Chapter

444444444

Polynomials
INTRODUCTION Types of Algebraic Expressions :
(i) Monomial : An algebraic expression having
Algebra is that branch of mathematics which only one term is called a monomial. For ex.
treats the relation of numbers. 8y, –7xy, 4x2, abx, etc. ‘mono’ means ‘one’.
CONSTANTS AND VARIABLES (ii) Binomial : An algebraic expression having
two terms is called a binomial. For ex.
In algebra, two types of symbols are used: 8x + 3y, 8x + 3, 8 + 3y, a + bz, 9 – 4y,
constants and variable (literals). 2x2 – 4z, 6y2 – 5y, etc. ‘bi’ means ‘two’.
 Constant : (iii) Trinomial : An algebraic expression having
three terms is called a trinomial. For ex.
It is a symbol whose value always remains the
ax – 5y + 8z, 3x2 + 4x + 7, 9y2 – 3y + 2x, etc.
same, whatever the situation be.
‘tri means ‘three’.
3 7
For example: 5, –9, , , , etc. (iv) Multinomial : An algebraic expression
8 15 having two or more terms is called a
 Variable : multinomial.

It is a symbol whose value changes according to

the situation. FACTORS AND COEFFICIENTS
For example : x, y, z, ax, a + x, 5y, – 7x, etc.  Factor :
ALGEBRAIC EXPRESSION Each combination of the constants and variables,
which form a term, is called a factor.
(a) An algebraic expression is a collection of terms
For examples :
separated by plus (+) or minus (–) sign. For
example : 3x + 5y, 7y – 2x, 2x – ay + az, etc. (i) 7, x and 7x are factors of 7x, in which
7 is constant (numerical) factor and x is
(b) The various parts of an algebraic expression that
variable (literal) factor.
are separated by ‘+’ or ‘–’ sign are called terms.
(ii) In –5x2y, the numerical factor is –5 and literal
For example :
factors are : x, y, xy, x2 and x2y.
Algebraic No. of Terms
 Coefficient :
expression terms
Any factor of a term is called the coefficient of
(i) –32x 1 –32x the remaining term.
(ii) 2x + 3y 2 2x and 3y For example :
(iii) ax – 5y + cz 3 ax, –5y and cz (i) In 7x ; 7 is coefficient of x
CLASS X (MATHS) 15
 (ii) In –5x2y; 5 is coefficient of –x2y; –5 is 1
coefficient of x2y. (ii) x + = x1 + x–1
x
Ex. 1 Write the coefficient of : It is not a polynomial.
(i) x2 in 3x3 – 5x2 + 7
(iii) y – 8 = y1/2 – 8
(ii) xy in 8xyz
(iii) –y in 2y2 – 6y + 2 Since, the power of the first term ( y ) is
(iv) x0 in 3x + 7 1
, which is not a whole number.
2
Sol. (i) –5
3
(ii) 8z (iv) z5 – z + 8 = z5 – z1/3 + 8
(iii) 6 Since, the exponent of the second term is
(iv) Since x0 = 1, Therefore 1/3, which in not a whole number. Therefore,
the given expression is not a polynomial.
3x + 7 = 3x + 7x0
Ex.3 Find the degree of the polynomial :
coefficient of x0 is 7.
(i) 5x – 6x3 + 8x7 + 6x2
 DEGREE OF A POLYNOMIAL
(ii) 2y12 + 3y10 – y15 + y + 3
The greatest power (exponent) of the terms of a (iii) x
polynomial is called degree of the polynomial.
(iv) 8
For example :
(a) In polynomial 5x2 – 8x7 + 3x : Sol. (i) Since the term with highest exponent
(power) is 8x7 and its power is 7.
(i) The power of term 5x2 = 2
   The degree of given polynomial is 7.
(ii) The power of term –8x7 = 7
(ii) The highest power of the variable is 15
(iii) The power of 3x = 1
Since, the greatest power is 7, therefore degree of    degree = 15.
the polynomial 5x2 – 8x7 + 3x is 7 (iii) x = x1  degree is 1.
(iv) 8 = 8x0  degree = 0
(b) The degree of polynomial :
(i) 4y3 – 3y + 8 is 3
 TYPES OF POLYNOMIALS
(ii) 7p + 2 is 1(p = p1)
(iii) 2m – 7m8 + m13 is 13 and so on. (A) Based on degree :
If degree of polynomial is
EXAMPLES 
Examples
Ex.2 Find which of the following algebraic
expression is a polynomial. 1. One Linear x + 3, y – x + 2, 3 x –3
1 2. Two Quadratic 1
(i) 3x2 – 5x (ii) x + 2x2 –7, x2+y2 –2xy, x2 +1+ 3y
x 3
3
(iii) y–8 (iv) z5 – z +8
3. Three Cubic x3 + 3x2 –7x+8, 2x2+5x3+7,
Sol. (i) 3x2 – 5x = 3x2 – 5x1
4. Four bi-quadratic x4 + y4 + 2x2y2, x4 + 3,…
It is a polynomial.

CLASS X (MATHS) 16
(B) Based on Terms : EXAMPLES 
If number of terms in polynomial is Ex.4 Find the remainder when 4x3 – 3x2 + 2x – 4 is
divided by
Examples
1
1. One Monomial 7 (a) x – 1 (b) x + 2 (c) x +
7x, 5x , x16, xy, ……
9
2
3
Sol. Let p(x) = 4x3 – 3x2 + 2x – 4
2. Two Binomial 2 + 7y6, y3 + x14, 7 + 5x9,… (a) When p(x) is divided by (x – 1), then by
remainder theorem, the required
remainder will be p(1)
3. Three Trinomial x3 –2x + y, x31+y32+ z33,…..
p(1) = 4 (1)3 – 3(1)2 + 2(1) – 4
Note : (1) Degree of constant polynomials
=4×1–3×1+2×1–4
(Ex.5, 7, –3, 8/5, …) is zero.
=4–3+2–4=–1
(2) Degree of zero polynomial (zero = 0
= zero polynomial) is not defined. (b) When p(x) is divided by (x + 2), then by
remainder theorem, the required
 POLYNOMIAL IN ONE VARIABLE remainder will be p (–2).
If a polynomial has only one variable then it is p(–2) = 4 (–2)3 – 3 (–2)2 + 2(–2) – 4
called polynomial in one variable. = 4 × (–8) – 3 × 4 – 4 – 4
Ex. P(x) = 2x3 + 5x – 3 Cubic trinomial = – 32 – 12 – 8 = – 52
7 5 3
Q(x) = 7x – 5x – 3x + x + 3 polynomial of
 1
(c) When p(x) is divided by,  x   then by
degree 7  2
R(y) = y Linear, monomial remainder theorem, the required
remainder will be
S(t) = t2 + 3 Quadratic Binomial
3 2
Note : General form of a polynomial in one  1  1  1  1
p    = 4   – 3   + 2   – 4
variable x of degree 'n' is anxn + an–1xn–1 + an–2xn–2  2  2  2  2
+ ….+ a2x2 + a1x + a0, an  0, where an, an–1,… a2,
a1, a0 all are constants.  1 1 1
= 4 ×   – 3 × –2× –4
 8 4 2
 for linear ax + b, a0
2 1 3 1 3
for quadratic ax + bx + c, a0 =– – – 1– 4 = – – 5
2 4 2 4
for cubic ax3 + bx2 + cx + d, a  0
2  3  20 25
= =
4 4
REMAINDER THEOREM
  VALUES OF A POLYNOMIAL

(i) Remainder obtained on dividing polynomial p(x)  For a polynomial f(x) = 3x2 – 4x + 2.
by x – a is equal to p(a) .
To find its value at x = 3;
(ii) If a polynomial p(x) is divided by (x + a) the
remainder is the value of p(x) at x = –a. replace x by 3 everywhere.
(iii) (x – a) is a factor of polynomial p(x) if p(a) = 0 So, the value of f(x) = 3x2 – 4x + 2 at x = 3 is
(iv) (x + a) is a factor of polynomial p(x) if p(–a) = 0 f(3) = 3 × 32 – 4 × 3 + 2
(v) (x – a) (x – b) is a factor of polynomial p(x), = 27 – 12 + 2 = 17.
if p(a) = 0 and p(b) = 0. Similarly, the value of polynomial
f(x) = 3x2 – 4x + 2
CLASS X (MATHS) 17
 (i) at x = –2 is f(–2) = 3(–2)2 –4(–2) + 2 For example :
= 12 + 8 + 2 = 22 If the degree of a polynomial is 5, the
polynomial can have at the most 5
(ii) at x = 0 is f(0) = 3(0)2 – 4(0) + 2 zeroes; if the degree of a polynomial is 8;
=0–0+2=2 largest number of zeroes it can have is 8.
2 (d) A zero of a polynomial need not be 0.
1 1 1 1
(iii) at x = is f   = 3   – 4   + 2 For example : If f(x) = x2 – 4,
2 2 2 2
then f(2) = (2)2 – 4 = 4 – 4 = 0
3 3
= –2+2= Here, zero of the polynomial f(x) = x2 – 4
4 4
is 2 which itself is not 0.
Ex.5 Find the value of the polynomial 5x – 4x2 + 3
at: (e) 0 may be a zero of a polynomial.
(i) x = 0 (ii) x = –1 For example : If f(x) = x2 – x,
Sol. Let p(x) = 5x – 4x2 + 3. then f(0) = 02 – 0 = 0
(i) At x = 0, p(0) = 5 × 0 – 4 × (0)2 + 3 Here 0 is the zero of polynomial
=0–0+3=3 f(x) = x2 – x.
(ii) At x = –1, p(–1) = 5(–1) – 4(–1)2 + 3 EXAMPLES 
= –5 – 4 + 3 = – 6 Ex.6 Verify whether the indicated numbers are
zeroes of the polynomial corresponding to
 ZEROES OF A POLYNOMIAL them in the following cases :
1

 If for x = a, the value of the polynomial p(x) is 0 (i) p(x) = 3x + 1, x = –
3
i.e., p(a) = 0; then x = a is a zero of the
polynomial p(x). (ii) p(x) = (x + 1) (x – 2), x = – 1, 2
For example : (iii) p(x) = x2, x = 0
m
(i) For polynomial p(x) = x – 2; p(2) = 2 – 2 = 0 (iv) p(x) = x + m, x = –

x = 2 or simply 2 is a zero of the polynomial
1
p(x) = x – 2. (v) p(x) = 2x + 1, x =
2
(ii) For the polynomial g(u) = u2 – 5u + 6; Sol. (i) p(x) = 3x + 1 
g(3) = (3)2 – 5 × 3 + 6 = 9 – 15 + 6 = 0  1 1
    p    = 3 × – + 1 = –1 + 1 = 0
 3 is a zero of the polynomial g(u)  3 3

= u2 – 5u + 6. 1
   x = – is a zero of p(x) = 3x + 1.
Also, g(2) = (2)2 – 5 × 2 + 6 = 4 – 10 + 6 = 0 3

 2 is also a zero of the polynomial (ii) p(x) = (x + 1) (x – 2) 

g(u) = u2 – 5u + 6     p(–1) = (–1 + 1) (–1 – 2) = 0 × –3 = 0

(a) Every linear polynomial has one and only and, p(2) = (2 + 1) (2 – 2) = 3 × 0 = 0
one zero.    x = –1 and x = 2 are zeroes of the
(b) A given polynomial may have more than given polynomial.
one zeroes. (iii) p(x) = x2   p(0) = 02 = 0
(c) If the degree of a polynomial is n; the  x = 0 is a zero of the given
largest number of zeroes it can have is polynomial
also n.
CLASS X (MATHS) 18
  m  m x 0 2
(iv) p(x) = x + m p    =   + m
     y  3x  4 4 10
Po int s A B
=–m+ m=0
m y
   x = – is a zero of the given B(2, 10)

polynomial.
1 1
(v) p(x) = 2x + 1 p   = 2 × +1
2 2 A(0, 4)

= 1 + 1 = 2 0
1 x' O x
   x = is not a zero of the given
2
polynomial.
(i) Let us consider the graph of y = 2x – 4
Ex.7 Find the zero of the polynomial in each of the intersects the x-axis at x = 2. The zero 2x – 4
following cases : is 2. Thus, the zero of the polynomial 2x – 4
is the x-coordinate of the point where the
(i) p(x) = x + 5 (ii) p(x) = 2x + 5 graph y = 2x – 4 intersects the x-axis.
(iii) p(x) = 3x – 2
x 2 0
Sol. To find the zero of a polynomial p(x) means
y  2x  4 0  4
to solve the polynomial equation p(x) = 0.
Po int s A B
(i) For the zero of polynomial p(x) = x + 5
y
p(x) = 0  x + 5 = 0  x = –5
x = –5 is a zero of the polynomial
p(x) = x + 5.
O A
(ii) p(x) = 0   2x + 5 = 0 
x' x
–1
5
    2x = –5 and x = –2
2 –3
5 –4 B
 x= is a zero of p(x) = 2x + 5.
2 y'
(iii) p(x) = 0  3x – 2 = 0  
(ii) A general equation of a linear polynomial is
2 ax + b. The graph of y = ax + b is a straight
    3x = 2 and x = .
3 b 
line which intersects the x-axis at  , 0 .
2  a 
x = is zero of p(x) = 3x – 2
3 Zero of the polynomial ax + b is the x-
coordinate of the point of intersection of the
 GEOMETRIC MEANING OF THE ZEROES OF graph with x-axis.
 A POLYNOMIAL
(iii) Let us consider the quadratic polynomial
Let us consider linear polynomial ax + b. The x2 – 4x + 3. The graph of x2 – 4x + 3 intersects
graph of y = ax + b is a straight line. the x-axis at the point (1, 0) and (3, 0). Zeroes
of the polynomial x2 – 4x + 3 are the
For example : The graph of y = 3x + 4 is a straight x-coordinates of the points of intersection of
line passing through (0, 4) and (2, 10). the graph with x-axis.

CLASS X (MATHS) 19
 x 1 2 3 4 5 Cubic polynomial : Let us find out
geometrically how many zeroes a cubic has.
y  x 2  4x  3 0  1 0 3 8
Po int s A B C D E Let consider cubic polynomial
x3 – 6x2 + 11x – 6.
The shape of the graph of the quadratic
polynomials is  and the curve is known as x 0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 4
parabola. y  x 3  6x 2  11x  6  6  1.875 0 0.375 0  0.375 0 1.875 6
Po int s A B C D E F G H I
y

D Case 1 :
The graph of the cubic equation intersects the
x-axis at three points (1, 0), (2, 0) and (3, 0).
A C Zeroes of the given polynomial are the
x-coordinates of the points of intersection
x' O 1 2 3 4 x with the x-axis.
–1
B y
–2
6 I
y'
5
(iv) Now let us consider one more polynomial 4
–x2 + 2x + 8. Graph of this polynomial 3
intersects the x-axis at the points 2 D
(4, 0), (–2, 0). Zeroes of the polynomial – 1 H
C E G
x2 + 2x + 8 are the x-coordinates of the points x' x
at which the graph intersects the x-axis. The –2 –1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6
–1
shape of the graph of the given quadratic B F
–2
polynomial is  and the curve is known as
–3
parabola.
–4
x  2 1 0 1 2 3 4 –5
y 0 5 8 9 8 7 0 –6 A
Po int s A B C D E F G y'
y
D Case 2 :
9 E
8 C
7 F The cubic equation x3 – x2 intersects the x-
6 axis at the point (0, 0) and (1, 0). Zero of a
B 5 polynomial x3 – x2 are the x-coordinates of
4 the point where the graph cuts the x-axis.
3 y
2
A –2 1 G
x' x
–4 –3 –1O 1 2 3 4 O
x' x
y'

The zeroes of a quadratic polynomial y'

ax2 + bx + c he x-coordinates of the points
where the graph of y = ax2 + bx + c intersects Zeroes of the cubic polynomial are 0 and 1.
the x-axis.
CLASS X (MATHS) 20
 Case 3 : y y

y = x3
(ix) (x) x' x
Cubic polynomial has only one zero. x' x O
O
y
y' y'
Sol. (i) The graph is a straight line so the graph is of
a linear polynomial. The number of zeroes is
x' O x one as the graph intersects the x-axis at one
point only.
(ii) The graph is a parabola. So, this is the graph
y'
of quadratic polynomial. The number of
In brief : A cubic equation can have 1 or 2 or zeroes is zero as the graph does not intersect
3 zeroes or any polynomial of degree three the x-axis.
can have at most three zeroes.
(iii) Here the polynomial is quadratic as the graph
Remarks : In general, polynomial of degree is a parabola. The number of zeroes is one as
n, the graph of y = p(x) passes x-axis at most the graph intersects the x-axis at one point
at n points. Therefore, a polynomial p(x) of only (two coincident points).
degree n has at most n zeroes.
(iv) Here, the polynomial is quadratic as the graph
EXAMPLES  is a parabola. The number of zeroes is two as
the graph intersects the x-axis at two points.
Ex.8 Which of the following correspond to the
graph to a linear or a quadratic polynomial (v) The polynomial is linear as the graph is
and find the number of zeroes of polynomial. straight line. The number of zeroes is zero as
the graph does not intersect the x-axis.
y y
(vi) The polynomial is quadratic as the graph is a
parabola. The number of zeroes is 1 as the
(i) (ii) graph intersects the x-axis at one point (two
x' x x' x coincident points) only.
O O
y' y' (vii)The polynomial is quadratic as the graph is a
y y parabola. The number of zeroes is zero, as the
graph does not intersect the x-axis.
(viii) Polynomial is neither linear nor quadratic as
(iii) (iv) the graph is neither a straight line nor a
x' x x' x parabola is one as the graph intersects the x-
O O
y' y' axis at one point only.
y y (ix) Here, the polynomial is quadratic as the graph
is a parabola. The number of zeroes is one as
x' O x
the graph intersects the x-axis at one point
(v) (vi) only (two coincident points).
x' x
O (x) The polynomial is linear as the graph is a
y' y' straight line. The number of zeroes is one as
y
the graph intersects the x-axis at only one
y point.
x' x 
O O
(vii) (viii) 
x' x


y'
y'
CLASS X (MATHS) 21
  Ex.10 Find the zeroes of the quadratic polynomial
RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN THE ZEROES AND
 4x2 – 9 and verify the relation between the
THE COEFFICIENTS OF A POLYNOMIAL. zeroes and its coefficients.

Consider quadratic polynomial Sol. We have,
P(x) = 2x2 – 16x + 30. 4x2 – 9 = (2x)2 – 32 = (2x – 3) (2x + 3)
Now, 2x2 – 16x + 30 = (2x – 6) (x – 3) So, the value of 4x2 – 9 is 0, when
= 2 (x – 3) (x – 5) 2x – 3 = 0 or 2x + 3 = 0
The zeroes of P(x) are 3 and 5. 3 3
i.e., when x = or x = – .
Sum of the zeroes 2 2
3 3
(16)  coefficien t of x  Therefore, the zeroes of 4x2 – 9 are &– .
=3+5=8= =–  2 2 2
2  coefficien t of x 
Sum of the zeroes
Product of the zeroes
3 3 ( 0 ) coefficien t of x
30 constan t term
= – =0= =
= 3 × 5 = 15 = = 2 2 4 coefficien t of x 2
2 coefficien t of x 2
Product of the zeroes
So if ax2 + bx + c, a  0 is a quadratic
3  3 9 cons tan t term
polynomial and ,  are two zeroes of polynomial =     = =
b c 2  2 4 coefficien t of x 2
then     – ,  
a a Ex.11 Find the zeroes of the quadratic polynomial
9x2 – 5 and verify the relation between the
 EXAMPLES  zeroes and its coefficients.
Ex.9 Find the zeroes of the quadratic polynomial Sol. We have,
6x2 – 13x + 6 and verify the relation between
the zeroes and its coefficients. 9x2 – 5 = (3x)2 – ( 5 )2 = (3x – 5 ) (3x + 5 )
Sol. We have, 6x2 – 13x + 6 = 6x2 – 4x – 9x + 6 So, the value of 9x2 – 5 is 0,
= 2x (3x – 2) –3 (3x – 2)
when 3x – 5 = 0 or 3x + 5 = 0
= (3x – 2) (2x – 3)
5  5
So, the value of 6x2 – 13x + 6 is 0, when i.e., when x = or x = .
(3x – 2) = 0 or (2x – 3) = 0 i.e., 3 3

2 3
Sum of the zeroes
When x= or
3 2 5 5 ( 0 ) coefficien t of x
= – =0= =
Therefore, the zeroes of 6x2 – 13x + 6 are 3 3 9 coefficien t of x 2

2 3 Product of the zeroes

and .
3 2
 5  5
=    = 5 = cons tan t term
Sum of the zeroes  3   3  9 coefficien t of x 2
   
2 3 13 (13) coefficien t of x
= + = = = Ex.12 If  and  are the zeroes of ax2 + bx + c, a  0
3 2 6 6 coefficien t of x 2 then verify the relation between the zeroes
Product of the zeroes and its coefficients.

2 3 6 cons tan t term Sol. Since  and  are the zeroes of polynomial
= × = =
3 2 6 coefficien t of x 2 ax2 + bx + c.

CLASS X (MATHS) 22
 Therefore, (x – ), (x – ) are the factors of (b) 2  (b 2  4ac) 2 b 2  b 2  4ac
the polynomial ax2 + bx + c. = =
4a 2 4a 2
 ax2 + bx + c = k (x – ) (x – )
4ac c
ax2 + bx + c = k {x2 – ( + ) x + } = 2
=
4a a
ax2 + bx + c = kx2 – k ( + ) x + k...(1) cons tan t term
=
Comparing the coefficients of x2, x and coefficien t of x 2
constant terms of (1) on both sides, we get
c
a = k, b = – k ( + ) and c = k Hence, product of zeroes =
a
b c
 +=– and  =
k k
In general, it can be proved that if , ,  are the
b c zeroes of a cubic polynomial ax3 + bx2 + cx + d,
+= and  = [ k = a] then
a a
b
b coefficien t of x ++=
Sum of the zeroes = = a
a coefficien t of x 2
c
 +  +  =
c cons tan t term a
Product of the zeroes = =
a coefficien t of x 2 d
 =
a
Ex. 13 Prove relation between the zeroes and the
coefficient of the quadratic polynomial b c d
Note, , and are meaningful because a  0.
ax2 + bx + c. a a a
Sol. Let  and  be the zeroes of the polynomial
ax2 + bx + c Ex.14 find the zeroes of the quadratic polynomial
x2 – 2x – 8 and verify a relationship between
 b  b 2  4ac zeroes and its coefficients.
  = ....(1)
2a
Sol. x2 – 2x – 8 = x2 – 4x + 2x – 8
 b  b 2  4ac = x (x – 4) + 2 (x – 4) = (x – 4) (x + 2)
 = ....(2)
2a So, the value of x2 – 2x – 8 is zero when
By adding (1) and (2), we get x – 4 = 0 or x + 2 = 0 i.e., when x = 4 or x = – 2.
So, the zeroes of x2 – 2x – 8 are 4, – 2.
 b  b 2  4ac  b  b 2  4ac
+= + Sum of the zeroes
2a 2a
2 b b coefficien t of x (2) coefficien t of x
= =– = =4–2=2= =
2a a coefficien t of x 2 1 coefficien t of x 2

Hence, sum of the zeroes of the polynomial Product of the zeroes

b 8 cons tan t term
ax2 + bx + c is – = 4 (–2) = –8 = =
a 1 coefficien t of x 2
By multiplying (1) and (2), we get Ex.15 Verify that the numbers given along side of
  b  b 2  4ac    b  b 2  4ac  the cubic polynomials are their zeroes. Also
 =    verify the relationship between the zeroes and
 2a  2a 
   the coefficients.
1
2x3 + x2 – 5x + 2 ; , 1, – 2
2
CLASS X (MATHS) 23
Sol. Here, the polynomial p(x) is For example, 2 + 2 and 3 + 3 etc. are
2x3 + x2 – 5x + 2 symmetric functions. Symmetric function is to be
expressed in terms of ( + ) and . So, this can
Value of the polynomial 2x3 + x2 – 5x + 2 be evaluated for a given quadratic equation.
when x = 1/2  Some useful relations involving  and  :
3 2
1 1 1 1 1 5 1. 2 + 2 = ( + )2 – 2
= 2   +   – 5   +2 = + – + 2 = 0
2 2 2 4 4 2 2. ( – )2 = ( + )2 – 4
So, 1/2 is a zero of p(x). 3. 2 – 2 = (+) ( – ) = ( + )
On putting x = 1 in the cubic polynomial
(  ) 2  4
2x3 + x2 – 5x + 2
4. 3 + 3 = ( + )3 – 3 ( + )
= 2(1)3 + (1)2 – 5(1) + 2 = 2 + 1 – 5 + 2 = 0
5. 3 – 3 = ( – )3 + 3 ( – )
On putting x = – 2 in the cubic polynomial
6. 4 + 4 =[( + )2 – 2]2 –2()2
2x3 + x2 – 5x + 2
7. 4 – 4 = (2 + 2) (2 – 2) then use (1) and (3)
= 2(–2)3 + (–2)2 – 5 (–2) + 2
= – 16 + 4 + 10 + 2 = 0  EXAMPLES 

1 Ex.16 If  and  are the zeroes of the polynomial

Hence, , 1, – 2 are the zeroes of the given ax2 + bx + c. Find the value of
2
polynomial. (i)  –  (ii) 2 + 2.
Sum of the zeroes of p(x) Sol. Since  and  are the zeroes of the
polynomial ax2 + bx + c.
1 1  coefficien t of x 2
= +1–2=– =
2 2 coefficien t of x 3 b c
  +=– ;  =
a a
Sum of the products of two zeroes taken at a
time (i) ( – )2 = ( + )2 – 4
2
1 1  b 4c b2 4c b 2  4ac
= ×1+ × (–2) + 1 × (–2) =   – = 2 – =
2 2  a a a a a2
1 5 coefficien t of x
= –1–2=– = b 2  4ac
2 2 coefficien t of x 3  – =
a
Product of all the three zeroes (ii) 2 + 2 = 2 + 2 + 2 – 2
1 = ( + )2 – 2
=   × (1) × (–2) = –1
 2 2
 b c b 2  2ac
=   – 2  =
=
(2) cons tant term
=  a a a2
2 coefficien t of x 3
Ex.17 If  and  are the zeroes of the quadratic
polynomial ax2 + bx + c. Find the value of
 SYMMETRIC FUNCTIONS OF ZEROS OF A
 QUADRATIC POLYNOMIAL. (i) 2 – 2 (ii) 3 + 3.
Sol. Since  and  are the zeroes of ax2 + bx + c

 Symmetric function :
b c
An algebraic expression in  and , which   += , =
a a
remains unchanged, when  and  are
interchanged is known as symmetric function in  (i) 2 – 2 = ( + ) (– )
and .
CLASS X (MATHS) 24
 b Hence the polynomial formed
=– (  ) 2  4
a = x2 – (sum of zeroes) x + Product of zeroes

b
2
b b 2  4ac = x2 – 2x – 15
b c
=–   4 = –
a  a  a a a2 Ex.20 Find a quadratic polynomial whose sum of
zeroes and product of zeroes are respectively-
b b 2  4ac 1 1
=– (i) ,–1 (ii) 2, (iii) 0, 5
a2 4 3
(ii) 3 + 3 = ( + ) (2 + 2 – ) Sol. Let the polynomial be ax2 + bx + c and its
= ( + ) [(2 + 2 + 2) – 3] zeroes be  and .
= ( + ) [( + )2 – 3] 1
(i) Here,  +  = and  .  = – 1
4
b   b  2 3c 
=     Thus the polynomial formed
a a  a
 
= x2 – (Sum of zeroes) x + Product of zeroes
2 2
b  b 3c  b  b  3ac 
=  2  =   1 x
a  a a  a  a2  = x2 –   x – 1 = x 2 – –1
  4 4

 b 3  3abc  x 
= The other polynomial are k  x 2   1
a3  4 

If k = 4, then the polynomial is 4x2 – x – 4.

 TO FORM A QUADRATIC POLYNOMIAL
 WITH THE GIVEN ZEROES 1
(ii) Here,  + = 2 ,  =
Let zeroes of a quadratic polynomial be  and . 3
 x = , x= Thus the polynomial formed
x –  = 0, x – = 0
The obviously the quadratic polynomial is = x2 – (Sum of zeroes) x + Product of
(x – ) (x – ) zeroes
i.e., x2 – ( + ) x +  1 1
= x2 – ( 2 ) x + or x2 – 2 x +
2 3 3
x  (Sum of the zeroes) x  Pr oduct of the zeroes
 1
 EXAMPLES  Other polynomial are k  x 2  2 x  
 3
Ex.18 Form the quadratic polynomial whose zeroes
are 4 and 6. If k = 3, then the polynomial is
Sol. Sum of the zeroes = 4 + 6 = 10 3x2 – 3 2 x + 1
Product of the zeroes = 4 × 6 = 24 (iii) Here, +=0 and . = 5
Hence the polynomial formed
Thus the polynomial formed
= x2 – (sum of zeroes) x + Product of zeroes
= x2 – (Sum of zeroes) x + Product of
= x2 – 10x + 24 zeroes
Ex.19 Form the quadratic polynomial whose zeroes = x2 – (0) x + 5 = x2 + 5
are –3, 5.
Ex.21 Find a cubic polynomial with the sum of its
Sol. Here, zeroes are – 3 and 5.
zeroes, sum of the products of its zeroes taken
Sum of the zeroes = – 3 + 5 = 2 two at a time, and product of its zeroes as 2,
– 7 and –14, respectively.
Product of the zeroes = (–3) × 5 = – 15
CLASS X (MATHS) 25
Sol. Let the cubic polynomial be Ex.23 If  and  are the zeroes of the polynomials
ax3 + bx2 + cx + d ax2 + bx + c then form the polynomial whose
1 1
b 2 c d zeroes are and .
  x3 + x + x+ ....(1)  
a a a
Sol. Since  and  are the zeroes of ax2 + bx + c
and its zeroes are ,  and , then
b c
b So  +  = , =
++=2=– a a
a
1 1 
c Sum of the zeroes = + =
 +  +  = – 7 =   
a
b
d 
 = – 14 = – = a = b
a c c
a
b c d
Putting the values of , and in (1),
a a a Product of the zeroes
we get 1 1 1 a
= . = =
x3 + (–2) x2 + (–7)x + 14   c c
a
  x3 – 2x2 – 7x + 14
But required polynomial is
Ex.22 Find the cubic polynomial with the sum, sum
x2 – (sum of zeroes) x + Product of zeroes
of the product of its zeroes taken two at a
time and product of its zeroes as 0, –7 and –6  b a
respectively.   x2 –   x+  
 c  c
Sol. Let the cubic polynomial be
b a
or x2 + x+
ax3 + bx2 + cx + d c c
b 2 c d  b a
  x3 + x + x+ ....(1) or c  x 2  x  
a a a c c

and its zeroes are , , . Then   cx2 + bx + a
b Ex.24 If  and  are the zeroes of the polynomial
++=0=–
a x2 + 4x + 3, form the polynomial whose
 
c zeroes are 1 + and 1 + .
 +  +  = – 7 =  
a
Sol. Since  and  are the zeroes of the
d
 = – 6 = polynomial x2 + 4x + 3.
a
Then,  +  = – 4,  = 3
b c d
Putting the values of , and in (1), Sum of the zeroes
a a a
 
we get =1+ +1+
 
x3 – (0) x2 + (–7) x + (–6)
   2     2
or x3 – 7x + 6 =


 2   2  2 (  ) 2 ( 4) 2 16
= = = =
  3 3
CLASS X (MATHS) 26
 Product of the zeroes The result is called Division Algorithm for
polynomials.
      
= 1   1   = 1 + + +
       Dividend  Quotient  Divisor  Remainder

 2  2 2   2   2  EXAMPLES 
=2+ =
 
Ex.25 Divide 3x3 + 16x2 + 21x + 20 by x + 4.
(  ) 2 ( 4) 2 16
= = = Sol.
 3 3
3x2 + 4x + 5
But required polynomial is 3x 3
x+4 3x3 + 16x2 + 21x + 20 First term of q(x) = = 3x2
x2 – (sum of zeroes) x + product of zeroes 3
3x + 12x 2 x
– – 4x 2
16 16  16 16  Second term of q(x) = = 4x
or x2 – x+ or k  x 2  x  2
4x + 21x + 20 x
3 3  3 3
4x2 + 16x
– – 5x
 16 16  Third term of q(x) = =5
or 3  x 2  x  (if k = 3) 5x + 20 x
 3 3 5x + 20
– –
 3x2 – 16x + 16
0

Quotient = 3x2 + 4x + 5
 WORKING RULE TO DIVIDE A POLYNOMIAL
 BY ANOTHER POLYNOMIAL

Remainder = 0
Step 1: Ex.26 Apply the division algorithm to find the
First arrange the term of dividend and the divisor quotient and remainder on dividing p(x) by
in the decreasing order of their degrees. g(x) as given below :

Step 2 : p(x) = x3 – 3x2 + 5x – 3, g(x) = x2 – 2

To obtain the first term of quotient divide the Sol. We have,

highest degree term of the dividend by the highest p(x) = x3 – 3x2 + 5x – 3 and g(x) = x2 – 2
degree term of the divisor.
x–3
x3
Step 3 : x –2 x3 – 3x2 + 5x – 3 First term of quotient is 2 = x
2
x
x3 – 2x
To obtain the second term of the quotient, divide
– +  3x 2
the highest degree term of the new dividend 2
– 3x + 7x – 3 Second term of quotient is = –3
2 x2
obtained as remainder by the highest degree term – 3x +6
of the divisor. + –
7x – 9
Step 4 :
We stop here since
Continue this process till the degree of remainder
is less than the degree of divisor. degree of (7x – 9) < degree of (x2 – 2)
So, quotient = x – 3, remainder = 7x – 9
 Division Algorithm for Polynomial
Therefore,
If p(x) and g(x) are any two polynomials with
Quotient × Divisor + Remainder
g(x)  0, then we can find polynomials q(x) and
r(x) such that = (x – 3) (x2 – 2) + 7x – 9

p(x) = q(x) × g(x) + r(x) = x3 – 2x – 3x2 + 6 + 7x – 9

= x3 – 3x2 + 5x – 3 = Dividend
where r(x) = 0 or degree of r(x) < degree of g(x).

CLASS X (MATHS) 27
 Therefore, the division algorithm is verified. Here, remainder is 0, so t2 – 3 is a factor of
2t4 + 3t3 – 2t2 – 9t – 12.
Ex.27 Apply the division algorithm to find the
quotient and remainder on dividing p(x) by 2t4 + 3t3 – 2t2 – 9t – 12 = (2t2 + 3t + 4) (t2 – 3)
g(x) as given below
Ex.29 Obtain all the zeroes of
p(x) = x4 – 3x2 + 4x + 5, g (x) = x2 + 1 – x
3x4 + 6x3 – 2x2 – 10x – 5, if two of its zeroes
Sol. We have, 5 5
are and – .
p(x) = x4 – 3x2 + 4x + 5, g(x) = x2 + 1 – x 3 3

x2 + x – 3 5 5
Sol. Since two zeroes are and – ,
x2 – x + 1 x4 – 3x2 + 4x + 5 3 3
x4 – x3 + x2
– + – 5 5
x= ,x=–
x3 – 4x2 + 4x + 5 3 3
x3 – x2 + x
– + –  5   5  5
–3x2 + 3x + 5   x  x = x2 – or 3x2 – 5
 3   3  3
– 3x2 + 3x – 3 
+ – + is a factor of the given polynomial.
8
Now, we apply the division algorithm to the
given polynomial and 3x2 – 5.

We stop here since x2 + 2x + 1

4 3 2
3x2 – 5 3x + 6x – 2x – 10x – 5
degree of (8) < degree of (x2 – x + 1). 3x 4
– 5x2
So, quotient = x2 + x – 3, remainder = 8 – +
6x3 + 3x2 – 10x – 5
Therefore, 6x3 – 10x
Quotient × Divisor + Remainder – +
2
3x –5
= (x2 + x – 3) (x2 – x + 1) + 8 3x2 –5
= x4 – x3 + x2 + x3 – x2 + x – 3x2 + 3x – 3 + 8 – +
0
= x4 – 3x2 + 4x + 5 = Dividend
So, 3x4 + 6x3 – 2x2 – 10x – 5
Therefore the Division Algorithm is verified.
= (3x2 – 5) (x2 + 2x + 1) + 0
Ex.28 Check whether the first polynomial is a factor of
the second polynomial by applying the division Quotient = x2 + 2x + 1 = (x + 1)2
algorithm.t2 – 3; 2t4 + 3t3 – 2t2 – 9t – 12. Zeroes of (x + 1)2 are –1, –1.
Sol. We divide 2t4 + 3t3 – 2t2 – 9t – 12 by t2 – 3
5 5
2t2 + 3t + 4 Hence, all its zeroes are ,– , –1, –1.
2 4 3 2
3 3
t – 3 2t + 3t – 2t – 9t – 12
4
2t – 6t2 Ex.30 On dividing x3 – 3x2 + x + 2 by a polynomial
– + g(x), the quotient and remainder were x – 2
3t3 + 4t2 + 9t – 12 and –2x + 4, respectively. Find g(x).
3t3 – 9t
Sol. p(x) = x3 – 3x2 + x + 2
– +
4t2 – 12 q(x) = x – 2 and r (x) = –2x + 4
4t2 – 12
– + By Division Algorithm, we know that
0 p(x) = q(x) × g(x) + r(x)

CLASS X (MATHS) 28
Therefore,  product (a – b) a(a + b) = –1
x3 – 3x2 + x + 2 = (x – 2) × g(x) + (–2x + 4)  (a2 – b2) a = –1 …(1)
  x3 – 3x2 + x + 2 + 2x – 4 = (x – 2) × g(x) and sum of zeroes is (a – b) + a + (a + b) = 3

x 3  3x 2  3x  2  3a = 3  a = 1 …(2)
  g(x) =
x2 by (1) and (2)
On dividing x3 – 3x2 + 3x – 2 by x – 2, (1 – b2)1 = –1
we get g(x)
 2 = b2  b = ± 2
x2 – x + 1
x3
x–2 x3 – 3x2 + 3x – 2 First term of quotient is =x  a = –1 & b = ± 2
x3 – 2x2 x
– +  x2
–x2 + 3x – 2 Second term of quotient is = –x
Ex.33 If two zeroes of the polynomial
–x2 + 2x x
+ –
x x4 – 6x3 –26x2 + 138x – 35 are 2 ± 3,
x – 2 Third term of quotient is =1 find other zeroes.
x –2 x
– + Sol.  2 ± 3 are zeroes.
0
 x=2± 3
Hence, g(x) = x2 – x + 1.
 x – 2 = ± 3 (squaring both sides)
Ex.31 Give examples of polynomials p(x), q(x) and
r(x), which satisfy the division algorithm and  (x – 2)2 = 3  x2 + 4 – 4x – 3 = 0
(i) deg p(x) = deg q(x)  x2 – 4x + 1 = 0 , is a factor of given
polynomial
(ii) deg q(x) = deg r(x)
 other factors
(iii) deg q(x) = 0
Sol. (i) Let q(x) = 3x2 + 2x + 6, degree of q(x) = 2 x 4  6x 3  26x 2  138x  35
=
x 2  4x  1
p(x) = 12x2 + 8x + 24, degree of p(x) = 2
x2 – 2x – 35
Here, deg p(x) = deg q(x) 4 3 2
x2 – 4x + 1 x 4 – 6x 3 – 26x2 + 138x – 35
(ii) p(x) = x5 + 2x4 + 3x3 + 5x2 + 2 x – 4x + x
– + –
q(x) = x2 + x + 1, degree of q(x) = 2 – 2x3 – 27x2 + 138x – 35
g(x) = x3 + x2 + x + 1 – 2x3 + 8x2 – 2x
+ – +
r(x) = 2x2 – 2x + 1, degree of r(x) = 2 – 35x2 + 140x – 35
– 35x2 + 140x – 35
Here, deg q(x) = deg r(x) + – +
×
(iii) Let p(x) = 2x4 + 8x3 + 6x2 + 4x + 12
 other factors = x2 – 2x – 35
q(x) = 2, degree of q(x) = 0
= x2 – 7x + 5x – 35 = x(x – 7) + 5(x – 7)
g(x) = x4 + 4x3 + 3x2 + 2x + 6
= (x – 7) (x + 5)
r(x) = 0
 other zeroes are
Here, deg q(x) = 0
(x – 7) = 0  x = 7
Ex.32 If the zeroes of polynomial x3 – 3x2 + x + 1
are a – b, a , a + b. Find a and b. x+5=0x=–5 Ans.
Sol.  a – b, a, a + b are zeros
CLASS X (MATHS) 29
Ex.34 If the polynomial x4 – 6x3 + 16x2 –25x + 10 is
divided by another polynomial x2 –2x + k, the
remainder comes out to be x + a, find k & a.
Sol.
x2 – 4x + (8 – k)
4 3 2
x2 – 2x + k x – 6x + 16x – 25x + 10
4 3 2
x – 2x + x k
– + –
– 4x3 + x2 (16 – k)– 25x + 10
– 4x3 + x2 (8) – 4xk
+ – +
x2 [8 – k] + x[4k– 25] + 10
x2 [8 – k] – 2x[8 – k] +k(8 – k)
– + –
x [4k – 25 + 16 – 2k] + 10 – 8k + k2
According to questions, remainder is x + a
 coefficient of x = 1
 2k – 9 = 1
 k = (10/2) = 5
Also constant term = a
 k2 – 8k + 10 = a  (5)2 – 8(5) + 10 = a
 a = 25 – 40 + 10
a=–5
 k = 5, a = –5

CLASS X (MATHS) 30
 EXERCISE 2.1
A.Very Short Answer Type Questions Q.18 Find the zeroes of the polynomial f(x) = x2 – 2
and verify the relation between its zeroes and
Factorize each of the following expression
coefficients.
Q.1 x2 – x – 42
Q.19 Obtain the zeroes of the quadratic polynomial
Q.2 6 – 5y – y2
3 x2 – 8x + 4 3 and verify the relation
2
Q.3 a + 46a + 205 between its zeroes and coefficients.
2
Q.4 ab + ac – b – bc Q.20 Find a cubic polynomial with the sum of its
4 4
Q.5 p – 81q zeroes, sum of the products of its zeroes taken
two at a time and the product of its zeroes as
Use remainder theorem to find remainder,
2, –7 and –14 respectively.
when p(x) is divided by q(x) in following
questions. Q.21 Find a cubic polynomial whose zeroes are 3, 5
Q.6 p(x) = 2x2 – 5x + 7, q(x) = x – 1 and – 2.

Q.7 p(x) = x9 – 5x4 + 1 , q(x) = x + 1 Q.22 Divide 5x3 – 13x2 + 21x – 14 by (3 – 2x + x2)
and verify the division algorithm.
Q.8 p(x) = 2x3 – 3x2 + 4x – 1 , q(x) = x + 2
Q.23 What real number should be subtracted from
B. Short Answer Type Questions the polynomial (3x3 + 10x2 – 14x + 9) so that
Q.9 Find positive square root of 36x2 + 60x + 25 (3x – 2) divides it exactly?

Q.24 Find all the zeroes of (2x4 – 3x3 – 5x2 + 9x –3),

Q.10 Simplify : 2a 2  2 6 ab  3b 2
it being given that two of its zeroes are
Q.11 (x2 + 4y)2 + 21 (x2 + 4y) + 98 3 and – 3.
Q.12 Find the value of k if (x – 2) is a factor of
2x3– 6x2+ 5x + k.

Q.13 Find the value of k if (x + 3) is a factor of

3x2 + kx + 6.

Q.14 p(x) = 3x6 – 7x5 + 7x4 – 3x3 + 2x2 – 2, q(x) = x – 1

Q.15 For what value of k is y3 + ky + 2k – 2 exactly

divisible by (y + 1) ?

C. Long Answer Type Questions

Q.16 If x + 1 and x – 1 are factors of

mx3 + x2 – 2x + n, find the value of m and n.

Q.17 Find the zeros of the polynomial

f(x) = 2x2 + 5x – 12 and verify the relation
between its zeroes and coefficients.

CLASS X (MATHS) 31
 EXERCISE 2.2
 1  1 
Q.1 If  x   = 3, then find value of  x 2   . Q.15 Find the quadratic polynomial, sum of whose
 x  x2  zeros is 8 and their product is 12. Hence, find
1 1 4  the zeros of the polynomial.
 
Q.2 If  x   = , then find  4x 2  2  .
 x 2  x  Q.16 Find the quadratic polynomial , the sum of
whose zeros is –5 and their product is 6. Hence,
 1  1 
Q.3 If  x   = 4, then find  x 4   . find the zeros of the polynomial.
 x  x4 
Q.17 Find the quadratic polynomial, the sum of
Q.4 If (x – 2) is a factor of (x2 + 3qx – 2q), then
whose zeros is 0 and their product is –1. Hence,
find the value of q.
find the zeros of the polynomial.
Q.5 If x3 + 6x2 + 4x + k is exactly divisible by
Q.18 Find a quadratic polynomial whose one zero is
(x + 2), then find the value of k.
5+ 7.
Q.6 Let f(x) = x3 – 6x2 + 11x – 6. Then, which one
of the following is not factor of f(x) ? Q.19 On dividing (x3 – 3x2 + x + 2) by a polynomial
g(x), the quotient and remainder are (x – 2) and
(A) x – 1 (B) x – 2 (–2x + 4) respectively. Find g(x).
(C) x + 3 (D) x – 3 Q.20 If the polynomial (x4 + 2x3 + 8x2 + 12x + 18) is
Q.7 If x100 + 2x99 + k is divisible by (x + 1), then divided by another polynomial (x2 + 5), the
find the value of k. remainder comes out to be (px + q). Find the
value of p and q.
Q.8 On dividing (x3 – 6x + 7) by (x + 1), find the
remainder. Q.21 Obtain all zeros of the polynomial
3 2
(2x – 4x – x + 2), if two of its zeros are 2
Q.9 Find the value of expression (16x2 + 24x + 9)
3 and – 2 .
for x = – .
4
Q.22 If 1 and –2 are two zeros of the polynomial
Q.10 If 2x3 + 5x2 – 4x – 6 is divided by 2x + 1, then
(x3 – 4x2 – 7x + 10), find its third zero.
find remainder.
Q.23 Find all the zeros of the polynomial
(2x4 – 11x3 + 7x2 + 13x – 7), it being given that
Q.11 If p(x) = x2 – 2x – 3, then find
(i) p(3); (ii) p(–1) two if its zeros are (3 + 2 ) and (3 – 2 ).

Q.12 Find the zeros of the quadratic polynomial Q.24 If ,  are the zeros of the polynomial
(6x2 – 7x – 3) and verify the relation between f(x) = x2 – 5x + k such that  –  = 1, find the
its zeros and coefficients. value of k.

Q.13 Find the zeros of the quadratic polynomial Q.25 Show that the polynomial f(x) = x4 + 4x2 + 6
(5u2 + 10u) and verify the relation between the has no zero.
zeros and the coefficients.
Q.26 Use remainder theorem to find the value of k, it
Q.14 Find the quadratic polynomial whose zeros are being given that when x3 + 2x2 + kx + 3 is
2 1 divided by (x – 3), then the remainder is 21.
and . Verify the relation between the
3 4
coefficients and the zeros of the polynomial.
CLASS X (MATHS) 32
 ANSWERS 2.1
A. VERTY SHORT ANSWER TYPE :

1. (x + 6) (x – 7) 2. (6 + y) (1 – y) 3. (a + 41) (a + 5) 4. (a – b) (b + c)

5. (p + 3q) (p – 3q) (p2 + 9q2) 6. 4 7. – 5 8. –37

B. SHORT ANSWER TYPE :

9. 6x + 5 10. ( 2 a + 3 b) 11. (x2 + 4y + 7) (x2 + 4y + 14) 12. –2

13. 11 15. 3

C. LONG ANSWER TYPE :

3 2
16. m = 2, n = – 1 17. –4, 18.  2 , 2 19. 2 3 ,
2 3

20. x3 – 2x2 – 7x + 14 21. x3 – 6x2 – x + 30 22. quotient = 5x – 3, Remainder = –5

1
23. 5 24. 3 ,  3 ,1,
2

ANSWERS 2.2
1. 7 2. 9 4. – 1 5. – 8 6. (C)

7. 1 8. 12 9. 0 10. – 3

3 1
11. (i) 0 , (ii) 0 12. ,– 13. – 2, 0 14. 12x2 – 5x – 2
2 3

15. (x2 – 8x + 12), {6, 2} 16. (x2 + 5x + 6), {– 3, – 2}

17. (x2 – 1), {1, –1} 18. x2 – 10x + 18 19. x2 – x + 1 20. p = 2, q = 3

1 1
21. 2 , – 2, 22. 5 23. (3  2 ), (3 – 2 ) , ,–1
2 2

24. k = 6 26. k = – 9

CLASS X (MATHS) 33