10 .

Parametric Equations and Polar Coordinate

General :

X =
f (t)
y g(t)
=

lost sint) ,
vs .
(cs15t) , Sin (st)

about
Parametric
including information
:
curve

Plot X cost sect

.
eg , J
=

y = j7
↓ I

=
2nd Derivative :
A
t
Area of Parametric curves

X H(t)
A f'(t)
=
-

y g(t)
=

A
=

1! y dx =

log(t) +(t)de

Arc Length Hdx 1 t

=
 =
( *)+ di

Surface
:25
Area
m

Polar Curve

Cardiod :
v =
it
since u

:
Rose : V =
coS2P

Limasons r= atbsinQ
a = bws8
r
=

Area
polar coordinate A
= tride
:
in
12 Vectors and
.
the
Geometry of Space

Z Z
7 Y
&

3
-

z =

y
=
X

s
y > X

y
= 5

dimensions
Distance
formula in three :

1PPal =

↓ (x2 -X) +
(yz -

y , )+ (z2 - z , )"

Equation of a
Sphere :

Center c (h , k 1),

ri
(X -
h) 2 +
(y k)2
-
+ (z -
1) =

Vectors ;

unit vector :
n = a

lat
If t is
any nonzero rector (t = <0 ,
3 ,
03/
i = c ,
0 ,
>x)
scalar
multiply
sameyet
we can the ita

rector which in
points the
 Dot Product :

a = 79 , 92 ,
93) , b =
< b1 ,
ba ,
by
a
-

b =
a, b, + 92bz + 136

-babos
En
direction cosine :

- scalar
>

cos = t D

By =-
.

Pallit
& :
X

usx +
w5B + cos =
y

= ta) < cosk ,

coss ,
cosy

Projection :

-R R
I

rector
projection
b I

a
b
: bona P
-

his
( po S
&

projab projab
"signed length"
T
a

scalar
compb
- be
projection = can
negative
||
projection projab
=a
rector
Cross Product :
only defined for 3-D vectors

If a =
< 91 ,
92 ,
93> ,
J =
< b ,
b2 , b3 >

the cross
product x5 =
Lazbs -
asbz
,
asbi-cubs ,

a, bz azbi
-
>

u, 4 + 122+ anCz = 0

b . 4 + bz(z + b323 = 0

ub4 + azbs2 + 93b3(2 = 0

as b .4 + agb22 + azbyC -
=

(a , b azb14 + (a2b3
- -

93bz)( = 0

4 = azbs-asbe C2 = abs-asbi 23 =
a, ba-azbl

X5 = 3 = ...
4 - ...
4 + 4
b, be be
N

x5 both i
>
orthogonal to and
-

T
>
-

O
L 2

⑰ b
Theorem :
1x5) =
Callsing
 ~

> scalar
triple product

a .

(5XI) = a, a2 as

b , ba b.

4 (2(3

V = Ah =
5 19 ----

15x5) /a) rose [

=
la (b xe))5.

solai F + T +
Ey = 0

& cos50 Fl + S32T2) =

-
0

100 =
sin50/Fl +
sin3zTal
I

(a)-16)
:so
a
.
b =

s
12 5 Lines and Planes
.

Equations of
za
Line zo] A and direction
point
: a

PolXo Yo
, To
7
d P(X ,
yz)
L
To F
Fo +
a =
>
O
t
ro + + =
T

XS
3
Y <X y , z)
[X0 Yo , ,
Er > + Statb ,
+ =
,

- :
direction vector X =
Xot at

< arb 2) , y
=

yo + bt
a ,
b ,
c : direction numbers z = Zot It

Symmetric equations X Xo y y
z-t
-
-

= =

.i v = -Fr
+( - )
-

↑ (t)
I

=
v +

X = (l -t) + + Fox t

Plane A and
orthogonal to .
:
vector
a it
z point

n
rector :
(t-50) A = 0

los
.

n -T = -to
scalar : a(x Xo) + b(y yo) + 2(z zo) = 0
-
-
-

linear equation : ax +
by + cz + d -
=

* Sy d =
-
(axo + by + (z)

i
Distance from a
point to a
plane :

> Pl

·]
P , (X , y ,,
z
, ) D

Plane :
ax + by + cz + d =

Po
5= =
(x1
-

Xo , y1
-

Yo , z -

zo]
Distance from P , (X ,
y1 , z) to
plane axtby + 22

+d =
0

D =
/Compubl =
In-5 =

Int
=
(ax + by, + cz
,
+ d)
bE +

UEz -
=
Parabolic

x
Cylinder

y
L
X

zn
Circular Cylinder
Xi+ y = 1

W
X y
Za

·
Ellipsoid

X Y

Elliptic paraboloid

- =
x)(y
 zu

.
3
~ Hyperbolic Paraboloid

E = -

is
Cone
2

=+

s
Hyperboloid of One Sheet

6
. Hyperoboloid of two sheets

--
*
Arc Length

(Xy
=
f(t) h
=

g(t)
↑

JX

J +) "de

Vector-valued function
= (t) =
< #E) ,
g(t) ,
h(t))

component function

Limit of tr
a vector
function
Lim (t)
+- a
=

Climf(t) ,himgt) Limht ,

t> a
-

Lim F(a)
:
ift (t) =
continuous
a z
M

↑ (t) =
cost4 +
sint
Helix"
+ +E
,
Derivative Vector function
of

d Lim (t + h) -(t)
-

h +0 h

Theorem :

Let + (t) = < f (t) , g(t) ,

h(t) > ,
they are all differentiable.
-(H) h'(t))
=
< f'(t) ,
g(t) ,

Proof
=Lim
(t) [Ct + bt) - (t)]
:

h(t + At))
= [f(t + At) g(t + mt)
-

,
,

h(t))]
(f(t) g(t) , ,

g(t At) g(t)

= m (fttt-ft
-

At 7 At

h(t + At) h(t))

-

At
h'(t) >
=

(f'(t) g'(t) , ,

Theorem (rct)) then FCt)

27 is
orthogonal
:
= c ,

to E(t) all to
you

Integral :
same
Arc Length of a
space
curve :

=
/J (*) + It

(rict)/d +

↑ (t) =
( f(t) g(t)
,
, n(t)] actab

s =

Jacus/n JaJ
+ ) du =
+

& ( st) =

Curvature R
/ - is the unit
tangent
:
=

rector ,

- F(t)
F
=

=
(nit) /
X"(t))

lict)13

F
normal
# It) =
principal unit rector

* (H =

F(t)x * (t) binormal rector

normal
plane
- occulating plane
 circle of curvature

(t) =T
=
If +
"

↑ (t) =

r"xr =x =
() XF
Irxr =

(i) xF = (F
IF)
I
=

R
=
-

Torsion ↑

: -
rN

U : torsion

= d
r
-
=
Multivariable Functions
Limit :

lim L number is
if for every
there
f(x g) 870
=
1

(xy) +
(a b) ,

a
corresponding number So such that if

(x ,
y)tD ,
o > JETS
then 1 f(x y) L/

Sa
,
-
> E

⑭I
·
L+ E

L
·

L-E

X
F
L

show a
function has limits

03
Lim
=
(x ,
y) +
10 ,

li =(3(y)
so-sly) Sly
3(y) 3lyk
yum him
= =
-
0
(, 0 0), , 0
,
0
 By the Theorem,
Squeeze
him
0) 0
=

(x , y) + 10,

How to know a limit exist ?

Lim X a him b him C C

y
= =
=

(a b) (x y) + (a b) (a b)
(x y) (x y)
- =
, - , -
, ,

A
function f of two variables is called continuous
b)
at (a b) 1

ifxylimcard) f(x y) ,
=
f(a ,

- :

for any
I : there exists

↓ Exo , 7830

If fixxy) , g(x) are continuous

functions
h(X , y) also
then =
g(f(x y) . is continuous

txy(a , b) =

fyx(a , b) if + is
defined on a
disk

(mb) and if and

fyx
contains
fxy are

both continuous ,
 Equation of a
Tangent Plane :

z - zo =
a(X -

Xo) +
b(y -

yo)

z
f(xo yo) =
fx(x Xo) +
+y(y yo)
-

- -

Linear
Approximation -

+ (x y)
, X f (a , b) +
+x(x - a) +
+y(y -

b)
near (a b)
,

If is differentiable at (a b), , then + is

continuous at (a b)
,

Thm :
If tx and fy are continuous near (a b)
,

then + is
differentiable at la , b) .

Az =
f(u + DX b+ by) f(a b)
-

,
,

=
fx(a , b) xX +
fy(n , b)
Ay + E , Ax +
Ezay

differential :

so
17X ydy
The Chain Rule

Case 1 :
z =
+(x y) ,
x =
g(t) , y = h(t)

=
Lase 2 :
z =
f(x y)
,
x= g(s , +) ,
y
= h(s ,
t)

-
 Directional Derivatives : + (x y) ,

Def :
Let i be a unit vector
(length 1)

Paf( *) :=Lim Hth)

h

Daf (a ,
b) =
tx(a ,
b) u ,
+
fy (a ,
b) Uz

Def :
gradient :
Jt(a b) , = < Exlab) , ty (ab) >

Dafa , b) =
It
.
I

D= fxyd =
Lim f(xotah , yotbh) -

+(X yo),

h+ 0 h
=
g(0)

Sch=h.
b
a f(x y) <a >
·
= , ,

Theorem
Maximizing the Directional Derivative
:

Fix a
point -
to .
The maximum value of Duf(x)
over a is
>
-
f(x) .

The maximum value occurs in the direction of

- f(x)

Duffo) =
J
f( *) ·

E =
o)). /u)
1f( * cost
 Level Surface : F(x y z) , ,
= 12

Curve r( + ) z( +)
< x(t)
y(t)
: =
,
,

F(x(t) ,
y(t) ,
z(t)) =
k

- =
0

- F(x y 2) ,
,
.

F'(t) = 0

Tangent Plane :

Fx (Xo Yo zo) (X-Xo)

, ,
+
Fy (x0 ,
Yo , zo) (y -yo) + Fz(Xo Yo zo) (z-z0) , ,
=
0

Normal Line :

#
*Y

tangent line (2 .
z
find at
=
e the 2)
,

z -

zo = +x (2 2)(x 2)
,
-

+
+y (2 ,
2) /y 2) -

r
B

&. = e
I
*
B . = 0
(B(s)) =
1 If
f(x , y , z) extreme :
If = 0

If 57 to ,
Dof = =
If

Lagrange Multiplier
want to
find local maximum (minimum)
of f(x y) ,

such that
g(x y) ,
= k

[
X
-f 09
-

g(x y),
= k F(x ,
y x),
= + (x y) ,
-

JE = 0
X(g(x ,
y)
-

k)

r(X(t) y(t) z(t)) on level surface g(x y z)

, ,
1 , ,
=

which through the maximum point

passes
h(t) f(x( +)
↑ (Xo Yo zo) y(t) z(t))
the
represents
=
, , = ,
,

value of
f (x y z) on g(x y z) K. =
, , , ,

h(t)
=
=
jf (x , y z)
,
.

r'(t)

At extrema ,
h'(to) = J
/(x0 , Yo .
zo)
-

r(to) = 0

-
g(x z) -

r(t) =
0
,
y ,
 Local maximum and minimum values

has local (min) b) . Assume

Assume - a max at (a ,

-x , ty exist at (a .
b) . Then , Tx(a b) ,
= 0
,
tyla,b) =

i. e . J + (u , b) =

Proof : Assume f(xy) has a local maximum at (b).

Consider f(x b)
g(x) : =
,

g) X b) has local
g(a) fx(a b) 0
=
, max at x = a
,
= ,

h(a y) has h(b)

Jy (a b) =
local at b
y
=
, max =
, ,

2 =
Zo

The second-derivative test :

(a b) critical and local

# , is a
point not a

local then has saddle

max or min ,
I a
point
at (x , b)

D :
Discriminant
 Extreme value Theorem :

Assume I is continuous on closed and

a

bounded Then absolute max and min

.
,
I has an

on the set ,

Find the shortest distance from the (1 0 -2)

eg point , ,

plane .
4
to the X +
2y + z =

d(x ,
y z) ,
=
J(x+ ) +(y -

p) + (z + 2)2

z =
4 2y - -

d(x y , ,
z) =
J(x+ ) +
(y -) + (4 2y -
-

2)2
X+

=
((x +

1) + yz + (6 2yx)2 -

d (x (x + ) + yz+ (6 zy)2
-

, y , z) = -

X -

fx 2(x + ) -
2(6 x
2y) 2x 2 12 +2X
4y 4x+4y + 4
-
-

= =
+ =
- -

fy zy 416 X
zy)
2y
24 + 4X +
Sy boy + 4x 24
- - -

= = =
- -

[4 5
10
by y
= =

X
=
4
+x = 4 , tyy = 10 +xy = 4

D tex + yy -xy
=
= 40 -

16 = 2430 +xxxo elemin

(x , y) (t -
5)
 X zxy +
f(x ,

y) =
2y
-

D = 4(X ,
y)/04X43 , 034224

D +x /
= 2x -

Zy = 0
y
=

f(( ,
1) =
1 2+2
-

fy =
-

2x +2 = 0 X =
1
=
10 , 2) (3 2)
② :
,

J (3 y) ,
=
3 2 .

Sy + zy
9 4y
=

axy =
-

20 13 ,
, 03 0)

tmax =
9 twin =
0

f(x ,
y ,
z) =
xyz

12
g(x ,
y z)
,
=

Xy + 2xz +
2yz =

xyz
=
xX(y + 2z)
yXz
=

yx(X + 2z)
zXy = zx(2X +2y)

2xz
xy + xy + 2yz 2xz
2yz
=
= +

X= 2z
y =

x+ x+ x =
12 X= 2

trax -

y ,
z) =
2x2x1 =
4
 dx
Sixy dy
Jixy by = yY)" = 2x -

E =
EX

Jxidx =

Type 1 :

((x b
gz(x)]
:
p y) a (X =
g (x) y =
=
,
, ,

6) +x ) dA
,
=

(JBf(x ,
y) dy dy

Type 2 :

D =
< (X ,
y) :
hi(y) xX= hz(y) ,
<xypd3

(5x ,
> dA =

jef(x y)dxdy ,

D = <(x y) ,
: + xxy) , 2xPyxHX'3

↓+zy dydy
 ISsin(y) dy
~ Y
dx

n =
d(x ,
y) : 02X() ,
xzyx)
u =
y
D & (x
y)
0
Pyxkaxx y}
=
:
,
=
y =
zy

Sinc dxdy =

Jysine dy =J'since *
du

-
=

wosu) !
=
Ewsl +
=

mi f(x y) ,
= M

dA => M-A(D)
m
.

ALD) -)Sf(x y) ,

Review:

(x(t) ,

y(t))
= = d

4
r 20520-1
-

O nardo
1
D = T
= sinz8-0
.

=
2

r = 20s28
*

4 d
=
 -dydx
=
Sendrch