N, the resultant is Jzn when they are at 120o. (c) l:l (d) t:3
Then the magnitude of the forces are
87. The two forces ZJZ N and r N are acting at a point.
(a) 12N,6N (6) l3N,5N
Their resultant is perpendicular to i N and having
(c) l0N,9N (A rcN,2N
magnitude of G N. The angle between the two forces
80. Two vecton are given by a : -Li + j - 3k and and magnitude ofx are
6 : Si + 3j -zk.Thirdvector c isif3a+ 2b - c : O (o) 0: t20o,x: JZ N (b) e=30.,x: rDN
(a) 4i+9j-r3k (b) -4i-9j+t3k
(c) 0:150",x rEN @) O= 150o,x:..DN
k) ai-9j-t3k (d) none
81. The minimum number of forces of equal magnitude in 88. The resultant of the three displacement vectors
a plane that can keep a particle in equilibrium is OP, PQ ur6 2R i,
(a) 4 (b) 2 R

(c) 3 (d) s P 6cm 4cm

82. The minimum number of unequal forces in a plane that o
can keep a particle in equilibrium is
o X
@)a (02 (a) (b)
(c)3 (A6 15 cm 17 cm

83. The minimum number of non coplanar forces that can (c) Jl49 cm 1d1 r/ib7 cm
keep a particle in equilibrium is 89. Four forces of magmitude p,2p, 3p, 4p act along the
(a) | (b) 2 four sides of a square ABCD in cyclic order. The
(c)3 (A4 magnitude of resultant is
84. If 'O' is in equilibrium then the values of the Tension D
T, and Trare x, y, if 20 N is vertically down. Then x, y c
are

E
B
60'

T1

1 50' A
60'
T2 (a) Jzp (D) \f8P
20N
(c) J-qp @{
1.35
Components of Vector Scclur Praduct

90. The component of a vector is 98. If 0 be the angle between the vectors i + j and

(a) always less than its magnitude 2j +2i, then 0 is

(D) always greater than ir magnitude 0
(a) (b) rla
(c) always equal to its magnitude
(c) xll (d) nl3.
(d) none ofthese.
99. If 1),+ E1 is perpendicular to .D a"d (i+ZE) is
91. The components of a vector along x and y directions
are(n+ 1) and I respectively. Ifthe co-ordinate system perpendicularto 7, then
is rotated by an angle 0 : 60o, then the components
change to z and 3. The value ofz is
g1 A=JLB @) A:28
(a) 2 (b) cos 60' (c) 2A: B (A A= B
(c) sin 60" (A 3.5 100. a,i + ori iraunitvectorperpendicularto qi *li if
92. If component of one vector in the direction of another (a) ar:0.6, ar: 0.8 (b) at:3, ar:4
vector is zero, then those two vectors
(a) are parallel to each other
(c) ar:0.6 (A ot:4, ar:3.
at:0.8,
(D) are perpendicular to each other. 101. If a =2i -3i,6 : 2i*3fr , then G+b.G- 6) :
(c) are opposite to each other
(O are coplanar vectors.
(a) 0 (D) -8
(c) e (d) -10
93. The horizontal component of the weight of a body of 102. The vector 6 , which is collinear with the vector d :
mass m is
vE (2,l, -l)and satisfies the condition d'6 =3 is
(a) mg 61 (a) (l,l/2,- ll2) (b) (213,ll3,-ll3)
2
(c) Zero (d) Infinity (c) (u2. U4,-rl4) (d) (1, 1,0)

94. A car weighing 100 kg is on a slope that makes an 103. If 3i+2i+8f and 2i+4+t ur" at right angles
angle 30o with the horizontal. The component of car's then r:
weight parallel to the slope is (g: l0 ms 2) (a) 7 (b) -7
(a) 500N (D) 1000N (c) 5 (A -4
(c) 15,000N (d) 20,000N
104. Given : 2'=3i+2i+kand,B= 6i+ai+zk. tne
95. If the vertical component of a vector is 60 units and the
vector is making an angle 60" with the horizontal, then two vectors i and E
the horizontal component of the vector is
(a) areparallel
20 (b) are perpendicular
(a) f units (b) 2}.6units
(c) make an angle of 30o to each other
{J
(d) make an angle of 60" to each other.
(c) 3o.6units (d) 60units
105. Projection of F on 0 i,
96. A forceof (2i+3i +[) N and another force of
@ F.0 @ P'0
(i + i +f) N ur" acting on a body. The magnitude of
@) FxQ O P"0.
total force acting on the body is

(a) .6N (b) Jt4N 106. The vector 5i + Zi - tt< is perpendicular to the vector

3i+j+ 2t for I :
tct d7N @) JzqN
(a) | (b) 4.7
97. lf F=i + j and A=2i -t are two vectors which (c) 6.3 (d) 8.s
when added 16 i gives a unit vector along Z'axis T
107. Given : d'6=!:9 Theansleberween d andi is
direction. Then I is 2"
1a1 4i - +2k
j (b) 3i + i -zi (a) o' (D) 30'

(r)-i (c) 60' (d) 90"

@t
1.36
 Mothemotics for Physics

108. Projection of the vector 2i +3i +2i or the vector 116. A.()xD is
i -zi +zi is (a) :0 (D) > 0
(c) < 0 (d) none of these
(a\ 2t (b\ ----- 117. The area of the triangle formed by the adjacent sides
.hq
- JA
33 witu .7 =ti +2i - 4i and E = -i +zi + t is
k\ ---- (a ----.
'll7 ,lt+ Jr6s (6) JBl
Vector-Cross Product
(a)
--2"2unrts ^-unrts
(c) J65units (@ J65units
log. (AxE1+18 xZ) is equal to
(a)2AB (q A2 82
118. The angle between i and .E is g. The value of the
(c) zero (d) null vector triple product,q - G
" 4 is
110. The angle betweer (Z * B1 and (B , 7; is (a) A2B (b) zero
(in radian) (c) A2B sin} (d) A2B cosl.
(a)nl2 (b) n 119. The magnitude of the vector product of two vectors
(c) nl4 (d) zero is /J times their scalar product. The angle between
111. A vector that is perpendicular to both the vectors vectors is
- ' -' " an(t6=i-i+ki,
a=t-ZJ+k (a)
TC
(b)
TE

:z6 =
1a1 -i+i 1t1-i-zi+i 11
1c1 f -zi+t 61 i+i. (c) ;34 (d) 1T
.

112. Giveq : 0 is the angle between V and, F. th"n

I Ax B I is equal to
120. A force F:3j acts on the rod at a point P(1, 0, 0).
Here centre of rod is taken as origin. Then the torque
(a) sine (b) cos 0
about O is
(c) tan e (d) cotl.
(a) 3i @ -3i
113. For any two vectors tr and B , if ).8 =1)x El , the
(c)
ki (d) -^
magnitudeof d= )+B is :3"3
(a) A2 +82 (b) A+ B
tzt. If P'0=0 then lF"0l it
AB
(c) A2+82+
o@ A2 + 82 +Jz,qn
tat lFillt (b) zero
(c) I (O ^tpa
114. Given , P'|=Oand FxQ=$. Which of the
tz2. (F-Bf+lAxBf =
followingiscorrect?(F and Q xenonzero) (a) zero (b) A2R
1a1 F tQ @ F10 @) AB @ J,4B
(") F isinclined a 0 atanangleof4S" 123. lf )ri=0and^Bx e =0,thenthevalueof Zre is
(d) statement is wrong. zero
(a) (b) AC sn Ofr
@) ACcoso (o ABtanl'
15. Thevector dx(I+d) is:
124. Given : ) = 4i + 6i and .B = zi +3i. which of the
(a) perpendicular to d
foflowing is correct ?
(D)perpendicularto6 -
, AxB=O
(a) (b) A.B=24
(c) null vector
lAl l -
(d) perpendiculartoboth d and 5 f") @1 Aand B areanti-parallel
dl=i
1.37
Physics
I
I
I
EXERCISE _ 2

M eth o d of Dilfe re nti oti o n

8. Ify: ( .6r+ I )sinx then 4 =
d "- srh.r): dx
l. *lx'e-
(a) zero
(a) xd (2 sinx *x sinx + cos x) 3sinx
Jlr+t+
(b)
(c)
xd (2 sinx * x sinx - cos x)
xd (sinx +x si111 * cosx)
(b) cosx
ffi
(d)
d..
None of these
(c) cos, .rE, + 1 -ffi 3sinx

2. (d) None of these

*llo9tanx):
(a) 2sec2x (b) 2cosec2x 9. lfy:3sin2x*cos *U"n!dx =
(c) sec2r (A cosec2x
(a) sin x (6 cos.r l) + (b) (6 cos x * 1) cos x
s. 4cos(l - *'\' = (c) sin x (6 cos x - 1) (d) None of these
dx
(a) -2x(l -.r2; sin (l - *)z 10. Ify:6[*+t1t"*
@) - axQ - x21 sin (l - *2)2 J*+b alnx
(c) 4x (l -x2) sin (l -l)2 \a' * '2Jax+b
(A -20 -x2) sin (l - r')'
d("x'stn-l) : ,l;+b hx
4. |
\ut
rul
, ' zJax+b
-ldx\ x)
\c' J*+b
--T- alnx
."'[+)+2,.i,[1] tar r.'"[+J-*.[+) * zJax*
", (d) None of these
,, '"'[+J-"'*[*J (n Noneorthese
11. Ify: (3x + 7) sin x then
dv
:
fi
5. The differential coefficient of d + log x. sin x is (c) 3 sinr + (3r + 7) cos x
sin. (b) 3 sinx+(3r+7)sinx
(a') a^ tog. a + J* logx.cosx (c) 3sinx-(3x+7)cosx
x
(d) None of these
(b) a'- + "^"'" + cosx.logx
sinx
x lf v:sin2/ tnen0
12. ^'/
'--
cos x dx
(c) d +log sin x + (a) 4x sin2x cos x2 (b) 4x sinxz cos *
x
(d) None of these (c) 4x sin x2 cos2 x (d) None of these

dv
6. y: ^dv 13. Ify: sinx ln (2x + 3)then =
lf cosxzthea & = fi
(a) -2x sin* (b) ?-tc sinx2 (a) cos x ln (2r + 3)
2sinx
sinl
(c) (d) 2cos* (b) cos xln(2x+3)-
2x+3
7. lf-y
cosr dy
'xdx ,then - : ,-,2sinx
"'2,+3
rslnx-cos.r Zsinx
(a) xsinx-cos.r (b) (d) cos x ln (2x + 3) +
*2 2x +3
xsinx * cosx dy
(c) - ----- 2 (d) xsinr+cosr lfY: hrthen
x 14. ezr+3
dx

1.38
 M ath e m otics for P hysi cs
(a)2&*3lnx (b) &*3lnx
(")&*3 (r^..I) (a 2&*3 (r,-+)
(a) (1,3) *'(+'i)
\
@
/-r -r\ (O tl,a)
15. Ify:lnx*er sinx then9:
lr'T )
dx 23. If the rate of change in the volume of a cube equal to
lt the rate of change in its side then the length of side is
(a) -_ - e'(sin.r + cos x) (b) - + d(sin x + cos x)
xx (a)
ll
-E
I \L
$) -F
VJ
(c) -x + er(sin x - cos x) (d) None of these
@Ji @J,
24. The volume of metallic hollow sphere is constant. If
16. lf y = cosec x sinx then
dy: the outer radius is increasing at the rate of v cm/sec.
dx Then the rate at which the inner radius increasing when
(a) | (D) -1 the radii are a -r d, a is
'(c)o (@ None of these
(a) v(a+d\2 v(a+d\
z (b)
aa
17. If y: e* sin2 * then 4 = (c) v(a+d) (d) a+d
dx -
(a) dlsin2 x + sin 2xl (b) e*[sin2 x + cos 2x] 25. The radius and height of a cylinder are equal to the
(c) e*[sin2 x - sin 2x] (d) None of these radius ofsphere. The ratio ofthe rates ofchange ofthe
volume of the sphere and cylinder is

18. Ify:.r cos *' th"n 4 : (a) 4:3 (b) 3:4

dx (c) 2:3 (d) 3:2
(a) rs
cos x5 + 5vs sirr (b) cos 15 - 5x5 sin x5
26. A balloon is in the shape of a cone surmounted by a
(c) cos x5 - x sin x5 (d) None of these
hemisphere. The diameter of the sphere is equal to the
Ap p I i cati o n of D iffe re nti ati o n
height ofthe cone. Ifthe height ofthe balloon is 9 cm
19. A particle moves along a line by S: 13 - 9P + 24t then then the rate of change in its volume is limgg
S is increasing when I e the rate of change in its height is
(a) (2,4) (b) (0, 2) v (4, a) @) 6an (b) 6n -
(c) (-1, oo) (A @,*) (c) tzn (O 3n
20. A point P is moving with uniform velocity v along a 27. Akite is at 15 m height and20 m of string is out. If the
line AB.'O' is a point on the line perpendicular drawn kite starts drifting away horizontally at the speed of 4
to AB at A and at a distance '/' from it. The angular m/tr. Then how fast is string being released.
velocity of P about 'O'is
@) amlhr (b) 2m/ht
(a\ lv lv
p1 Ji m/nr
oP
-
(b) --
oPz
@ .6.n,tt
28. A person of height 180 cm starts from a lamp post
(c) OP
, (d)
OP2
--lv of height 450 cm and walks at the constant rate of
lv
4 knr/hour. The rate at which his shadow increases is
21. Two cars started from a place one moving due east and (a) 2 kmph (D) 6.a kmph
the other due north with equal speed Z. Then the rate at (c) 8/3 kmph (@ a kmph
which they were being separated from each other is
29. A source of lightis hung 'a'mt directly above a straight
J' @\+
horizontal path on which a boy 'b'metre in height is
ta) v l2 walking. How fast is the shadow lengthening when he
is walking away from the light at the rate of .c, mVmin ?
I
(c)
w @ J'V 4mumn
@) a-b 4mtlnm
rol a+b
22. Aparticle moves along the curve /:f + U. Then the
bc bc
point on the curve such that x and y coordinates of the
@ (o 2@Omtlmin
particle change with same rate 4a-b)mvmin

1.39
Physics
30. A rod of l0 feet long moves with its enls l- anf ! @) B,f3 cm (b) 8 cm
always on the axes of x and y respectively. If I is 8
ft from the origin and is moving away at the rate of (c) 12\6 cm (d) 24 cm
2 ft I sec. At what rate the area formed by l.B and the 38. The sum of the hypotenuse and a side of a triangle are
axes changing ? given. If the area of the triangle is maximum then the
(a) lll3 sq. ff/sec (b) l0l3 sq. ff/sec angle between them is
-14
f") #J sq. ff/sec @ +sq.
-12 ff/sec
5 "'2 *
Ol @) +J
31. The radius of the base of a cylinder is r cm. Water is
poured into it at ttie rate of ,f cclsec. When the height
<")i 7C
@
TI

6
of water level is ft cm, then the water level is rising at I ntegrotion ond Applications
the rate of I
tt
@) 'a (4 fir
_,
t* 39
J sln x
dx

lth' "os2,
(a) cotr+tanx+ C (b) tanx - cotr * C
(c) tt. @# (c) -tanx+cotx+C (O -tanx-cotx* C
7lr'

32. An aeroplane is flying horizontally at an altitude of I

40.
3000 ft directly over an observer. If it is flying with a J l+ e-*
speed of 300 ff/sec, the rate at which it is moving away
from the observer when it is at 5000 ft away from the
-dx
(a) log(1 + d) + C (b) tanx - cotx + C
observer is (c)-tanx+cotr*C (A -tanx-cot+ C
(a) 200ff/sec (b) 2}Ofrlsec
coseczx dx
(c) 240 fi/sec (d) 260 ftlsec 4t I dx
1+cotx
33. An electric lamp is at a height of 20 ft above the floor'
An object falls freely under gravity starting from the (a) -log ll +cotx | + C (b) log I I +cot.r | + C
rest at the same height as the lamp, but at a horizontal (c) logl I +tan.r l+C (d) -logl I +tanxl+C
distance of5 ft from it. The speed ofthe shadow ofthe
object on the floor when it has fallen through 16 ft is logx
42.
J
*
(a) L2ft/sec (b) 12.5 ff/sec x
(c) 1l fl/sec (d) 10 ff/sec (log x)2
(a) logx+c (b) +C
34. A man on a wharf 20 mt above the water level pulls in a 2
rope to which a boat is attached at the rate of 4 mt/sec.
(log r)2
At what rate is the boat approaching the shore, when \1,' _
,.., *'' a (d) -logx+ C
there is still25 mts rope out
2
I
20
(a) lmVsec (b)
5
20 mVsec 43.
{ {r'*zx+t).dx
0
7
(c) 23 mt/sec
23
@T mVsec (a) 2 (D) ;J
The maximum and minimum values of (c) I (o3
35.
nl2
.f(x):4r+3x2-6x+5are
(a) 8,712 (b) r0, l3l4 44. 2I (sin2x+ cos2x\ dx =
(c) 3,517 (A 2,817 0

The volume of the largest cone that can be inscribed in

(a) 2 )
(b)
36.
a sphere ofradius :9cm is (c) I (40
(a) 32 n c.c. (b) 72 n c.c.
*12

, 45.
J {"o..r + cos 2x) dx =
(c) 288:r c.c. @ ffn ".".
0

(a) -r (b), TE

37. Height of the cylinder of maximum volume that can be

inscribed in a sphere ofradius 12 cm is (c) I (o2

1.40
 M othe mati cs for Physi cs
cosx-l 11
I _dx-
-
46.
cos.r + I
(a) -r[o.l;'-f t c (b) log(lox + xro) + c

(a\ 2tan!-xl_c (b) 1x l1

2 -tan--x+c
22 fcl ;,**;mp+c (A Noneofthese
lx
(c\ x--tan-*c (A x-2tan|+c
22 54. A particle starts from rest and moves with acceleration
c which varies with time I as a : I/ where /c is a constant.
tanx
dx= The displacement s of the particle at time r is
47
I tan,
sec.r +
(a) sec x * tar^x - x + c (b) secx * tanx-x* c @) +kf (b) ]-u,
2
(c) secx -tanx I x* c (d) -secx * tanx - x * c
- I
(c) h3 (d) None
=o
48. l+sin{ dr=
2
55. Aparticle moves in a straight line with a velocity given
xx dx
r,r ][*.;-'*;J +c (D 4l cos-44- sln- *c by
A:
x * I (x is the distance described). The time

xx .xx+ cos-
(c) 4 sln - - cos- *c (d) 4 sln-
taken by a particle to traverse a distance of 99 metre is

44 *c e
44 (a) Iog,o (b) 2log"10

rI sinx+cosx (c) 2 log,o e (tt

49. )tog,o"
J Jl +sin2x 56. A particle starts at the origin and moves along the
r-axis in such a way that its velocity at the point
(a) sinx + c (D) cosx+c
(c)-iv-x+ c (d) *+c (x, 0) is given by the formula
ff: *. Then the
"or't
particle never reaches the point on
50. sin(2x)'dx
@)
l3
*=Z (b) r=i
(a) I (b)
2 + (r) x=i 1
@) x:r
(r) 1 (ar
4 57. Water is drained from a vertical cylindrical tank by
51. j _dx-
-x
cosec x opening a valve at the base of the tank. It is known that
the rate at which the water level drops is proportional to
los tan -
"2 the square root of water depthy, where the constant of
proportionality k > 0 depends on the acceleration due
1a; rog(rog a,;)+, 1a; zrog(ro sani)*" to gravity and the geometry of the hole. If I is measured
in minutes and fr: fi ,f,., the time to drain the tank
if the water is 4 m deep to start with, is
f'l jr"s(r" sffi;)+,(d) None of these (a) 30 min (b) 45 min
(c) 60 min (@ 80 min
52. | - a.= Veciors Definitions
' cos'x(l-tanx)'
--1 58. A physical quantity which has a direction :-
(a) . +c (bl -L+"
' l-tanx
(a) Must be a vector (D) May be a vector
-1
tan.r-l (c) Must be a scalar (d) None of the above
ll (A 59. How many minimum number of coplanar vectors which
(c) +c None of these
3 (1- tanr)3 represent same physical quantity having different
magnitudes can be added to give zero resultant
s3. J;
loxe +10'19-g,lo
*- @)2 (b) 3
lo'+x'' (c)4 (As
1.41
Physics
60. I started walking down a road in morning facing the Vector Addition and Subtoction
sun. After walking for some-time, I turned to my left, 67 . The sum of magnitudes of two forces acting at a point
then I turned to the right once again. In which direction is16 N. If the resultant force is 8 N and its direction is
was I going then - perpendicular to smaller force, then the forces are :
(c) East (b) North-west (a) 6Nand10N (D) 8Nand8N
(c) North-east (d) South (c) aNand12N (d) 2Nandl4N
61. A bird moves from point (l m, -2 m, 3 m) to 68. Force 3 N, 4 N and 12 N act at a point in mutually
(4m,2 m, 3 m). If the speed of the bird is l0 m/s, then perpendicular directions. The magnitude of the
the velocity vector of the bird in m/s is: resultant force is :

(c) -zi +ti1

5 (r' @) s@i +zi +ztc1 (a) l9N (D) l3N
(c) 1lN (d) 5N
(c) 0.6i + 0.8j 61 6i +8i
69. The unit vector parallel to the resultant ofthe vectors
62. Let V is anon zero vector.
7=4i +3i +6t E= -i +3i -8[ is:
V:lV I @) 2:l Al
and
@)
@) V:lV I A (d) None of these. r^l^
1a1 'l +6j
i(3r' -2k) (il :Qi
I
+6i +2k)
63. If d is a vector and x is a non-zero scalar, then
r^1"
(a) xd is a vector in the directionof d @ +6j +2k) @ +6i -2k)
4s3i 4s9i
(b) x d is a vector collinear to d
(c) xd and d have independent directions
70. The resultant of two vectors F and 0 i" n.lf 0 is

doubled then the new resultant vector is perpendicular

(d; None of these.
to F. Th.n magnitude of i is:
64. Equation of line BA is x + y : l. Find a unit vector p2
-n2
along the reflected ray AC. @* 2PQ @)Q
B
(cr P @)
P+O
--=
c[ (r
-O P_Q
x 71. There are two force vectors, one of 5 N and other of
A
12 N at what angle the two vectors be added to get
ti*il
(a) -------- (b)
ri-it resultant vector of 17 N, 7 N and 13 N respectively.

'12 '12 (a) 90o (6) 0",90o and 180"

0o, 180o and
Ol JiG+h (fl None (c) 0',90o and 90o (d) 180',0o and 90o
65. A situation may be described by using different sets of
72. Aparticle has displacement of 12 m towards east and 5
co-ordinate axes having different orientations. Which m towards north then 6 m vertically upward. The sum
of the following depends on the orientation of the axes? of these displacements is:
(a) the value ofa scalar (a) t2m (D) 10.04m
(D) component ofa vector (c) 14.31 m (A Bm
(c) a vector
73. 12 coplanar non collinear forces (all of equal
(d) the magnitude of a vector
magnitude) maintain a body in equilibrium, then the
+Zi) angle between any two adjacent forces is
66. A particle has position vector (3i -i metre at
(a) 15' (b) 30'
(c) 45" (A 60"
time t: 0. It moves with constant velocity <-i + j - ltl
74. GiventhatP: Q:R.If F+@=i tnertheangle
vector (in m) of the particle after
mt-'. Th" position between F and I ir 0,. If F+ 0+R.=6 then the
3
second ' ts
tal zj-7k (b) zi-i: angle between F and F is er. The relation between 0t

@i
l^
(il3k and 0, is:

1.42
 M oth e rn o{rcs fo r e hVlt cs

(a) 0,:0, (b) er =

?
82. The resultant of the three vectors OA, OB and OC
shown in figure is
(c) 0r:20, (d) None of the above A

75. At what angle must the two forces (x + y) and (x - y) act

B

so that the resultant may be JG * ,h ,

c
(a) cosr -(r'+ )
(D) cos-r -2(:'-!'l
2( ) x'+y'
, 2 2,
(c) cosr -(*'* (d) cos-r \x--Y-) (a) , (b) 2r
x'+y'
1c1 rQ+Ji) @ ,di-D.
76. Three concurrent forces of the same magnitude are in 83. In an equilateral triangle ABC, AL, BM and CN are
equilibrium. What is the angle between the force? Also the medians. Which of the following would correctly
name the triangle formed by the force as sides: represent the resultant oftwo forces represented by BC
andBA?
(a) 60' equilateral triangle
(b) l20 equilateral triangle
(a) AC (b) 2 AL
(c) 2 BM (A 2 CN.
(c) 120o,30o,30o an isosceles triangle
84. If F -- t + 2j + 6k,its direction cosines are
(A 20'an obtuse angled triangle
(a\ t 2 and.6
77. Ttvee forces P, Q R are acting at a point in the -.-
and,
41 4t -41
plane. The angle between P and Q and Q and R are
150' and 120o respectively, then for equilibrium
(i.e. net force : 0), forces P, Q andR are in the ratio
$\L.Z*aL
,141 J4t Jqt
(a)1:2:3 l:Z:Jj
(b) (.):.+unal
,l4l rl4l ,l4l
(c)3:2:t @) Ji:2:l
78. If the sum of two unit vectors is a unit vector, then (d) l,2and6
magnitude of difference is: 85. Two forces P and 2P are acting at an angle 0. If the

@)Ji @) J, square of the resultant of them is equal to half of the

sum of the squares of their magnitudes then 0 is
@) uJi @ Ji . .-,(s)
79. The two vectors i and E are drawn from a common
(a) stn 'l
-| (6) -,(-:g,/
\-/ cos-'l
5\
\,
I

\g/
pointand e =i+E thenanglebetween A arlaE ts /g\
(a) 90"ifO*A2+82 (c) cos-,'; -; (A 0"
\5/
(D) Greater than 90o if C < A2 + 82
(c) Greater than 90o if C > Az + 3z 86. If ,q+E=e and l7l+lBl=lq then the angle
(d) None of these between l7l *a la-l i'

80. Three forces proportiotal to AB, BC and 2CA act along (a) 45" (b) 60"
the sides of triangle ABC in order. Their resultant
(c) 90" (A 0"
represented in magnitude and direction as
(a) CA (b) AC 87. Two forces F, and, F, are acting at a point, having
(c) BC resultant as F.lf F, is doubled F is also doubled. If F,
(A CB
is reversed then also .F is doubled. If f'= G N tn".,
81. The resultant of two vectors 7 and E is perpendicular
find F, and.F, (in N)
to 7 . Th" magnitude of the resultant is equal to half of
the magnitude of ,D . The angle between ), ana E rs
@) JD,J6 @) Ji,Ji
(a) 0" (r) 60"
(c) 150' (d) 180'. @) J6,3 (a J6,3

1.43
Physics
88. If 'P' is in equilibrium then TrlTris Vector-Scolar Product

95. Let A=i,q.cos0+jZslne, be any vector. Another

vector E which is normal to 7 it ,
600
(a) rBcos0+ j,B.ine (D) rbsin0+ jBcos0

(c) rBsin0-jBcos0 g1 iAcos}-i,lsine

900 N

96. The projection of a vector, 7 =3i + i +Zi , on the

@) Jl (b) 2
x- y plane has magnitude
lJ, (a u2 (a) 3 (b) 4
@)
Components of Vector
@ JG (4 Jro

89. A displacement vector, at an angle of 30o with 97. Let d,6,d be vectors of length 3, 4, 5 respectively.
y-axis, has an r-component of l0 units. Then the d,6 to d + d d
Let d. beperpendicula, to b' + and to
magnitude of the vector is
(a) 5.0 (b) l0 d+6.rnen la+6+al is'
(c) ll.5 (A 20 @)26 @) 2{,
90. X-component of d is nvice of its I-component. If the
@) to,E @ so
magnitude of the vector is 5 f and it makes an angle

98. Let 6,6,d arethree unit vectors such that a+6+e

of l35o with z-axis then the components of vector is: is also a unit vector. If pairwise angles between
@)zJi, Jl,4 @ 2J6 , J6 ,4 d,6,i are 0,, 0, and 0, respectively then cos 0,
k) 2Ji, .6 , -5 (/1 None of these + cos 0, + cos 0, equals
(a) 3 (6) -3
91. If a vector 7 makes angles 45o and 60" with x and
(c) I (d) -r
y axis respectively then the angle made by it with
99. The magnitude of scalar product of two vectors is 8
z axis is
and ofvector product is 8 r/J . The angle between them
(a) 30' (b) 60' is:
(c) 90' (A 45' (a) 30' (b) 60'

92. The rectangular components of a vector lying inry plane

(c) 90" (d) 150"
are I and p + 1. If co-ordinate system is tumed by 30o' 100. Force acting on a particle is (2i + 3j)N . Work done
They are p and 4 respectively the value of 'p' is by this force is zero, when the particle is moved on
(")2 @)4 the line 3y + la: 5. Here value of ft is (Work done

(c) 3.s (A 7 w:F'7 )

(a) 2 (b) 4
93. If o, p and y are the angles made by a vector withX, Y
(c) 6 (d) 8
arrd Z-axes then sin2 q, * sin2 B + sin2 y is
(a) | (b) 2 101. The vector (d+:6) is perpendiculat to (7d-56)
(c) 3 (d) 4 and (Z= - +5; is perpendicular n (7 d 'Zh .The angle
between d and 5 is :
94, lf V --Zi - 3i + 4k,its components it yz plane and zx
(a) 30' (b) 45"
plane are respectively
(c) 60' (d) None of these
(a) d3 5 and (b) s afi 2Ji
102. If a, b, c are three non-zero vectors such that
@) zJi ana Jl3
+6.e +d.d is
@ JB ana J23 d +6 +d = 0 the value of a.U

1.4
 M othe motics for P hysi cs
(a) Less than zero (D) equal to zero
I
(c) greaterthanzero (A @) a,l (b)
3
;le,+ , la,-ql
103. A unit vector in ry-plane that makes an angle of 45o
drxd,
with the vector f + j and an angle of 60. with the
dr-dz
k) 2
@
2 ar ezl
-l

vector 3i-+j t
t, i+i 111. In a clockwise system :
(a) (b)
-+
,12
.ili
(a) kx i =i (b) i.i =0
a1
l- I
(c\ ---J
JZ
(d) None of these. (c) i x i =i (A t'.i =t
104. lb I can be written as
112. The linear velocity of a rotating body is given by
il=d>x/,where dl istheangularvelocityand / is
@ ,16.8
- @ 6.b the radius vector. The angular velocity of a body is
(cl @.b)2 @ 6.6ftz. 6=i -2j +2i and the radius vector i =4i -Zi ,
then | | is
105. The resolved part of the force F =i+2j -4k inthe
direction of d=2i+4j -4k is
(a) J29 units (b) rEI units
<,t f,{-i*zi -2k) ral f,(;+ 2j -zk)
units
(c) J37 (@ GT units
f"l f;(-; -2j -zk) (d) None of these 113. Which of the following expressions are not
meaningful ?
Vector-Cross Product
gy n.(nxfi) @) G.n).n,
tr - /- -\ -
106. A vecrrrrr points vertically upward and E points @) ln.ilm (O i"(;xw)
towards north. The vector produ ct i x E is :
114. If the vectors A,6,e form the sides BC, CA and AB
(a) Null vector (D) Along west
respectively of a triangle I BC, then
(c) Along east (d) Vertically downward
(a) ab + b.d +E.d =0 (b) dxb =b xd =d xd
107. If li"E1=,[li.E, then the value of 17 *81 i*
( ., -1 AB\t/2 @) A.6=6.e=d.A 61 Ax6+6xd+dxd=6
@) IA'+B'+-T-l (b) A+B
\ ./3/ 115. If 7 is parallel to E, then

(c) + Ji ,qryttz1d1 1Az + 82 + AB)tt2

(A2 + nz
@ 7-(i+ E)= A2 + AB (b) Ax(Z.+ E1= 1s
108. The value of fL+ El.(i,. E) is : py ),.8=o @ )x1trxiy=g
(a) 0 (g 1z-sz
(c) A2 + 82 + ZAB (d) None of these 116. If d=2i+3j -k,6 =-i+2j -4k and d= i+ j +k ,
109. Select incorrect statement
then (axb).(Zxd) is
(a) for any two vectors ll.el< an (a) 60 (6) 68
(D) for any two vectors li, El< ea (c) -60 (O -74
(c) A vector is not changed if it is slid parallel to itself. 117. Area of the triangle whose base is givenbyZ = i + j +
(d) A vector is necessarily changed if it is rotated k and one of the two sides by E = 4j + 3t is
through an angle.

110. If Q and d2 are two unit vectors and 0 is the angle @) J26 *r+
5
between them, then sin
0
(, ) @i (d) s

1.45
Physics

rr8.If7"E=ErCthen 120. Vertices of a triangle are given by i+li+Zi,

(o) e=,q (b) e =-j
2i -j + k and -i +2 j +3k ,thenarea of triangle is(in
p) e =-E @) 7=E
119. If the diagonals of a parallelo gram are represented by units)
the vectors F=5i++1+li and A=li+zj+i,
then the area ofparallelogram in square units is @) .jrot tz (D ..fu07 t6
5
@) Jr2 (r)
o @1,
ffi @ J2o7 t3
(r) G @ JG
A r ch iv es : Le a st Atte m pte d Qu e sti o ns ( L AQs) ( I EE

Single Option Correct 2. Two vectors 7 afiF hare equal mapitudes. If

the magnit'de of 7+l is equal to two times the
r. z is a vector quantity such that lrl= anonzero magrituae of I -E the angle betvreen 7 and E
constant. which of ur' followiog
rr the rurruwurg s^PrEsDru'" ffi will be |
' 120221
"*pr"rriolriT
i ? .,|n[;
for

@) 7.7:0 (b1 7 xr <0 (') (+)

'i"-'
(b) sin-' (+)

(d 7x7:0 (d) 7x7>0 (d ."r-'(?) ro co'-'(|)

)@.
Exercise 7
1. (D) 2. (a) 3. (c) 4.(a) s. (a) 6.(c) 7. (b) 8. (a) e. (b) 10. (a)

11. (a) 12. @ 13. (a) M.(A ls. (c) 16. (a) 17. (b) 18. (b) te. (b) 20. (c)
21. (a) 22. @ 23. (c) 24. (c) 25. (c) 26. (c) 27. (b) 28. (b) 2e.(a 30. @
31. (c) 32. (6) 33. (D) 34. (b) 3s. (b) 36. (a) 37. (c) 38. (a) 39. (a) 40. @
41. (b) 42. (D) 43. (a) 44. (b) 45. (a) a6. @) 47. (b) a8. (c) 49. (a) 50. @
st. (o 52. (a) s3. (a) s4. (c) ss. (r) s6. (D) 57. (c) s8. (D) se. (a 60. @
61. (D) 62. (c) 63. (c) 6a. @) 6s. (D) 66.(A 67. (b) 68. (a) 69. (c) 70. (a)
71. (b) 72. (c) 73. (c) 7a. @) 75. (c) 76. (b) 77. (a) 78. (c) 7e.(a 80. (a)
81. (D) 82. (c) 83. (d) 84. (D) 8s. (b) 86. (c) 87. (a) 88. (c) 8e. (b) 90. @
e6.(a 97. (a) e8.(d) 99. (a) 100. (a)
et. (o 92. (D) 93. (c) 94. (a) es. (b)
10r. (a) to2. (a) 103. (b) 104. (a) 105. (c) 106. (d) r07. (b) 108. (a) 109. (c) 110. (b)

111. (a) ttz. (a) 113. (d) tt4. (o 11s. (d) tt6. (a) tt7. (a) 118. (b) 119. (c) 120. (a)
t2t. (a) 122. (D) 123. (a) 124. (a)
Exercise 2
r. (a) 2. (b) 3. (c) 4.(b) 5. (a) 6.(a) 7.(c) 8. (D) 9. (c)
10. (a)
11. (a) 12. (b) B.(A 14. (c) ls. (D) 16. (c) 17. (a) 18. (D) re. (b)
20. (b)
21. (o 22. (c) 23. (b) 24. (a) 25. (a) 26. (c) 27. (c) 28. (c) 29. (a) 30. (c)
31. (c) 32. (c) 33. (D) 34. (a) 3s. (D) 36. (c) 37. (a) 38. (b) 3e. (D) a0. @)
41. (a'l 42. (b) 43. (b) 44. (a) 45. (a) 46.(A 47. (c) 48. (c) a9. @) 50. (a)
51. (a) 52. (b) s3. (b) 54. (c) ss. (b) 56. (c) 57. (c) s8. (D) se. (b) 60. (a)
61. (o 62. (c) 63. (b) 64. (a) 6s. (b) 66. (a) 67. (a) 68. (b) 6e. (a) 70. (b)
7L. (a) 72. (c) 73. (b) 74. (6) 75. (a) 76. (b) 77.(A 78. (b) 79. (b) 80. (a)
81. (c) 82. (c) 83. (c) 84. (b) 8s. (D) 86.(A 87. (A 88. (c) 8e.(A e0. (c)
et. (b) 92. @ e3. (D) 94. (b) 95. (c) e6. (d) e7.(a e8.(d) ee. (b) 100. (a)
101. (c) 102. (a) 103. (d) 104. (a) 10s. (D) 106. (b) 107. (d) 108. (a) t0e. (d) 110. (b)
111. (a) tt2. (a) 113. (b) tt4. (b)
115. (a) fl6. (A tt7. (b) 118. (b) 119. (c) r20. (a)
Archives: Least Attempted Questions (LAQs) (lEE Main)
1. (c) 2. (c)

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