AUTOMATION IN MANUFACTUREING

Q. Discuss the role of manufacturing support system in modern

industrial aspects?
ANS:-Manufacturing support systems (MSS) are a set of procedures and tools used by companies to
manage production and solve technical and logistical problems. They play a critical role in modern
industrial aspects by improving efficiency, productivity, and quality.

Key roles of MSS in modern industry:-

** Improved Production Planning and Control:- MSS helps in better production planning and control
by providing real-time data on inventory levels, production schedules, and resource availability. This
enables companies to optimize production processes, reduce lead times, and minimize inventory
costs.
** Enhanced Quality Control:- MSS includes quality management tools that help in monitoring
product quality at every stage of the production process. This ensures that products meet the
required quality standards and reduces the number of defective products.

** Increased Automation:- MSS enables the automation of various manufacturing processes, such as
material handling, assembly, and testing. This increases production speed, reduces labor costs, and
improves product consistency.

** Better Supply Chain Management:- MSS integrates with supply chain management systems to
provide real-time visibility into the supply chain. This helps companies to better manage their
inventory, reduce lead times, and improve supplier relationships.

** Improved Decision-Making:- MSS provides managers with real-time data and analytics on various
aspects of the manufacturing process. This enables them to make informed decisions about
production planning, resource allocation, and process improvement.

Examples of MSS tools and technologies:-

** Enterprise Resource Planning (ERP) systems:- ERP systems integrate various business functions,
such as finance, human resources, and manufacturing, into a single system.

** Manufacturing Execution Systems (MES):- MES provides real-time monitoring and control of
manufacturing operations.
** Computer-Aided Design (CAD) and Computer-Aided Manufacturing (CAM) software:- CAD/CAM
software is used to design and manufacture products.

** Supply Chain Management (SCM) systems:- SCM systems help companies manage their supply
chain.

** Quality Management Systems (QMS):- QMS helps companies manage product quality.

In conclusion, MSS plays a vital role in modern industrial aspects by improving efficiency,
productivity, quality, and decision-making. Companies that effectively implement and utilize MSS are
better positioned to compete in the global market.

Q. Explain volume Vs variety production significance in terms of

enhancement of a manufacturing system.
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ANS:- When it comes to enhancing a manufacturing system, the balance between production
volume and variety plays a crucial role. Here’s a deep dive into their significance:

### Volume Production:-

**Volume production focuses on producing large quantities of identical products. Key aspects
include:-

**Economies of Scale:- Producing high volumes can reduce the cost per unit due to bulk purchasing
of materials, streamlined processes, and spreading fixed costs over more units.

**Efficiency:- High-volume production often involves highly automated processes, leading to

increased efficiency and faster production rates.

**Standardization:- It enables consistent quality and easier management of inventory and supply
chain.

### Variety Production:-

**Variety production emphasizes the capability to produce a diverse range of products. Key aspects
include:-
**Flexibility:- Manufacturing systems need to be adaptable to produce different products, which can
involve reconfigurable equipment and workforce skills.

**Customization:- Allows for meeting specific customer demands and preferences, which is
increasingly important in today’s market.

**Innovation:- Diverse product lines can foster innovation and differentiation in the market.

### Significance in Enhancement:-

1. *Balancing Act:- A manufacturing system that optimizes both volume and variety can cater to
large-scale production while being agile enough to adapt to market changes.

2. *Market Responsiveness:- Combining high-volume production capabilities with the flexibility of

variety production helps in quickly responding to market trends and customer needs.

3. *Resource Utilization:- Efficiently managing resources between standard high-volume production

and more flexible variety production ensures better utilization of equipment and workforce.

4. *Competitive Edge:- Manufacturers that can achieve this balance are often more competitive, as
they can offer a wider range of products without compromising on cost-efficiency.

Q. Differentiate between semi-automated and automated material

handling system.
ANS:- Here's a detailed differentiation between semi-automated and automated material handling systems:-
# *Semi-Automated Material Handling System:-

1. Human Intervention:- Requires human intervention to initiate, monitor, and correct the material handling
process.

2. Machine Assistance:- Machines and equipment are used to perform specific tasks, but human operators are
needed to oversee and control the process.
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3. Limited Automation:- Automation is limited to specific tasks or functions, and human operators are required
to perform other tasks.

4. Examples:- Conveyors with manual loading/unloading, palletizers with manual pallet handling, and
automated guided vehicles (AGVs) with manual loading/unloading.

#* Automated Material Handling System:-

1. Minimal Human Intervention:- Requires minimal or no human intervention to initiate, monitor, and correct
the material handling process.

2. Automation Integrated:- Machines and equipment are integrated with computer controls, sensors, and
actuators to perform tasks autonomously.

3. Full Automation:- Automation is applied to the entire material handling process, from receipt of raw
materials to shipment of finished goods.

4. Examples:- Robotic palletizers, automated storage and retrieval systems (AS/RS), conveyor systems with
automated loading/unloading, and automated guided vehicles (AGVs) with automated loading/unloading.

**Key differences between semi-automated and automated material handling systems:-

1. Level of Automation:- Semi-automated systems require human intervention, while automated systems
operate with minimal or no human intervention.

2. Scope of Automation:- Semi-automated systems automate specific tasks, while automated systems
automate the entire material handling process.

3. Equipment and Technology:- Automated systems typically require more advanced equipment and
technology, such as robotics, sensors, and computer controls.

Q. In manufacturing automation and computer-integrated manufacturing,

explain the suitable reasons for automating.
ANS:- Suitable Reasons for Automating in Manufacturing:-
Manufacturing automation and computer-integrated manufacturing (CIM) have become essential for modern
industries to remain competitive. Here are some compelling reasons for automating in manufacturing:

1. Increased Productivity:-

* Higher Production Rates:- Automated systems can work 24/7 without breaks, significantly increasing
production output compared to manual labor.

* Reduced Cycle Times:- Automation streamlines processes, minimizing delays and optimizing production flow,
leading to shorter cycle times.

* Improved Resource Utilization:- Automated systems can efficiently utilize raw materials, energy, and other
resources, reducing waste and optimizing efficiency.

2. Enhanced Product Quality:-

* Consistency and Precision:- Automated machines perform tasks with consistent accuracy and precision,
reducing variations and defects in products.

* Reduced Human Error:- Automation eliminates the risk of human errors caused by fatigue, distraction, or
inconsistency, resulting in higher quality products.

* Improved Quality Control:- Automated inspection systems can quickly and accurately detect defects,
ensuring that only high-quality products reach the market.
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3. Improved Worker Safety:-

* Elimination of Hazardous Tasks:- Automation allows robots and machines to handle dangerous or repetitive
tasks, reducing the risk of workplace accidents and injuries.

* Safer Working Environment:- By automating hazardous processes, manufacturers create a safer working
environment for their employees.

4. Reduced Costs:-

* Lower Labor Costs:- Automation reduces the need for manual labor, leading to significant cost savings in
wages and benefits.

* Reduced Material Waste:- Automated systems optimize resource utilization, minimizing waste and reducing
material costs.

* Lower Energy Consumption:- Automated systems can be designed to optimize energy usage, reducing energy
costs and promoting sustainability.

5. Increased Flexibility:-

* Adaptability to Change:- Automated systems can be easily reprogrammed or reconfigured to adapt to

changes in product design or production requirements.

* Agility and Responsiveness:- Automation enables manufacturers to quickly respond to changing market
demands and customer preferences.

6. Improved Competitiveness:-

* Increased Efficiency and Productivity:-Automation allows manufacturers to produce goods faster, cheaper,
and with higher quality, enhancing their competitiveness in the market.

* Faster Time-to-Market:- Automation can accelerate the production process, enabling manufacturers to bring
new products to market faster.

7. Enhanced Data Collection and Analysis:-

* Real-time Data Acquisition:- Automated systems can collect data on various aspects of the production
process in real-time.

* Improved Decision-Making:- The collected data can be analyzed to identify areas for improvement, optimize
processes, and make informed business decisions.

8. Improved Customer Satisfaction:-

* Higher Quality Products:- Automation leads to higher quality products with fewer defects, resulting in
increased customer satisfaction.

* Faster Delivery Times:- Automation can accelerate production and delivery, ensuring that customers receive
their orders on time.

9. Sustainability:-

* Reduced Waste:- Automated systems can optimize resource utilization and minimize waste, promoting
sustainability.

* Lower Energy Consumption:- Automated systems can be designed to optimize energy usage, reducing energy
consumption and promoting environmental responsibility.

10. Improved Employee Morale:-

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* Elimination of Monotonous Tasks:- Automation can free up employees from repetitive and monotonous
tasks, allowing them to focus on more challenging and rewarding work.

* Increased Job Satisfaction:- Employees can be trained to operate and maintain automated systems, leading
to increased job satisfaction and a sense of accomplishment.

In conclusion, automating in manufacturing offers a wide range of benefits, from increased productivity and
enhanced product quality to improved worker safety and reduced costs. By carefully evaluating their needs and
goals, manufacturers can leverage automation to achieve significant improvements in their operations and
competitiveness.

Q. Explain the reasons of being automating in modern industrial

aspects.
ANS:- Automation in modern industrial contexts has become a significant driver of efficiency and
productivity for a variety of compelling reasons:-

### 1. *Increased Productivity*:-

Automation allows machines and systems to perform tasks around the clock without breaks, leading to higher
output and reduced downtime. This capability significantly boosts overall productivity and meets high-demand
periods without the need for additional labor.

### 2. *Cost Reduction*:-

Automating processes can reduce labor costs, minimize human errors, and decrease waste. While the initial
investment in automation technology can be high, the long-term savings on operational costs often justify the
expenditure.

### 3. *Improved Quality and Consistency*:-

Machines and automated systems can perform repetitive tasks with a higher degree of accuracy and
consistency compared to human workers. This leads to improved product quality and uniformity, reducing the
likelihood of defects and rework.

### 4. *Enhanced Safety*:-

In many industries, automation helps remove humans from hazardous environments and tasks, reducing the
risk of accidents and injuries. This is particularly beneficial in manufacturing, mining, and chemical processing
industries.

### 5. *Flexibility and Scalability*:-

Modern automation systems are often highly adaptable and can be reprogrammed to accommodate different
products and processes. This flexibility allows businesses to scale their operations up or down as needed and
quickly respond to market changes.

### 6. *Data Collection and Analysis*:-

Automated systems can collect and analyze data in real-time, providing valuable insights into operations. This
data can be used to optimize processes, predict maintenance needs, and make informed business decisions.

### 7. *Competitive Advantage*:-

Companies that embrace automation are often better positioned to compete in the global market. They can
offer higher-quality products at lower prices and adapt more quickly to changing customer demands and
industry trends.
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### 8. *Resource Efficiency*:-

Automation can lead to more efficient use of resources such as energy, materials, and time. By optimizing
processes and reducing waste, companies can achieve more sustainable operations.

### 9. *Innovation and Development*:-

The use of automation can free up human workers from mundane, repetitive tasks, allowing them to focus on
more creative and strategic activities. This shift can drive innovation and continuous improvement within an
organization.

Overall, automation is not just about replacing human labor; it's about enhancing and transforming the way
industries operate to achieve greater efficiency, safety, and innovation.

Q. What do you mean by levels of automation? Explain each level in

terms of their utilities.
ANS:- Levels of automation refer to the extent to which machines and systems can independently perform
tasks without human intervention. These levels range from complete manual control to full automation. Here's
a breakdown of each level and their utilities:-

### *1. Manual Operation*:-

**Description:* All tasks are performed manually by human workers without any automated assistance.

**Utilities:* Provides full human control and flexibility, suitable for complex tasks requiring human judgment
and creativity. It is often used in artisanal or highly specialized production.

### *2. Assisted Operation*:-

**Description:* Human operators perform tasks with the aid of tools and machines, which can increase
efficiency and precision but still require significant human involvement.

**Utilities:* Enhances human capabilities while maintaining control, useful in assembly lines where precision
and speed are needed but human oversight is still essential.

### *3. Semi-Automation*:-

**Description:* Machines perform a significant portion of the tasks, but human operators are required for
supervision, decision-making, and handling exceptions.

**Utilities:* Balances the strengths of human judgment and machine efficiency, suitable for processes that are
mostly repetitive but occasionally require human intervention.

### *4. Conditional Automation*:-

**Description:* Machines can operate autonomously under certain conditions but require human intervention
when those conditions are not met or in case of unexpected events.

**Utilities:* Increases efficiency while reducing the need for constant human supervision, useful in
environments where conditions are predictable but occasionally variable.

### *5. High Automation*:-

**Description:* Machines perform most tasks autonomously, with humans only monitoring the systems and
stepping in during malfunctions or complex decision-making scenarios.

**Utilities:* Greatly increases productivity and consistency, suitable for high-volume manufacturing and
processes with minimal variability.
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### *6. Full Automation*:-

**Description:* Machines and systems operate completely autonomously without any human intervention,
from start to finish.

**Utilities:* Maximizes efficiency, reduces labor costs, and ensures consistent quality, ideal for processes that
are highly predictable and standardized.

### *Utilities of Each Level*:-

**Manual Operation:* Best for tasks requiring high levels of dexterity, creativity, and human intuition.

**Assisted Operation:* Enhances precision and speed in repetitive tasks while leveraging human oversight.

**Semi-Automation:* Provides a balance between human control and machine efficiency, reducing fatigue and
errors.

**Conditional Automation:* Suitable for environments with mostly stable conditions but needing occasional
human judgment.

**High Automation:* Ideal for large-scale production where uniformity and efficiency are paramount, with
minimal human supervision required.

**Full Automation:* Optimal for highly predictable processes, ensuring maximum efficiency, safety, and cost-
effectiveness.

Each level of automation offers unique advantages and is suited to different types of tasks and industries. The
choice of automation level depends on factors such as task complexity, the need for flexibility, and the desired
balance between human and machine capabilities.

Q. Compare types of automation relative to production quantity and

product variety.
ANS:- Here's a comparison of types of automation relative to production quantity and product
variety:

##Fixed Automation:-

1. Production Quantity:- High

2. Product Variety:- Low

3. Description:- Fixed automation is designed for high-volume production of a single product or a

limited range of products. It is typically used in mass production environments.

4. Examples:- Assembly lines, transfer lines, and dedicated machinery.

##Programmable Automation:-

1. Production Quantity:- Medium to High

2. Product Variety:-Medium

3. Description:- Programmable automation is designed for batch production and can be

reprogrammed to produce different products. It is typically used in industries with moderate product
variety.

4. Examples:- CNC machines, robots, and programmable logic controllers (PLCs).

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## Flexible Automation:-

1. Production Quantity:- Low to Medium

2. Product Variety:- High

3. Description:- Flexible automation is designed for low-volume, high-variety production. It is

typically used in industries with frequent product changes or custom orders.

4. Examples:- Flexible manufacturing systems (FMS), robotic cells, and computer-aided design (CAD)
systems.

## Hybrid Automation:-

1. Production Quantity:- Medium to High

2. Product Variety:- Medium to High

3. Description:- Hybrid automation combines elements of fixed, programmable, and flexible

automation to achieve a balance between production quantity and product variety.

4. Examples:- Hybrid manufacturing systems, which integrate different automation technologies to

produce a range of products.

In summary, the type of automation chosen depends on the production quantity and product variety
requirements of the industry. Fixed automation is suitable for high-volume, low-variety production,
while flexible automation is better suited for low-volume, high-variety production. Programmable
and hybrid automation offer a balance between production quantity and product variety.

Q. Discuss in brief about the mechanical, hydraulic, electric and

pneumatic transmission used in Automation with applications.
ANS:- Transmission Systems in Automation:-
Automation relies on different transmission systems to transfer power and motion efficiently. The
four main types of transmission used in automation are mechanical, hydraulic, electric, and
pneumatic. Each has distinct characteristics, advantages, and applications.

1. Mechanical Transmission:-

**Description:-

Mechanical transmission systems use gears, belts, chains, and shafts to transmit power and motion.
They are reliable and capable of handling high loads efficiently.

**Advantages:-

*High efficiency and durability.

*Simple maintenance and repair.

*Can handle high torque and heavy loads.

**Applications:-

*Conveyor systems in manufacturing plants.

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*Robotic arms with gear-based actuation.

*Automated assembly lines using cams and linkages.

*CNC machines for precise movement control.

2. Hydraulic Transmission:-

**Description:-

Hydraulic systems use fluid pressure to transmit power. A pump generates pressure, which is
transmitted through hydraulic lines to actuators or motors.

**Advantages:-

*High power density (compact yet powerful).

*Smooth and precise control.

*Can generate very high forces.

**Applications:-

*Automated presses in metal forming.

*Excavators and forklifts for heavy lifting.

*Injection molding machines in manufacturing.

*Aircraft landing gear systems.

3. Electric Transmission:-

**Description:-

Electric transmission uses motors and drives to convert electrical energy into mechanical motion. It is
widely used in automation due to its precision and ease of control.

**Advantages:-

*High precision and controllability.

*Energy-efficient with regenerative capabilities.

*Easy integration with digital automation systems.

**Applications:-

*Industrial robots for precise operations.

*Automated conveyor belts in warehouses.

*Electric vehicles (EVs).

*CNC machines and 3D printers.

4. Pneumatic Transmission:-

**Description:-
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Pneumatic systems use compressed air to transmit power and motion. These systems are common in
automation due to their simplicity and cost-effectiveness.

**Advantages:-

*Lightweight and easy to install.

*Fast response time.

*Safe in hazardous environments.

**Applications:-

*Pick-and-place robots in assembly lines.

*Packaging machinery.

*Pneumatic actuators in automation systems.

*Textile industry for fabric handling.

Conclusion

Each transmission type has unique advantages and is used based on application requirements such
as force, precision, speed, and efficiency. Modern automation often combines these technologies for
optimized performance (e.g., electro-hydraulic or servo-pneumatic systems).

Q. In manufacturing automation and computer-integrated

manufacturing, explain the suitable reasons for automating.
ANS:- Automation and computer-integrated manufacturing (CIM) offer numerous benefits in the
manufacturing industry. Here are some compelling reasons for automating manufacturing
processes:-

### *1. Enhanced Productivity*

Automation increases production speed by allowing machines to perform tasks faster and more
efficiently than human workers. This results in higher output and the ability to meet large-scale
production demands.

### *2. Improved Quality and Consistency*

Automated systems perform repetitive tasks with precision and consistency, reducing the likelihood
of human errors. This ensures uniformity in product quality and reduces defects, leading to higher
customer satisfaction.

### *3. Cost Savings*

By reducing labor costs, minimizing waste, and optimizing resource usage, automation helps lower
overall production costs. Although the initial investment in automation technology can be
substantial, the long-term cost savings often justify the expenditure.

### *4. Increased Safety*

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Automation takes over dangerous and hazardous tasks, protecting human workers from potential
injuries and accidents. This is particularly important in industries involving heavy machinery, toxic
substances, or extreme conditions.

### *5. Flexibility and Adaptability*

Modern automated systems and CIM can be reprogrammed and reconfigured to handle different
products and processes. This flexibility allows manufacturers to quickly adapt to changing market
demands and produce a variety of products without extensive downtime.

### *6. Data Collection and Analysis*

Automated systems can collect real-time data on production processes, which can be analyzed to
identify inefficiencies, predict maintenance needs, and optimize operations. This data-driven
approach leads to continuous improvement and better decision-making.

### *7. Competitive Advantage*

Automation enables manufacturers to produce high-quality products at a lower cost and with greater
efficiency. This competitive edge is crucial in the global market, where speed, quality, and cost-
effectiveness are key differentiators.

### *8. Resource Efficiency*

Automation optimizes the use of materials, energy, and time, leading to more. This not only reduces
costs but also minimizes the environmental impact of manufacturing processes.

### *9. Innovation and Development*

By automating routine and repetitive tasks, human workers are freed up to focus on more creative
and strategic activities. This shift fosters innovation and drives the development of new products and
processes.

### *10. Scalability*

Automated systems can be easily scaled up or down to meet varying production demands. This
scalability is essential for manufacturers looking to expand their operations or enter new markets
without significant disruptions.

### *Conclusion*

Implementing automation and computer-integrated manufacturing provides significant advantages

in terms of productivity, quality, cost savings, safety, flexibility, and innovation. By leveraging these
benefits, manufacturers can remain competitive in a rapidly evolving industrial landscape.

Q. Write short notes on any four of the following:

1.CNC Adaptive control:- CNC adaptive control refers to a system on a CNC machine that
continuously monitors machining parameters like cutting load and automatically adjusts cutting feed
rate in real-time to optimize performance, ensuring consistent quality while adapting to varying
material conditions and tool wear, essentially allowing the machine to self-regulate based on the
current machining situation.

**Key points about CNC adaptive control:-

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*Function:-

Monitors cutting forces, vibrations, or other process variables to detect changes in machining
conditions.

*Automatic adjustments:-

Based on the monitored data, the CNC system automatically adjusts cutting parameters like feed
rate, depth of cut, or spindle speed to maintain desired performance levels.

**Benefits:-

*Improved machining efficiency by maximizing material removal rate while preventing tool breakage.

*Enhanced surface finish and dimensional accuracy.

*Reduced scrap rates due to real-time adjustments.

*Ability to adapt to variations in material properties.

**Common adaptive control strategies:-

*Constant cutting force control:- Maintains a predetermined cutting force by adjusting feed rate
based on measured force.

*Power control:- Adjusts feed rate to maintain a constant power level.

*Vibration monitoring:- Modifies cutting parameters based on detected vibration levels.

**Components of an adaptive control system:-

*Sensors:- Collect data on machining conditions (e.g., force transducers, vibration sensors).

*Signal processing unit:-Analyzes sensor data to determine necessary adjustments.

*Control algorithm:- Implements the logic for adjusting cutting parameters based on the processed
data.

**Applications of CNC adaptive control:-

*Milling operations on complex geometries.

*Turning operations with varying material properties.

*High-speed machining where maintaining optimal cutting conditions is crucial.

2. AUTOMATED STORAGE SYSTEM:-An Automated Storage and Retrieval System

(AS/RS) is a computer-controlled system that automatically stores and retrieves items from storage
locations. Here are some key features and benefits of AS/RS:-

# Key Features:-

1. Automated storage and retrieval:- Items are stored and retrieved automatically using machines or
robots.

2. Computer control:- The system is controlled by a computer that tracks inventory, manages storage
locations, and optimizes retrieval sequences.
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3. High-density storage:- AS/RS systems can store items in a compact, high-density format, making
efficient use of space.

4. Security and accuracy:- The system provides secure storage and accurate inventory tracking,
reducing errors and losses.

# Benefits:-

1. Increased efficiency:- AS/RS systems automate storage and retrieval tasks, freeing up staff for more
value-added activities.

2. Improved accuracy:- The system provides accurate inventory tracking and reduces errors in storage
and retrieval.

3. Enhanced security:- AS/RS systems provide secure storage, reducing the risk of theft or damage.

4. Reduced labor costs:-Automation reduces labor costs associated with manual storage and retrieval
tasks.

5. Increased storage capacity:- AS/RS systems can store items in a compact, high-density format,
increasing storage capacity.

6. Improved customer satisfaction:- AS/RS systems enable fast and accurate order fulfillment,
improving customer satisfaction.

# Types of AS/RS Systems:-

1. Unit Load AS/RS:- Stores and retrieves unit loads, such as pallets or containers.

2. Mini Load AS/RS:- Stores and retrieves smaller items, such as bins or totes.

3. Shuttle-Based AS/RS:- Uses shuttles to store and retrieve items from storage locations.

4. Robotic AS/RS:-Uses robots to store and retrieve items from storage locations.

# Applications:-
1. Manufacturing:- AS/RS systems are used in manufacturing to store and retrieve raw materials,
work-in-progress, and finished goods.

2. Distribution:- AS/RS systems are used in distribution centers to store and retrieve inventory.

3. Warehouse management:- AS/RS systems are used in warehouses to manage inventory and
optimize storage and retrieval operations.

4. Healthcare:- AS/RS systems are used in healthcare to store and retrieve medical supplies and
pharmaceuticals.

3. Sensors and actuators:-

### *Sensors*

Sensors are devices that detect changes in the environment and send information to other
electronics, usually a computer processor. They are essential components in various applications,
including industrial automation, robotics, and consumer electronics.

#### *Types of Sensors*

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1. *Temperature Sensors*:- Measure temperature changes (e.g., thermocouples, RTDs).

2. *Proximity Sensors*:- Detect the presence of an object (e.g., inductive, capacitive, and ultrasonic
sensors).

3. *Light Sensors*:- Measure light intensity (e.g., photodiodes, phototransistors).

4. *Pressure Sensors*:- Measure pressure variations (e.g., piezoelectric sensors).

5. *Motion Sensors*:- Detect movement (e.g., accelerometers, gyroscopes).

### *Actuators*

Actuators are devices that convert electrical signals into physical actions or movement. They are used
in conjunction with sensors to perform tasks based on sensor input.

#### *Types of Actuators*

1. *Electric Actuators*:- Use electrical energy to create movement (e.g., electric motors, solenoids).

2. *Pneumatic Actuators*:- Utilize compressed air to generate motion (e.g., pneumatic cylinders).

3. *Hydraulic Actuators*: -Use liquid fluid power to create movement (e.g., hydraulic cylinders).

4. *Thermal Actuators*:- Operate based on thermal expansion (e.g., bimetallic strips).

### *Applications*

**Industrial Automation*:- Used for controlling machinery and processes.

**Robotics*:- Sensors detect the environment, and actuators move robotic arms.

**Consumer Electronics*:- Used in devices like smartphones and game controllers.

### *Interconnection*

**Feedback Systems*:- Sensors provide feedback to actuators to create closed-loop systems for
precise control.

**Control Systems*:- Actuators execute actions based on commands from control systems, which
use sensor data to make decisions.

4. flexible automation*:-
### *Introduction to Flexible Automation*

Flexible automation refers to manufacturing systems that are designed to quickly adapt to changes in
the type and quantity of products being manufactured. These systems are characterized by their
ability to handle various products without significant time delays or reconfiguration.

### *Key Features*:-

1. *Adaptability*:- Can easily switch between different tasks and production processes.

2. *Versatility*:- Capable of handling a wide variety of products and components.

3. *Scalability*:- Can be scaled up or down based on production needs.

### *Components*:-
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1. *Robotic Systems*:- Industrial robots equipped with sensors and software to perform multiple
tasks.

2. *Automated Guided Vehicles (AGVs)*:- Used for material handling and transportation within the
manufacturing facility.

3. *Flexible Manufacturing Systems (FMS)*:- Integrated set of machines, tools, and computer
systems for versatile manufacturing.

### *Benefits*:-

**Reduced Downtime*:- Minimal time required for setup and changeover between different
products.

**Increased Productivity*:- Efficient handling of varying production demands.

**Cost Efficiency*:- Reduced need for manual labor and lower operational costs.

**Customization*:- Ability to produce customized products quickly and efficiently.

### *Applications*:-

**Automotive Industry*:- Used for assembling various models and components.

**Electronics Manufacturing*:- Producing different electronic devices and parts.

**Consumer Goods*:- Manufacturing a wide range of products with varying designs.

### *Challenges*:-

**High Initial Cost*:- Significant investment required for setting up flexible automation systems.

**Complex Maintenance*:- Requires skilled personnel to maintain and operate the systems.

**Integration Issues*:- Ensuring seamless integration with existing processes and systems.

### *Examples*:-

**Flexible Assembly Lines*: Lines that can quickly adapt to different product designs and assembly
processes.

**CNC Machines*:- Computer-controlled machines that can be programmed to produce a wide

variety of parts.

5. CIMS:- Computer Integrated Manufacturing System (CIMS) is a computer-based system that

integrates various manufacturing activities to improve efficiency, productivity, and quality.

**CIMS integrates the following functions:-

1. Design:- Computer-Aided Design (CAD).

2. Process Planning:- Computer-Aided Process Planning (CAPP).

3. Production Planning:- Enterprise Resource Planning (ERP) and Manufacturing Execution System
(MES).

4. Quality Control:- Inspection and testing.

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5. Inventory Management:- ERP

**Benefits of CIMS:-

1. Improved efficiency

2. Increased productivity

3. Enhanced quality

4. Reduced lead time

5. Improved customer satisfaction

**Applications of CIMS :-

1. Automotive industry

2. Aerospace industry

3. Consumer goods industry

4. Process industries

**Components of CIMS :-

1. Hardware :- computers, machines, and equipment

2. Softwar :- operating systems, application programs, and databases

3. Database :- integrated database for storing and retrieving data

4. Network :- communication network for integrating different components

CIMS is a powerful tool for improving manufacturing efficiency and productivity. It integrates
different functions and components to provide a seamless flow of information and materials.