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G12-DRRR-MODULE

Physical Science (Regional Science High School for Region 1)

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Senior High School

Disaster Readiness and Risk

Reduction
Module 10:
Interpreting Geological Maps

AIRs-LM
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DISASTER READINESS AND RISK REDUCTION

Module 10: Interpreting Geological Maps
Second Edition, 2021

Copyright © 2021
La Union Schools Division
Region I

All rights reserved. No part of this module may be reproduced in any form without written
permission from the copyright owners.

Development Team of the Module

Author: Marivic F. Carolino

Editor: SDO La Union, Learning Resource Quality Assurance Team
Content Reviewer: Jodel Maria L. Regpala
Language Reviewer: Joan Guerrero
Illustrator: Ernesto F. Ramos, Jr.
Design and Layout: Jasper N. Arciagab

Management Team:

Atty. Donato D. Balderas Jr.

Schools Division Superintendent
Vivian Luz S. Pagatpatan, Ph D
Assistant Schools Division Superintendent
German E. Flora, Ph D, CID Chief
Virgilio C. Boado, Ph D, EPS in Charge of LRMS
Rominel S. Sobremonte, Ed D, EPS in charge in Science
Michael Jason D. Morales, PDO II
Claire P. Toluyen, Librarian II

Printed in the Philippines by: _________________________

Department of Education – SDO La Union

Office Address: Flores St. Catbangen, San Fernando City, La Union
Telefax: 072 – 205 – 0046
Email Address: [email protected]

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Senior High School

Disaster Readiness and Risk

Reduction
Module 10:
Interpreting Geological Maps

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Introductory Message
This Self-Learning Module (SLM) is prepared so that you, our dear
learners, can continue your studies and learn while at home. Activities,
questions, directions, exercises, and discussions are carefully stated for you
to understand each lesson.

Each SLM is composed of different parts. Each part shall guide you
step-by-step as you discover and understand the lesson prepared for you.

Pre-tests are provided to measure your prior knowledge on lessons in

each SLM. This will tell you if you need to proceed on completing this module
or if you need to ask your facilitator or your teacher’s assistance for better
understanding of the lesson. At the end of each module, you need to answer
the post-test to self-check your learning. Answer keys are provided for each
activity and test. We trust that you will be honest in using these.

In addition to the material in the main text, Notes to the Teacher are
also provided to our facilitators and parents for strategies and reminders on
how they can best help you on your home-based learning.

Please use this module with care. Do not put unnecessary marks on
any part of this SLM. Use a separate sheet of paper in answering the exercises
and tests. And read the instructions carefully before performing each task.

If you have any questions in using this SLM or any difficulty in

answering the tasks in this module, do not hesitate to consult your teacher
or facilitator.

Thank you.

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Target

Lack of awareness about the range of consequences of a hazard event is the

big reason why many take natural hazards for granted. People are not the only ones
who can be affected by hazards. Can you name other things which might be affected?
For some, this might not be an easy task as disasters do not happen every day. One
should however try to think in terms of who and what might be affected if something
goes wrong. There is no better place to start than at home. Familiarizing yourselves
with smaller elements that are exposed to hazard is no different from doing it with
bigger things exposed to bigger source of danger.

This module will provide you with information and activities that will help you
understand the different elements of geohazard maps and risk assessment.

After going through this learning material, you are expected to:

1. interpret geological maps (DRR11/12-IIa-b-30)

2. apply mitigation strategies to prevent loss of lives and properties (DRR11/12-
IIa-b-31)

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PRE-TEST

Read and analyze the question carefully. Choose the letter of the best answer. Write
the chosen letter on a separate sheet of paper.
1. A natural event or process which affects people causing loss of life or injury.
A. Disaster B. Disaster Risk C. Exposure D. Hazard
2. The potential disaster losses, in lives, health status, livelihoods, assets and
services, which could occur to a particular community or a society over
some specified future time period.
A. Disaster B. Disaster Risk C. Exposure D. Hazard
3. People, property, systems, or other elements present in hazard zones that
are thereby subject to potential losses.
A. Disaster B. Disaster Risk C. Exposure D. Hazard
4. A serious disruption of the functioning of a community or a society involving
widespread human, material, economic or environmental losses and impacts,
which exceeds the ability of the affected community or society to cope using
its own resources.
A. Disaster B. Disaster Risk C. Exposure D. Hazard
5. The combination of all the strengths, attributes, and resources available
within a community, society or organization that can be used to achieve
agreed goals.
A. Capacity B. Exposure C. Hazard D. Vulnerability
6. A condition involving mass casualty and/or major damages to property,
disruption of means of livelihoods, roads, and normal way of life of people in
the affected areas because of the occurrence of natural or human-induced
hazard.
A. Capacity B. Disaster C. Disaster Risk D. State of calamity
7. A dangerous phenomenon, substance, human activity, or condition that may
cause loss of life, injury or other health impacts, property damage, loss of
livelihood and services, social and economic disruption, or environmental
damage
A. Disaster B. Disaster Risk C. Exposure D. Hazard
8. The characteristics and circumstances of a community, system or asset that
make it susceptible to the damaging effects of a hazard.
A. Capacity B. Exposure C. State of calamity D. Vulnerability
9. In the world risk index, the following is on the list of most exposed country
worldwide, EXCEPT
A. Chile B. Costa Rica C. Japan D. Indonesia
10. It is a tool used by scientists and local government authorities to anticipate
any hazard that a geological event may bring.
A. Compass B. Geological hazard map
C. Geographic Information System D. Hazard map

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Jumpstart

Answer the following questions briefly. Use a separate sheet of paper.

1. Do you have a family hazard map at home?

__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________

2. Why is family hazard map important?

__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________

3. Do you know how to interpret a hazard map? Explain.

__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________

4. What are the things you need to consider in interpreting your family hazard
map to become more effective?
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________

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Discover

Geological Hazard Map

A geological hazard map is a map indicating the areas that are vulnerable to
hazards caused by earthquakes, volcanic eruptions, and landslides. It is a tool used
by scientists and local government authorities to anticipate any hazard that a
geological event may bring. It also helps the public be informed and prepared for the
geological hazard. It represents the distribution of different types of rocks and
surficial deposits, as well as location of geologic structures such as faults and folds.
Rock types or unconsolidated materials are generally grouped into map units and
depicted using different colors.
How can you determine if a certain location is prone to geological hazards?
How do you read a geological hazard map?
You must take note of the following elements in studying the geological hazard map:
1. Orientation compass
2. Map title - indicates what type of information is being presented by the map
Example: Landslide and Flood Susceptibility Map of La Union
3. Symbols - are the points, lines, shapes, and colors used on the map. For example,
a line may indicate faults or tsunamis while a triangular shape may represent a
volcano.
For Rain Induced Landslide Prone Areas: Red; Green; Yellow
For Flood-Prone Areas: Violet; Pink

Dark Colors: used to represent Igneous rocks

Light Shade: represents Sedimentary rocks

The typical color standard for topographical maps depicts contours in brown, bodies
of water in blue, boundaries in black and grids and roads in red. Topographic maps
may use different colors to represent area features. Physical maps commonly use
color most dramatically to show changes in elevation.

4. Legend - tells you specifically what symbols mean.

5. Coordinates
Components of a Geological Map:
Map units – show different rock types and other earth materials with specific color
and symbol.
1. Contacts and Faults
2. Strike and Dip
Hazard Identification and Assessment
Hazard Assessment is the process of estimating, for defined areas, the
probabilities of the occurrence of potentially damaging phenomenon of given
magnitude within a specified period (UNDRO)
If you are living in an area exposed to multiple hazards, you should try to gather
information about hazards and the threats they pose. Individuals, disaster – related
agencies, and planners do this sort of information gathering and analysis as part of
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their hazard assessment (Hazard Evaluation or Hazard Analysis), which is required

to come up with risk assessment. Hazard Assessment and Risk assessment are two
different concepts. Risk Assessment involves both the assessment of hazards from a
scientific point of view and the socioeconomic impacts of a hazardous event. Thus,
without hazard assessment, no risk assessment can be complete. Scientists employ
various methods to assess natural hazards. These include the following:
1. Quantitative Approach
The use of mathematical functions or equations relating the hazard variables
used are formulated or adopted to quantify the hazard. Data from past historical
records and from those derived from basic science principles are used to come up
with the relationship between the variables considered.
2. Qualitative approach
This method uses expert opinion in ranking the intensity or probability of
occurrence of a hazard event. It is more preferred especially when data is not enough
to come up with a quantitative evaluation or when it is not possible to express
numerically one or more variables.
3. Probabilistic Approach
It provides an objective estimate of the probability of each hazard affecting an
area or region by considering past record of events. Probability of occurrence of
rainfall of a given intensity can be estimated.
4. Deterministic Approach
Subjective approach of estimating probability. A past event of a given intensity
or magnitude is selected and the consequences at certain intensities are described.

Hazard Mapping
Hazard mapping is the process of identifying the spatial variation of hazard
events or physical conditions such as potential ground shaking, steep slopes,
floodplains, and hazardous materials site. Through this process, one side of the
hazard –exposure – vulnerability risk triangle maybe displayed in hazard maps. For
information and education campaigns, hazard scientists and land-use planners,
hazard maps are indispensable.
A hazard map is quite useful in communicating vital information about the
spatial variation of size and potential intensity of a particular hazard. The overlay
function of GIS (Geographic Information System), which combines multiple hazard
maps (MHMs) makes risk analysis more convenient. MHMs provide comprehensive
information on the magnitude, frequency, and area of effect of all the hazards
combined with critical facilities map. (CFM). CFMs accurately and clearly portray the
location, capacity, and service area of critical facilities. The combination of these
maps allows determination of areas requiring more information, whish areas require
what type of hazard reduction measures, and which ones need priority attention in
case of hazardous event. Ways of minimizing vulnerability of critical facilities are
adopted, disasters can be avoided or substantially lessened. Ways of minimizing
vulnerability include relocating to least hazardous areas, strengthening and
retrofitting, boosting emergency preparedness, response, and recovery efforts.

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Natural Hazards Mapping Methods and Techniques

1. Use of various field techniques like compass, GPS or stadia rods to establish
the locations and orientations of relevant geologic materials, landforms, and
structures. Symbols and colors are used to represent the different features in
topographic base maps.
2. Stereoscopic pairs of air photographs enable three-dimensional visualization
of the features of the area being mapped. Digital Elevation models (DEMs)
serve similar purpose. DEMs are derived from high resolution satellite images.
3. Scientific investigation involving experts from various fields. Landslide hazard
mapping would require skills of geologists, geo-technical engineers, and
morphologists

Earthquake Hazard Map (Refer to the picture)

The map below shows the earthquake-prone areas in the Philippines. Based
on the legend, the different locations are colored depending on the number of
earthquake hits for the past 30 years. For example, Baguio City (Benguet), which is
found in the northern part of Luzon, experienced 76-100 earthquakes. Meanwhile,
Puerto Princesa City (Palawan), which is in the Southwest of Luzon, experienced
fewer earthquakes (0-11).
The top ten provinces that are most prone to earthquakes are:
1. Surigao Del Sur
2. La Union
3. Benguet
4. Pangasinan
5. Pampanga
6. Tarlac
7. Ifugao
8. Davao Oriental
9. Nueva Vizcaya
10. Nueva Ecija

Surigao del Sur, along with Davao Oriental, are earthquake-prone because they
are located along the Philippine Trench and because of nearby active fault lines.
Deep-focus earthquakes that are experienced in La Union and Pangasinan are due
to the Manila Trench, while shallow earthquakes in these areas together with Nueva
Vizcaya, Nueva Ecija, and Benguet are generally due to their location along the
Philippine Fault Zone. Although Ifugao experienced fewer earthquakes in the past, it
is still very vulnerable to future earthquakes.
In addition, the size of the red dots indicates the magnitudes of the earthquakes
that hit the area for the past 30 years. For example, a large dot in Manila indicates
that the magnitude of the earthquake is 7.3 to 7.6. On the other hand, a tiny dot, as
seen in areas around Palawan, means that the magnitude of earthquake is around
5.5 to 6.2.

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Tsunami Prone Areas Hazard Map (Refer to the picture)

The following map shows the places along the coastal areas in the Philippines
that are prone to tsunami hazards. Cyan, magenta, and yellow lines indicate the
potential of the tsunami and the tsunami generators. When the earthquake occurs
in the Philippines, then tsunami is locally generated. On the other hand, an
earthquake that occurs outside the country may be a foreign tsunami generator for
the Philippines. Majority of the coastal areas in Luzon (apart from Palawan and
northern islands) have a high tsunami potential with historical tsunami records.
Meanwhile, the coastal places in the Visayas region also show tsunami potential
mostly from local generators with a small percent of foreign generators. Furthermore,
in the Mindanao region, high tsunami potential is also evident in the mainland area
while the small islands located in the southwest show tsunami potentials by local
generators. Tsunamis that are locally generated are more dangerous than those that
are generated by foreign or distant sources because they may reach a nearby shore
in few minutes. There may not be enough time for tsunami warning centers to issue
a warning. People living near the coast with high risk of locally generated tsunami
must be alert when there is a reported earthquake in their area. They must observe
unusual ocean changes and listen to loud ocean roars. They must evacuate
immediately when they sense these natural tsunami warning signs.

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Distribution of Volcanoes Map

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Below is the map showing the distribution of volcanoes all over the Philippines.
These volcanoes are classified as active (red), potentially active (orange), and inactive
(gray). Places where active and potentially active volcanoes are prone to hazards of
volcanic activities or volcanic eruptions. For example, Mayon Volcano situated in
Albay in the Bicol Region, is known not only for its perfect cone, but also for its
volcanic activities. It has 49 recorded eruptions as of 2013. The areas surrounding
the volcano are highly affected by volcanic hazards. On the contrary, Palawan is not
vulnerable to volcanic eruption hazards since there are very few volcanoes near the
area and all of them are inactive.

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Earthquake-Induced Shallow Landslides Map

Places that have landslide hazards are presented in the map below. The
legend tells you the levels of the danger of the occurrence of landslide. For example,
majority of the provinces in the Northern Luzon is considered a high-danger zone.
These include mountainous areas like Abra, Benguet,

Disaster Prevention and Hazard Mitigation

1. Developing resistant structures
• Strengthening buildings and making them earthquake proof.
• Design and build structures capable of withstanding
earthquakes.
2. Creating seismic hazard maps Consider the following:
• Size and frequency of earthquakes
• History of seismicity
• Previous records of intensity
3. Mainstreaming disaster mitigation culture to communities and
reinforcing national and local legislation.
 Organize or support community programs
 Participate in disaster committees
 Support enforcement of local building codes to minimize
earthquake hazards in new construction

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Explore

Your family decided to move to a different place and live there

permanently. You know nothing about the safety of this new place; however,
you observed that there is a nearby volcano. Also, there are coastlines several
kilometers from your house. You decided to go to the local government hall to
ask about the area, and they gave you hazard maps. How can you use these
maps to confirm the safety of your new home?

__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
.

Deepen

What do you think?

Answer the following questions: Use a separate sheet of paper for your answer.
1. Are there tools and technologies being used for public awareness or
other approaches meant to reduce local hazards in your community?
2. In what ways are these tools being used?
3. What other hazard, exposure, and vulnerability assessment tools can
you suggest for your community?
Areas of 4 3 2 1
Assessment
Ideas Present ideas in Present ideas in Ideas are too Ideas are vague
an original a consistent general or unclear
manner manner
Organization Strong and Organized Some No organization
organized organization
attempt
Understanding Writing shows Writing shows a Writing shows Writing shows
strong clear adequate little
understanding understanding understanding understanding
Sentence Sentence Sentence Sentence No sense of
Structure structure structure is structure is sentence
enhances evident; limited; structure or
meaning; flows sentences sentences need flow
throughout the mostly flow to flow
work

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Gauge

Read the statements carefully. Choose the letter of the correct answer. Use a
separate sheet of paper for your answer.

1. What is a geological hazard map?

A. A map that shows the geographic features of an area.
B. A map that shows the number of geologists based on specific areas.
C. A map that shows the areas prone to hazards brought by geological
events.
D. A map that shows the potential mining areas in different regions of the
country.
2. Which of the following are the points, lines, shapes, and colors used in the
map?
A. legend B. symbols C. sources D. titles
3. Which of the following Philippine agencies and institutes produce geological
hazard maps?
I. Department of Agriculture
II. Department of Trade and Industry
III. Philippine Institute of Volcanology and Seismology
IV. Department of Environment and Natural Resources
A.I only B. II only C. I and II D. III and IV
4. Which of the following is TRUE about the red dots? (Refer to Earthquake-
Prone Areas)
A. The biggest red dot indicates that the area was hit by a strong
earthquake.
B. The smallest red dot indicates that the area was not hit by an
earthquake.
C. The smallest red dot indicates that the area was hit by few
earthquakes.
D. The biggest red dot indicates that the area was not hit by an
earthquake.
5. Which of the following is TRUE about the map of tsunami-prone areas?
A. The colors indicate the potential of a tsunami hazard.
B. The Philippines do not have areas that are prone to tsunamis.
C. The Philippines has areas that experienced tsunamis in the past.
D. The colors magenta and yellow present the frequency of tsunami
occurrences in the past.

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6. Which of the following are true about Albay and Palawan?

I. Palawan experiences more volcanic eruptions than Albay.
II. Albay experiences more volcanic eruptions than Palawan.
III. Palawan is near many active volcanoes.
IV. Albay is near active, inactive, and potentially active volcanoes.
A. I and II
B. II and IV
C. II and III
D.I and III
7. Which of the following places are prone to earthquake-induced shallow
landslides?
I. Abra II. Kalinga III. Ifugao IV. Palawan
A. I and II B. I, II and III C. III and IV D. II and IV
8. Why are locally generated tsunamis more dangerous than those generated by
distant sources?
A. They carry with them strong typhoons that may cause casualties and
damages to houses and buildings.
B. They carry with them moderate typhoons that may cause casualties
and damages to houses and buildings.
C. They cause sudden earthquakes that there is not enough time for
earthquake warning centers to issue an alarm or warning.
D. They may reach a nearby shore in few minutes, so there may not be
enough time for tsunami warning centers to issue a warning.
9. Locate the capital city of the Philippines, Manila. What is the level of landslide
hazard in that area?
A. danger zone B. high danger zone C. no data D. no present risk
10. What are the provinces in Visayas that can be directly affected by hazards of
volcanic eruptions such as lahar and pyroclastic flow? (Refer to Distribution
of Volcanoes)
I. Negros Occidental II. Bohol III. Leyte IV. Cebu
A. I and II
B. II and III
C. I and III
D. II and IV
B. Answer this question briefly but substantially. (5 points)
1. How could we prevent loss of lives during calamities?

Rubrics:

Very informative and well-organized. 5

Somewhat informative and organized. 4
Gives some new information and organized. 3
Gives few new information and poorly organized. 2
Gives no new information and very poorly 1
organized.

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LU_Disaster Readiness and Risk Reduction_Module10 14
PRE – TEST JUMPSTART
1. D Answers may vary.
2. B
3. C
4. A
5. A
6. D
7. D
8. D
9. A
10.B
EXPLORE
Answers may vary
DEEPEN
Answers may vary
GAUGE
A.
1. C
2. B
3. D
4. A
5. C
6. D
7. B
8. D
9. D
10. B
B. Answers may vary
Answer Key
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References
Printed Materials:
1. Disaster Readiness and Risk Reduction Core K-12 First
Edition, Rimando, Rolly E., Belen, Josefina G., Rex Book Store
2. Disaster Readiness and Risk Reduction, De Guzman, Suarez,
Vibal
3. Disaster Readiness and Risk Reduction Teachers Guide,
Department of Education, Republic of the Philippines
4. DRRR-Q1 M0dule 14: Interpret Earthquake Hazard Map-
08082020.pdf

Websites:
Retrieved
1. Understanding Geological Hazard Maps, Canoy, Warlito
Zamora, facebook.com
2. Earthquake.phivolcs.dost.gov.ph/2020_Earthquake_Informa
tion
3. www.phivolcs.dost.gov.ph>index.php>gisweb_landslide

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For inquiries or feedback, please write or call:

Department of Education – SDO La Union

Curriculum Implementation Division
Learning Resource Management Section
Flores St. Catbangen, San Fernando City La Union 2500
Telephone: (072) 607 - 8127
Telefax: (072) 205 - 0046
Email Address:
[email protected]
[email protected]

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