Introduction to Biomechanics of Solids

MEC 249
Lecture 2

Dr./ Ahmed Mohamed Nagib Elmekawy

October 27, 2020
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Review of Statics
Support Reactions

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Review of Statics
Equations of Equilibrium

Equilibrium of a body requires both a balance of forces to prevent the body from
translating or moving along a straight or curved path, and a balance of moments, to
prevent the body from rotating. These conditions can be expressed mathematically by
the two vector equations

F = 0
 Mo = 0

 Fx = 0  Fy = 0  Fz = 0
Mx = 0 My = 0 Mz = 0 3
Review of Statics
Internal Loading

One of the most important applications of statics in the analysis of problems

involving mechanics of materials is to be able to determine the resultant force and
moment acting within a body, which are necessary to hold the body together when the
body is subjected to external loads. For example consider the body shown in the
figure which held in equilibrium by the four forces. In order to obtain the internal
loadings acting on a specific region within the body, it is necessary to use the method
of sections. This requires that an imaginary section or cut to be made through the
region where the internal loadings are to be determined. The two parts of the body are
then separated and a free-body diagram of one of the parts is drawn.

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Review of Statics
Internal Loading

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Review of Statics
Example
The 500-kg engine is supported from the crane boom in the attached figure.
Determine the resultant internal loading acting on the cross section of the boom at
point E.

Support reaction

 1.5 
MA = 0  FCD   * 2 − (500 * 9.8 * 3) = 0
 2.5 
FCD = 122625 N

 2 
 Fx = 0  Ax − 122625 *  =0
 2 .5 
Ax = 9810 N
 1.5 
 Fy = 0  − Ay + 122625 *   − 500 * 9.8 = 0
 2 .5 
Ay = 2452.5 N
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Review of Statics

 Fx = 0  N E + 9810 = 0
N E = −9810 N
 Fy = 0  − VE − 2452.5 = 0
VE = −2452.5 N

ME = 0  M E + (2452.5 *1) = 0

M E = −2452.5 N .m

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Axial Stress
• The intensity of force, or force per unit area, acting normal to the area is
defined as the normal stress, . If the normal force or stress pulls on the area
it is referred to tensile stress, whereas if it pushes on the area it is called
compressive stress.
• The intensity of force, or force per unit area, acting tangent to the area is
called shear stress, .

Average Normal Stress in an Axially Loaded Bar

P
 =
A

+ for tensile stress

- for compressive stress
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Axial Stress

A positive sign indicates a tensile

stress (member in tension), and a
negative sign indicates a
compressive stress (member in
compression).
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Axial Stress

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Axial Stress
Example
The bar in the attached figure has a constant width of 35 mm and a thickness of 10
mm. Determine the largest normal stress in the bar when it is subjected to the loading
shown.

30 kN

12 kN 22 kN
Normal force diagram

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Axial Stress
The largest normal stress in the bar = BC

30 *1000
 BC = = 85.7 MPa
35 *10

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Example

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Example
The 80-kg lamp is supported by two rods AB and BC as shown in the attached figure.
If AB has a diameter of 10 mm and BC has a diameter of 8 mm. Determine which rod
is subjected to greater normal stress.

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 4
 Fx = 0  FBC   − FBA cos 60 = 0
5
3
 Fy = 0  FBC   + FBA sin 60 − 784.8 = 0
5
FBC = 395.2 N FBA = 632.4 N

FBC FBC 395.2

 BC = = = = 7.86 MPa
ABC  d 2  2
(8)
BC
4 4
FBA FBA 632.4
 BA = = = = 8.05 MPa
ABA  d 2 
(10) 2
BA
4 4
The rod AB is subjected to the greater normal stress 15
Axial Stress
Allowable Stress
• An engineer on charge of the design of a structural or mechanical
element must restrict the stress in the material to a level that will be
safe.
• So it becomes necessary to perform the calculations using a safe or
allowable stress.
• To ensure safety, it is necessary to choose an allowable stress that
restrict the applied load to one that is less than the load the member
can fully support.
• One method of specifying the allowable load for the design or
analysis of a member is to use a number called the factor of safety.
 fail  fail
f .s. = f .s. =
 allow  allow
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Strain
Deformation
Whenever a force is applied to a body, it will tend to change the body’s shape and
size. These changes are referred to as deformation, and they may be either highly
visible or practically unnoticeable.
Normal Strain
The normal strain  is given by
L 
= =
Lo Lo
L is the deformation under axial load, namely, the
change in length of the member
Lo is the original length
 is dimensionless
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Strain
Stress-Strain/Modulus of Elasticity
The normal stress is related to the normal strain by

 = E
E is the modulus of elasticity (also called Young’s Modulus) of the material of
the rod.

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Elastic Deformation of an Axially Loaded Member
Constant Load and Cross-sectional Area

PL
=
AE

If the bar is subjected to several different axial forces along its length, or the cross-
sectional area or modulus of elasticity changes abruptly from one region of the bar to
the next, the above equation can be applied to each segment of the bar.

PL
 =
AE

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Elastic Deformation of an Axially Loaded Member
Sign Convention

PL (5 kN )LAB (− 3 kN )LBC (− 7 kN )LCD

 A/ D = = + +
AE AE AE AE
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Elastic Deformation of an Axially Loaded Member
Example
The A-36 steel bar shown in the figure is made from two segments having cross-
sectional areas of AAB = 600 mm2 and ABD = 1200 mm2. Determine the vertical
displacement of end A and the displacement of B relative to C.

PL
A = 
AE
75000 *1000
=
600 * 200 *103
35000 * 750
+
1200 * 200 *103
45000 * 500
−
1200 * 200 *103
= 0.641 mm
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Example

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Elastic Deformation of an Axially Loaded Member
PBC LBC 35000 * 750
 B/C = = 3
= 0.109 mm
ABC E 1200 * 200 *10
Example
Rigid beam AB rests on the two short posts shown in the attached figure. AC is made
of steel and has a diameter of 20 mm, and BD is made of aluminum and has a
diameter of 40 mm. Determine the displacement of point F on AB if a vertical load of
90 kN is placed over this point . Take Est = 200 Gpa, Eal = 70 Gpa

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Elastic Deformation of an Axially Loaded Member

PAC LAC − 60000 * 300

A = = = −0.286 mm
AAC Est  (10) * 200 *10
2 3

PBD LBD − 30000 * 300

B = = = −0.102 mm
ABD Eal  (20) * 70 *10
2 3

 400 
 F = 0.102 + 0.184  = 0.225 mm
 600 
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Example

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Example

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Example

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Example

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 Reading Assignment

1. Read Chapter 1 of Shigley J.E., Mechanical Engineering

Design Book.
2. Read Chapter 1 of Jay D. Humphrey, An Introduction to
Biomechanics.

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