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Introduction

In the hostile territory of the dessert many animals reverse their life rhythm, live by night, and tuck away
underground at dawn. This is how nature smoothly operates without mechanical ventilation and heater.
On the other hand, mankind's physical flexibility and capacity for adaptation are relatively feeble
compared to those of many animals. But man has learned through the ages how to harness the
afternoon solar radiation for heating purpose at night.

PASSIVE DESIGN
Designers tune the thermal characteristics of buildings so that they moderate external
environmental conditions and maintain internal conditions using the minimum resources of materials
and fuel.

Passive design maximizes the use of 'natural' sources of heating, cooling, and ventilation to create
comfortable conditions inside buildings. It harnesses environmental conditions such as solar radiation,
cool night air and air pressure differences to drive the internal environment. Passive measures do not
involve mechanical or electrical systems.

The primary source of energy for such efficient system is Solar energy.

Solar energy is a radiant heat source that causes natural processes upon which all life depends. The free
energy source sun can be easily managed to have a comfortable climate in a building. The basic natural
processes that are used in passive solar energy are the thermal energy flows associated with radiation,
conduction, and natural convection

considering all behaviors of the relationship between the sun and the building materials like reflection,
transmission, and absorption an economical and comfortable building will be achieved.

Description

Passive solar energy systems involve designing the structures themselves in ways that use solar energy
for heating and cooling. As in active solar design, the sun energy is not used with trapping materials
directly exposed to the sun.

Passive solar design uses nothing but the arrangements of structural elements, windows, walls, and
floors to store and distribute the sun's heat in the winter and reject solar heat in the summer.
In addition to the thermal comfort of the room, passive design has big role in the room lightings and
other comfort aspects of a room. For passive heating and cooling, the plan of the house, careful site
selection and planning, construction materials, building features and other aspects of the home are
designed to collect, store and distribute the sun's heat in winter; and to block the sun's rays in summer.
Passive solar houses can be built in any architectural style and in anywhere else. A "passive" solar house
provides cooling and heating to keep the home comfortable without the use of mechanical equipment.

This style of construction results in homes that respond to the environment. They typically incorporate
natural ventilation and roof overhangs to block the sun's strongest rays during that season. Passive solar
systems make use of natural energy flows as the primary means of harvesting solar energy. Passive solar
systems can provide space heating/cooling load avoidance, natural ventilation, water heating, and day
lighting.

There are several methods to use passive solar architecture, including:

1. building envelope - The interior walls, floors, windows, and roof of a house collectively form the
building envelope. The envelope regulates both summertime heat intake and wintertime heat loss. The
selection of construction materials that are exposed to the sun directly is done during this procedure.
Well-designed

Envelopes increase the flow of cooling air and block the sun in the summer. They decrease heat loss to
the outside environment in the winter by capturing and storing heat from the sun. By absorbing heat in
the winter and acting as insulation in the summer, thick concrete walls may moderate large temperature
changes. For storing heat during the day and releasing it at night, water compartments serve as a
thermal mass.

2. Sun space - stores solar heat in a separate sun chamber (solarium). A sunspace can be added to an
existing structure or constructed as a component of a brand-new one. In order to store heat, sunspaces
also need a thermal mass."

solar system "serves as a cooler in the summer when the sun blinds are closed and a collector in the
winter when they are open. This technique is employed for both heating and cooling purposes.

3. The simplest strategy is Direct Gain. Through an aperture, mainly south-facing windows, sunlight
penetrates a structure. The sun heat is subsequently absorbed and stored by the interior space's dark-
colored brick floors and/or walls, which make up the building's thermal mass.

4. Any material in the house that absorbs, and stores heat is referred to as thermal mass. The most
popular alternatives for thermal mass in a passive solar home are concrete, brick, tile, and other
masonry materials. These materials absorb and release heat slowly and are easy.

5. On the south, east, and west sides of your property, strategically positioned trees and trellises
covered with vines can block the summer light. One of the best ways to maintain a cool home is through
landscaping. If the east and west walls and windows are not sheltered, the inside temperature can rise
by at least 20 degrees.
6. Roof pond systems - Six to twelve inches of water are contained on a flat roof. This system is best for
cooling in low humidity climates but can be modified to work in high humidity climates. Water is usually
stored in large plastic or fiberglass containers covered by glazing and the space below is warmed by
radiant heat from the warm water above.
7. orientation – the need for auxiliary heating and cooling is reduced, resulting in lower energy bills and
reduced greenhouse emissions.

Elements of passive design:

1. aperture or collector -the large glass area through which sunlight enters the building

2. absorber the dark surface of the storage element that absorbs the solar heat.

3. thermal mass- the material that stores the absorbed heat.

This can be masonry materials such as concrete, stone, and brick, or a water tank.

4. distribution method - the natural tendency of heat to move from warmer materials to cooler ones
(through conduction, convection, and radiation) until there is no longer a temperature difference
between the two.

5. control mechanism to regulate the amount of sunlight entering the aperture. This can be roof
overhang to allow more sunlight to enter in the winter, less in the summer.