EXPERIMENT-3(a) Experiential Learning

Conceptual Understandin
Aim
pendulum.
Using a simple pendulum, plot its L-T² graph and use it to find the effective length of second's

Apparatus and Materials Required DPUL4356C8788

Metallic spherical bob with a hook, clamp stand, cotton thread/string, stop-watch or stop clock, split cork, Vernier call:x
Graph paper.
Description of Apparatus
Stopwatch: This device is very useful for measuring the time elapsed for a particular event. There are two dials i
stopwatch. The bigger dial has second's hand and the smaller dial has minute's hand. There are 30 equal divisione:
the smaller dial and each division represents 0.1s. The least count of stopwatch is 0.1s.
There is multipurpose knot at the top. This knot has start/stop/back to zero
function. There is another knot adjacent to the first knob. The first knob is used
for starting and stopping the watch. The second knob is used for returning
both the hands to zero. 60| 55 60

3561
Stop Clock: Stop Clock looks similar to the stop watch. It has levers for start/
50
50 10"

stop/back to zero functions. The least count of stop clock is 1s. Hence, it is less
15
45 15
20 40
20
accurate than stopwatch. 35 30 25
Simple Pendulum: Asimple pendulum is composed of a bob and a string. The
heavy point mass in the pendulum is the bob. The string of the pendulum is Stopwatch Stop clock
perfectly inextensible, flexible and weightless. In laboratory, the bob is usually
tied to a fine cotton thread.

Rigid support

B
CA
Amplitude Amplitude
Sinple pendulum in motion

Theory
1 Simple Pendulum: An ideal simple pendulum consists of a heavy point mass (called bob) tied to one end perfectly
inextensible, flexible and weightless string. There is no ideal simple pendulum. In practice, we make a simple pendulum
by tying a metallicspherical bob to a fine cotton stitching thread.
2 Length of Simple Pendulum: The distance between the point of suspension of the pendulum and its C.G. (which is
C.G. of the bob), is called the length of the simple pendulum. It is represented by the symbol I.
Length of simple pendulum =length of thread +length of hook of bob+mean radius of the spherical bob
i.e., l=l+h+r
3
Time Period of the Simple Pendulum: Time taken by the bobof the simple pendulum tomake one complete vibration,
is called the time period of the simple pendulum. It is represented by the symbol T.

46 Lab Manual Physics - 11

 The time period is given by the
formula,
or T²= 4n'1 or 8T
472
Knowing the value of T and g, lcan be calculated.
Clamp
split cork
Thread
Stand

Ma 130crn
Table
M, 120 crn
M, 110 crm
M, 100 crrn
M, 90 crn
M, 80 cm

Hook

A ^B
Ih
Amplitude G Bob
5 cm 5 cm G
Lab floor
(a) (b) (c)
Fig. (a) Simple pendulum (b) Efective length of simple pendulum, I =l+h+r (c) Marks on thread
Procedure
1 Find the vernier constant and zero error of the vernier callipers and record it (as in Experiment 1(a).
2. Determine the mean diameter of the spherical bob (as in Experiment 1(a) and the mean radius (r) of the bob.
3 Find the length h of the hook attached to the bob by metre scale and record it.
4 Take a cotton thread about 2 netres long and tie its one end with the hook.
5 Put ink marks, M,, M, M on the thread at the distance of 80cm,90 cm, 100 cm,110 cm, 120 cm, 130cm, .. from
the centre of gravity of the bob. These distances give effective length () of the simple pendulum.
6 Pass the thread through the two split parts of a cork with the thread coming out just from 80 cm mark.
7. Tight the two half cork pieces between the clamp.
8 Fix the clamp in astand kept on a table at such a height that the bob is just 2 cm above the laboratory floor.
9 Mark a point Aon the floor below the position of bob at rest (mean position).
10. Draw a straight ineCAB, 10 cm long in direction along which bob will move when oscillating. Ais middle point of
CB.
11. Find the least count and the zero error of the stopclock/watch. Bring its hands at zero position.
12. Displace the bob by hand to position Bon the right of Aand release it gently. Make sure that the bob returns over line
BC without spinning.
13. When the bob returns from Cto A and starts moving to right of A, start the stopclock/watch and count zero.
14. The bob goes towards Bto right extreme, returns from rightextreme and goes towards C to left extreme.
When bob crosses A fromn towards C, count one.
15.
Keep on counting the oscillations 1, 2, 3, .., 19.
10. Just when 20th vibration is completed, count 20 and at once stop the stopclock/watch.
1 Find total time noting positions of both the hands of the clock/watch. This time is time for twenty vibrations.
Lab Manual Physics - 11 47
 Repeat steps 13 to 19 two times to take in laboratory floor. ective
length ot
22. Repeat step 21 and then steps 13 to all the two
19 to take two observations for this new pend
23.
130 cm.
observations each for lengthslength. Repeat step 20.
90 cm, 100 cm,
Ca

Record all the observations as givern 110 cm, Fo

ahead.
SObservations
1.
Vernier
L

constant of vernier callipers (V.C.)= ...... Cm.

Zero error of vernier callipers (e):
(i) .... cm, (ii) .. cm, (111) ...... Cm.
Mean zero error, (e) =.....cm
Mean zero correction (c) =-e=... cm
Observed diameter of the bob:
(i) ... cm, (ii) ....cm, (iii) ...... cm.
Mean observed diameter, d, = ....... cm
Mean corrected diameter, d= do + C=...... cm
d
Mean radius of the bob, -....... Cm

Length of hook of the bob, h= cm

Standard value of g =980 cm s².

Least count of stop clock/watch =. s
Zero error of stop clock/watch = ....s
Zero correction of stop clock/watch =.... s.
Table for Length () and Time (T)
S. No.
Length of Time for 20 vibrations Time period
of Obs.
Thread Pendulum t, t, t, Mean t
T=
(s)t 20
l (cm) L=l+h+r (s) (s)
(s) (s)
t(cm) (s)
1. 80

2. 90

3. 100
4. 110
5 120

6 130

Note: Take your own readings, the graph is given for your reference.
Calculations
From the table
For each length, write mean time for 20 vibrations.

48 Lab Manual Physics - 11

 t=
3
Calculate mean values of t.

Eor each length, find time period T= 20 s and find value of T².
L-T graph: Plot agraph between L and T² by taking Lalong X-axis and T² along Y-axis. The graph comes to be a straight line.
Graph between L and T² for simple pendulum
s² 5.2 Scale:
in
(T) X-axis: 1 cm = 10 cm of L
4.8
Y-axis: 1cm 0.4s² of T
períod
4.4
time
of 4.0 L-T2 Graph
Square
5 3.64

3.2

80 100 110 120 130

(L) in cm
Length of penureT
Graph between Land T² for a simple
pendulum, It is a straight line.

The graph is a straight line because

and T² ox L

From this graph, for T² =4, L comes to be 100 cm.

Hence, for second's pendulum (T=2 s) length comes to be 100 cm.
Note: Take your own readings, the graphs is given for your reference.

hesult
Experimental length =.... cm
Actual length = ...... Cm
Error = Cm

Percentage error = .... %

This error is within the limit of the experimental error.

sPrecautions
Thread should be strong, weightless and inextensible.
.
2. Point of suspension should be fixed in a rigid support.
3 Lower faces of splitcork should be in same level.
Record the least count and zero error of the instrument carefully.
5 Splitting should be perpendicular to the plane of vibration of the pendulum.
6. Amplitude should be small to have sin = e. [when 0s 18°]
7.
The pendulum bob should move along a straight line.
Lab Manual Physics - 11 49