EC4050- ELECTRONIC CIRCUITS

AND DESIGNS
LAB SESSION- 4
ACTIVE FILTER DESIGN

SHAKITHTHIYAN T.
2021/E/191
SEMESTER 4
2023 DEC 15
AIM:
• To Synthesis a low and high pass filter using an operational amplifier, resisters, and capacitors.

APPARATUS:

• Proteus Software

INTRODUCTION:
Sallen and key filter Topology has been used for the prelab preparation due to its simplicity and the
ability to cascade without loading the previous stage. Passive filters have an adverse effect on loading. To
overcome those issues, active filters using Op-Amps, Resisters, and Capacitors are being used.

PART I

PROCEDURE

i. Circuits were designed in Proteus as per Figure 1 and Figure 2.

ii. A sinusoidal signal was implemented as input.

iii. Input and Output waveforms were observed using the inbuild oscilloscope.
o Input signal Amplitude
o Output Signal (Frequency, Vpp, Phase shift)

iv. Necessary readings were taken to determine the gain and phase characteristics for Frequency
up to twice the stop band Frequency.

Figure 1:Sallen and Key Topology for Low-Pass Filter

 Figure 2:Sallen and Key Topology for High-Pass Filter

OBSERVATIONS:

• Low-Pass Filter:

Figure 3:Circuit Design for Low-Pass Filter

INPUT AND OUTPUT WAVEFORMS:

➢ AT FREQUENCY 1HZ:

➢ AT FREQUENCY 10HZ:
➢ AT FREQUENCY 100HZ:

➢ AT FREQUENCY 1kHZ:
➢ AT FREQUENCY 10kHZ:

➢ AT FREQUENCY 100kHZ:
➢ AT FREQUENCY 1MHZ:

Output Gain =
Frequency Input voltage
voltage vout/vin
1 Hz 1V 2V 2
10Hz 1V 2V 2
100Hz 1V 2.3V 2.3
1KHz 1V 50mV 0.05
10KHz 1V 0.5mV 0.0005
100KHz 1V 0 0
1M 1V 0 0

Table 1:Observations of Low-Pass Filter

 • High-pass filter:

Figure 4:Circuit Design for High-Pass Filter

INPUT AND OUTPUT WAVEFORMS:

➢ AT FREQUENCY 1HZ:
➢ AT FREQUENCY 10HZ:

➢ AT FREQUENCY 100HZ:
➢ AT FREQUENCY 1kHZ:

➢ AT FREQUENCY 10kHZ:
➢ AT FREQUENCY 100kHZ:

➢ AT FREQUENCY 1MHZ:
 Output Gain =
Frequency Input voltage
voltage vout/vin
1Hz 1V 0 0
10Hz 1V 0 0
100Hz 1V 950mV 0.95
1KHz 1V 2V 2
10KHz 1V 2V 2
100kHz 1V 2V 2
1MHz 1V 2V 2

Table 2:Observations of High-Pass Filter

DISCUSSIONS:

1. Comment on the approach to solve designing problems.

Designing a Sallen and Key filter involves meticulous component selection, considering resistors,
capacitors, and operational amplifiers. The process begins by accurately determining the cutoff
frequency for the desired low-pass or high-pass filter type. Specific filter specifications, like
Chebyshev for low-pass or Butterworth for high-pass, guide the design. Component values are
then calculated based on the cutoff frequency, gain, and Q factor to ensure precise tuning. To
validate performance, Proteus software conducts circuit simulations, providing a virtual testing
ground. This systematic approach minimizes design flaws, offering a reliable pathway from
calculation to simulation, ensuring the Sallen and Key filter meets expectations before physical
implementation.
 2. Comment on reasons in case the observed characteristics differ from the theoretical characteristics.

In real-world scenarios, circuit components may deviate from expected values due to
manufacturing variations and temperature changes. Actual operational amplifiers (op-amps) differ
from ideal ones, exhibiting resistance between input and output, and internal resistance.
Interactions among components introduce loading effects, influencing performance. Additionally,
noise and parasitic effects pose challenges, impacting circuit functionality. Designing circuits
must account for these practical complexities to ensure effective operation. Addressing real-world
challenges involves considering component variations, loading effects, and mitigating unwanted
signals and parasitic influences for robust circuit performance in diverse environmental
conditions.

3. . Importance of the Impulse response in filter design.

In filter design, the impulse response holds pivotal importance for comprehending a system's
reaction to sudden input changes. Examining the impulse response in the time domain unveils critical
characteristics such as rise time and settling time. Its convolution with arbitrary input signals
simplifies the determination of the overall system response. Furthermore, the Fourier transform of the
impulse response offers insights into the filter's frequency response, elucidating its impact on diverse
frequencies. Engineers leverage this knowledge to design and optimize filters, ensuring they meet
specific criteria and perform reliably in practical applications. The impulse response serves as a
crucial tool for stability analysis, playing a central role in shaping filter behavior across different
domains.

PART II: BAND STOP FILTERS

INTRODUCTION:

Figure 5:Band Stop Filter Arrangement

➢ Band stop filters can be made using first or second-order low and high-pass filters along with a
non-inverting summing op-amp circuit to reject a wide band of frequencies. But we can also
design, and construct band stop filters to produce a much narrower frequency response to
 eliminate specific frequencies by increasing the selectivity of the filter. This type of filter design
is called a “Notch Filter”.

PROCEDURE:

• Circuit was designed as per Figure 6

• Output waveform was observed.

Figure 6:Schematic of Band Stop Filter

OBSERVATIONS:

Figure 7:Circuit design of Band Stop Filter