REVIEWER IN READING AND WRITING

PATTERNS OF DEVELOPMENT

❖ This refers to a particular strategy writers use to develop ideas.

❖ The logical arrangement of ideas
❖ It helps you anticipate the author’s thought development and thus focus your reading.
❖ It helps you remember and recall what you read.
❖ Narrative paragraph can be effective at drawing the reader in and establishing the writer’s voice in the essay.

Every writer has a purpose in writing.

1. NARRATION
❖ intends to tell sequence of events
❖ describes how, when, and where an event or occurrence actually happened
❖ used to tell a story or focus on a set of related events
❖ tells a story of an event or an experience

Writing a narrative paragraph

1. Use action verbs and transitional expressions.
2. Descriptive details in a narrative paragraph are essential to a good story. Details help readers to connect to the world the
author envisions.
3. Choose the right words for their meaning and use expressions.

Components of Narrative Text

1. Logical Actions
2. Way of Narration
3. Terminology
- General Terms and Specific
- Concrete and Abstract

2. DESCRIPTION
❖ It gives information about what a person, an object, a place, or a situation is like.
❖ It provides details on the idea by using either a sensory or spatial pattern.

The kind of words we used to describe how your subject looks, sounds, feels, smells or even tastes like are called sensory
languages.

Two types of Description

1. Objective Description – the writer presents an impartial and actual picture of the subject without biases and excluding
personal impression of the subject just like when you give your description of an experiment in class.
2. Subjective Description – the writer gives personal impression of what is observed

3. DEFINITION
❖ It is a mode of paragraph development that answers the questions: What is it? What does it mean? What are its special
features?
❖ The word to be defined may be an object, a concept, a person, a place and a phenomenon.
❖ It explains what something is in comparison to other members of its class, along with any limitations.

Different ways to define a word

➢ Informal Definition
- Denotation – dictionary meaning of a word
- Connotation – how a writer understands a word based on their personal or consensual experiences; the ideas,
emotions, thoughts, or feelings that someone might associate with a word.
➢ Formal Definition – consists of three principal parts:
❖ the species (Word) – term to be defined
❖ Genus (Class) – class it belongs
❖ Differentia – distinguishing characteristics
➢ Extended/Expanded Definition – is needed to define abstract concepts. It allows you to broaden your definition by using
analogy, metaphors, comparison and contrast, descriptions, analysis, functions, characteristics or features, etymology,
semantic origin, negation, synonym, example and effect
BY ORIGINS - Providing a history of what a term/word has meant can help us understand its
current meaning.

Varieties of Definition
➢ Scientific Definition – defines concepts in the most factual way, which is often used in scientific, proper, or real world facts
➢ Subjective Definition – define the objects in a more personal way; usually derived from the author’s own experiences and
opinion

4. EXEMPLIFICATION/CLASSIFICATION

EXEMPLIFICATION
✓ It provides examples and illustrations in order to further clarify or explain the concept or subject matter.
✓ It presents a general statement and then provides specific and concrete examples to expound on the main idea.

CLASSIFICATION/DIVISION
❖ It groups items into their parts or types and splits a general category of things into smaller subcategories.
❖ It groups things according to similar/different features (structures) that they share.
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5. COMPARISON-CONTRAST
❖ It discusses similarities and differences.
❖ Its purpose is not simply state the obvious but rather illustrate subtle differences or unexpected similarities between two
subjects.

COMPARISON – discusses elements that are similar

CONTRAST – discusses elements or ideas that different

Two common ways to organize comparison/contrast paragraph or essay

Block Method – used to compare and contrast two subjects one at a time
Point-by-Point – if you would address one subject at a time

6. CAUSE-EFFECT
❖ A pattern of development that describes how one or more things cause or are related to another.
❖ It is a text development pattern which explains why something happens. It also states what results a particular event
produces.
❖ Guide Questions:
• Why did it happen?
• What caused it?
• What does it cause?
• What are the effects?
• How is it related to something else?

7. PROBLEM-SOLUTION
❖ It presents a problem, usually discussing several aspects of the problem, then concludes by discussing solutions to the
problem.
❖ A method for analyzing and writing about a topic by identifying an undesirable situation and proposing one or more actions to
change/improve that situation.
❖ Parts:
- Introduction
- Problem
- Solution
- Conclusion

The problem may be addressed in the following: Ways to present solutions:

- Effects only - Preventive measures
- Causes and effects - A series of steps
- Extended example - Advice
- A choice of solutions

8. PERSUASION/PERSUASIVE TEXT
✓ It describes an issue and the writer’s position or opinion on the subject.
✓ Persuasive Text can be in the form of an argument, discussion, exposition, review or even an advertisement.

Developing a Persuasive Text

• Issue – this will serve as a background information about the topic
• Argument – a clear, strong, and specific argument
- It is one’s claim or position that can either support or reject the issue previously stated
• Evidences – can be factual, logical, statistical or anecdotal in nature
- It can also explain counter arguments not because the writer wants to prove which claims are wrong or right but to
enlighten the readers about other positions
• Conclusion – restating the main argument of the text; your final statement to persuade your readers

WAYS TO EVALUATE THE STRENGHT OF AN AUTHOR’S ARGUMENTS

✓ Determine the kind of supporting evidence he or she uses.
✓ Trace the logical, step by step approach taken by the author.
✓ Understand how the argument upholds the authors’ conclusions.

Activating prior knowledge- recalling what you already know about the topic being discussed.
Rhetorical devices – the weakest kind of argument
Transitional devices used to present or state cause, condition, or purpose: for the purpose, with this intention, with this in
mind

PROPERTIES OF A WELL-WRITTEN TEXT

A well-written text is built around effective paragraphing, on coherence and on established conventions.

A. ORGANIZATION
- Aid in writing effective paragraphs and essays because it categorizes supporting details.
- It is the structural framework for writing.
- It is the logical progression and completeness of ideas in a text.

Paragraph
o A paragraph is a group of interrelated sentences. A paragraph is composed of three major parts: the topic sentence,
the body which consists of the supporting details, and the closing sentence.
Topic Sentence
o It is the central idea of the paragraph; it can be a stand or a comment, an objective statement, or a question.
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o A topic sentences ahs the major parts: the topic, the comment, or reaction or assertion (stance)

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 Closing Sentence
o It concludes the details that have been presented.

Parts of a Paragraph
➢ Topic Sentence
➢ Supporting Details: Major supporting details and Minor supporting details
➢ Concluding Sentence

Structure of a Text
Introduction
Body
Conclusion

PARAGRAPH ESSAY
• has order of sentences • has organization
• has topic sentence • has thesis statement
• cohesive and coherent • cohesive and coherent

Techniques to achieve Organization

• Physical Format – it is seen in how the text physically appears like headings and subheadings, bullet points or font
emphasis.
• Signal Words – these are textual cues that readers use to follow a text. They can “signal” the transition from one point to
another, the ordering of events and concepts, or the writer’s chosen text type.
• Structure – provides the framework upon which the text is organized; it consists of the following: beginning, middle and
end.
B. COHERENCE and COHESION
➢ A well-written text constitutes features that facilitate textual continuity.
Unity in a paragraph means:
✓ A paragraph means that the entire paragraph focus on one single idea.
✓ It presents a thought, supports it with adequate details and complete it with a conclusion.
✓ Its supporting details should explain the main idea, the concluding sentence should end the paragraph with the same
idea.
COHERENCE
➢ Every good paragraph must have UNITY or oneness of idea. Sentences in a paragraph are unified and directed by a
topic sentence.

COHESION
➢ derived from the Latin word co, meaning “together”, and haerere, meaning to “stick”
➢ This refers to the “grammatical” aspects of writing and is focused on the degree to which sentences (or even different
parts of a sentence) are connected so that the flow of ideas is easy to follow.
➢ In a text with cohesion, a central concept is the “glue” that holds ideas together.
➢ It means unifying ideas by binding words, phrases, sentences and paragraphs, thus, show relationships and smooth “text
flow”.
➢ Coherence refers to a smooth, orderly, and logical connection of ideas in a paragraph. This can be achieved by
observing or applying these techniques whenever possible.
A. Repetition of key words or phrases
B. Transitional devices
C. Parallel construction
➢ In writing, ideas can also be placed side-by-side in a parallel form. These ideas can be made parallel by
using the same grammatical structure.
➢ It means using the same pattern of words to show that two or more ideas have the same level of
importance. These can happen at the word, phrase, or clause level.
Words and Phrases
Clauses
Lists after a colon
Correlative expressions
Comparisons
D. Consistent point of view

C. LANGUAGE USE
Choose the appropriate language to be used and to regard the objective of the writing, the context in which it was written and
the target audience in mind.
A property of a well-written text that refers to the appropriate language to be used in writing/speaking.

Effective language can be characterized as:

• concrete and specific, not vague and abstract
• concise, not verbose
• precise and clear, not obscure
• constructive, not destructive
• appropriately formal, not slang

Five major issues with appropriate language that should be avoided in an effective and well-written text as identified by
(Purdue Online Writing Lab 2020)
✓ Formality of the language
Jargons
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✓ Slangs and idioms
✓ Euphemisms or words that veil the truth
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 ✓ Using any biased language (racial, ethnic, group, or gender)

D. MECHANICS/CONVENTION
❖ A piece of writing displays correct use of all spelling, punctuation, capitalization, grammar, usage, and sequence structure
rules.
❖ It describes the technical aspects of writing. It serves as a road sign to guide learners like on how to use words
appropriately in terms of conventions such as spelling, punctuation, capitalization.
❖ It is the over-all characteristics of the written text. It covers the punctuation, spelling, capitalization, and format.

Elaboration is another component of good writing provides specific, relevant, and appropriate supporting details to the main
idea or thesis statement using facts and statistics, descriptions, anecdotes, examples, and quotations.
Voice is a writing trait that enables the writer to connect with the reader through the author’s personal writing style and using
unique words and phrases.
Punctuation refers to the act of using a system of symbols such as the comma, period, quotation marks and question marks
that are used to give structure and to organize a text.
Proofreading is checking grammatical errors.

CLAIMS

✓ Claims are synonymous to belief, argument, assertion, or stand.

✓ Claims must be related to an issue.
✓ Claims must have a degree of controversy.
✓ A claim is a specific and arguable statement that contains the main point of an essay.
✓ A claim persuades, argues, convinces, proves, or provocatively suggests something to a reader who may or may not initially
agree with you.

CHARACTERISTICS OF A GOOD CLAIMS

1. A claim should be argumentative and debatable.
2. A claim should be specific and focused.
3. A claim should be interesting and engaging.
4. A claim should be logical.

Information can be:

EXPLICIT INFORMATION – information is clearly written and explained in the text
IMPLICIT INFORMATION – information is something that is indirectly expressed in the text and you need to look for
clues or make inferences to understand its meaning

OPINION - A statement expressing one’s feelings or personal judgment.

CONTEXT
❖ This is the social, cultural, political, historical, and other related circumstances that surround the text and form the terms from
which it can be better understood and evaluated.

TYPES OF CLAIMS
1. CLAIMS OF FACT
➢ argues that a condition has existed, is existing, or will continue to exist
➢ This claim is a statement that reports, describes, make causal claims, or whether something is a settled fact.
➢ to support use – factual evidence, that is sufficient, reliable and appropriate
➢ Answers: Did it happen? Is it true? Does it exist?
Example:
a. Cars, not factories, are the primary cause of pollution.
b. Water can be an alternative to gas.
c. Teens who engage in promiscuous, unprotected sex will develop STDs, become pregnant and/or contract AIDS.

2. CLAIMS OF VALUE
➢ Makes a judgment : expresses approval or disapproval about something; attempts to show that something is
wrong or right, moral or immoral, beautiful or ugly
➢ This type of claim assesses, appraises, or judges a concept. You have made a claim of value if you develop a
position in which you say something is good or bad or that one thing is superior to another.
➢ To support use – you must establish standards that you are using to measure the beauty or morality of your
topic
➢ Answers: Is it good or bad?
Example:
a. Dsicriminating our frontliners who save our lives does not make sense.
b. Homosexuality is immoral because it violates religious, societal and biological standards.
c. Monet’s art is more beautiful than Picasso’s because of its use of soft color, uplifting subject matter and unique
techniques.

3. CLAIMS OF POLICY
➢ Argues that something should or should not be done, believed, banned; argues for a course of action
➢ Claims of policy talk about conditions that must exist.
➢ To support – you must first convince the audience that a problem exists and then prove that your policy will fix it
➢ A claim of policy is a claim that suggests a course of action that ought to be followed in order to address a
specific issue. It suggests a precise course of action that should be taken.
➢ Answers: What should we do?
Example:
a. The government should create an effective plan to address the traffic.
b. The death penalty should be abolished because it does nothing to prevent murder.
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c. Spreading fake news in the midst of pandemic will not help at all; hence, by all means it should be stopped.

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