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AC Week 2

The document covers the end behavior of trigonometric, exponential, and logarithmic functions, defining continuity and its conditions, as well as the properties of continuous functions. It introduces the concept of derivatives, including tangent lines, rates of change, and differentiability, along with techniques for differentiation and the derivatives of trigonometric functions. Practice problems are included to reinforce the concepts discussed.

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1 views37 pages

AC Week 2

The document covers the end behavior of trigonometric, exponential, and logarithmic functions, defining continuity and its conditions, as well as the properties of continuous functions. It introduces the concept of derivatives, including tangent lines, rates of change, and differentiability, along with techniques for differentiation and the derivatives of trigonometric functions. Practice problems are included to reinforce the concepts discussed.

Uploaded by

k246013
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Applied Calculus

Week 2
End behavior of trigonometric, exponential
and logarithmic functions
• Trigonometric functions
In general, the trigonometric functions fail to have limits as x→+∞ and as
x→−∞ because of periodicity. There is no specific notation to denote this
kind of behavior.

• Exponential and Logarithmic functions

• lim 𝑙𝑛𝑥 = +∞ lim 𝑒 𝑥 = +∞


𝑥→+∞ 𝑥→+∞

• lim 𝑒 𝑥 = 0 lim+ 𝑙𝑛𝑥 = −∞


𝑥→−∞ 𝑥→0
Topic 1.5: Continuity
• Definition:
A function f is said to be continuous at x = c provided the following
conditions are satisfied:
1. f (c) is defined.
2. lim 𝑓(𝑥)exists.
𝑥→𝑐
3. lim 𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑓(𝑐)
𝑥→𝑐
Important terms:

• Discontinuity at x = c

• Jump discontinuity at c

• Infinite discontinuity at c

• Removable discontinuity at c
Practice Problem 1 :(Example 1, section 1.5)
( done in class)
Continuity in applications
Continuity on an interval
A function f is said to be continuous on a closed interval [a, b] if the
following conditions are satisfied:

1. f is continuous on (a, b).


2. f is continuous from the right at a.
3. f is continuous from the left at b.
Practice Problem 2 :(Example 2, section 1.5)
What can you say about the continuity of the function 𝑓 𝑥
= 9 − 𝑥 2 for the interval [-3,3].
( done in class)
Properties of continuous functions
• Theorem
If the functions f and g are continuous at c, then
(a) f + g is continuous at c.
(b) f − g is continuous at c.
(c) fg is continuous at c.
(d ) f/g is continuous at c if g(c) ≠ 0 and has a discontinuity at c if g(c) =
0.
Continuity of polynomial and rational
functions
• Theorem:
(a) A polynomial is continuous everywhere.
(b) A rational function is continuous at every point where the
denominator is nonzero, and has discontinuities at the points where
the denominator is zero.
Practice Problem 3 :(Example 3, section 1.5)
𝑥 2 −9
For what values of x is there a discontinuity in the graph of 𝑦 = ?
𝑥 2 −5𝑥+6
( done in class)
Important formula
lim 𝑔(𝑥) = lim 𝑔(𝑥)
𝑥→𝑐 𝑥→𝑐

|x| is continuous everywhere


−𝑥, 𝑖𝑓 𝑥<0
𝑥 = ൞0, 𝑖𝑓 𝑥=0
𝑥, 𝑖𝑓 𝑥>0
The intermediate value Theorem
• Theorem
If f is continuous on a closed interval [a, b] and k is any number
between f (a) and f (b), inclusive, then there is at least one number x in
the interval [a, b] such that f (x) = k
• Approximating roots using intermediate value theorem
• Theorem
If f is continuous on [a, b], and if f (a) and f (b) are nonzero and have
opposite signs, then there is at least one solution of the equation f (x) =
0 in the interval (a, b)
Continuity of trigonometric functions
lim 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑥 = sin 𝑐 lim 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑥 = cos 𝑐
𝑥→𝑐 𝑥→𝑐

lim 𝑡𝑎𝑛 𝑥 = tan 𝑐 lim 𝑐𝑠𝑐 𝑥 = csc 𝑐


𝑥→𝑐 𝑥→𝑐

lim 𝑠𝑒𝑐 𝑥 = sec 𝑐 lim 𝑐𝑜𝑡 𝑥 = cot 𝑐


𝑥→𝑐 𝑥→𝑐

sin 𝑥 1−cos 𝑥
lim =1 lim =0
𝑥→0 𝑥 𝑥→0 𝑥
Chapter 2: The Derivative
Topic 2.1: Tangent lines and Rates of change:
Secant Line and Tangent Line:
Definition:
Suppose that 𝑥0 is in the domain of the function f . The tangent line to
the curve y = f(x) at the point P(𝑥0 , f(𝑥0 )) is the line with equation

𝑦 − 𝑓 𝑥0 = 𝑚𝑡𝑎𝑛 𝑥 − 𝑥0

𝑓 𝑥 − 𝑓(𝑥0 )
𝑚𝑡𝑎𝑛 = lim
𝑥→𝑥0 𝑥 − 𝑥0

provided the limit exists.


Alternative form:
ℎ = 𝑥 − 𝑥0

𝑓 𝑥0 + ℎ − 𝑓(𝑥0 )
𝑚𝑡𝑎𝑛 = lim
ℎ→0 ℎ

Formula expresses the slope of the tangent line as a limit of slopes of


secant lines.
Practice Problem 4 :(Example 3, section 2.1)
Find an equation for the tangent line to the curve y = 2/x at the point
(2, 1) on this curve. (in class)
Slopes and Rates of change
If y = f(x), then average rate of change of y with respect to x over the
interval [𝑥0 , x1] is
𝑓 𝑥1 − 𝑓(𝑥0 )
𝑟𝑎𝑣𝑒 =
𝑥1 − 𝑥0
the instantaneous rate of change of y with respect to x at 𝑥0 is
𝑓 𝑥1 − 𝑓(𝑥0 )
𝑟𝑖𝑛𝑠𝑡 = lim
𝑥1 →𝑥0 𝑥1 − 𝑥0
Note: we can also use another formula by replacing x1 by x0+h. and
h→0
Practice Problem 5 :(Example 9, section 2.1)
Let y = 𝑥 2 + 1.
(a) Find the average rate of change of y with respect to x over the
interval [3, 5].
(b) Find the instantaneous rate of change of y with respect to x when x
= −4.
(in class)
Topic 2.2: The Derivative Function

𝑓 𝑥 + ℎ − 𝑓(𝑥)
𝑓 ′ (𝑥) = lim
ℎ→0 ℎ

is called the derivative of f with respect to x. The fractional term in


above expression is called the difference quotient.
𝑓 ′ is a “slope-producing function” in the sense that the value of 𝑓 ′ (x)
at x = 𝑥0 is the slope of the tangent line to the graph of f at x = 𝑥0
Practice Problem 6:(Example 4, section 2.2)
(a) Find the derivative with respect to x of f(x) = √x using limit.
(b) Find the slope of the tangent line to y = √x at x = 9.
(in class)
Practice Problem 7 :(Example 5, section 2.2)
Consider the particle with position function s = f(t) = 1 + 5t −2𝑡 2 . Here
f(t) is measured in meters and t is measured in seconds. Find the
velocity function of the particle.
(in class)
Differentiability

′
𝑓 𝑥0 + ℎ − 𝑓(𝑥0 )
𝑓 (𝑥0 ) = lim
ℎ→0 ℎ

If f is differentiable at each point of the open interval (a, b), then we say
that it is differentiable on (a, b), and similarly for open intervals of the
form (a, +∞), (−∞,b), and (−∞, +∞). In the last case f is differentiable
everywhere.
• Geometrically, a function f is differentiable at 𝑥0 if the graph of f has a
tangent line at 𝑥0 .
• Thus, f is not differentiable at any point 𝑥0 where the secant lines
from P(𝑥0 , f(𝑥0 )) to points Q(x, f(x)) distinct from P do not approach a
unique non vertical limiting position as x→𝑥0 . Two common ways in
which a function that is continuous at 𝑥0 can fail to be differentiable
at 𝑥0 .

• corner points
• points of vertical tangency
Relationship between differentiability and
continuity
• Theorem
If a function f is differentiable at 𝑥0 , then f is continuous at 𝑥0 .
• The process of finding a derivative is called differentiation. It
associates a function 𝑓 ′ with a function f
𝑑
• 𝑓 ′ (𝑥) = 𝑓(𝑥) or 𝑓 ′ (𝑥) = 𝐷𝑥 𝑓(𝑥)
𝑑𝑥

𝑑𝑦
• 𝑓 ′ (𝑥) = 𝑦 ′ (𝑥) or 𝑓′ 𝑥 =
𝑑𝑥

𝑑𝑠 Δ𝑠 𝑓 𝑡+∆𝑡 −𝑓(𝑡)
•𝑣 𝑡 = = lim = lim
𝑑𝑡 ∆𝑡→0 Δ𝑡 ∆𝑡→0 ∆𝑡
Practice Problem 8 :(Example 11, section 1.2)
( done in class)
Practice Problem 9 :(Exercise set 2.2 Q 47,48
section 2.2)
Topic 2.3: Techniques of Differentiation
• Derivatives of a constant
• Derivatives of power functions
• Derivatives of sum and difference
• Higher Derivatives

′
𝑦 ,𝑦 ,𝑦 ,𝑦 4
′ ′′ ′′ ,𝑦 5

𝑑𝑛 𝑦 (𝑛) 𝑥 =
𝑑 𝑛

𝑛
= 𝑓 𝑛
[𝑓 𝑥 ]
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
Topic 2.4: The product and quotient rule
• The derivative of a product
𝑑 𝑑 𝑑
𝑓 𝑥 𝑔 𝑥 =𝑓 𝑥 𝑔 𝑥 + 𝑔(𝑥) 𝑓 𝑥
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥

• The derivative of a quotient


𝑑 𝑑
𝑑 𝑓 𝑥 𝑔 𝑥 𝑓 𝑥 − 𝑓(𝑥) 𝑔 𝑥
= 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑥 𝑔 𝑥 [𝑔 𝑥 ]2
Practice Problem 10:(Example 4,5 section 2.3
and example 3 section 2.4)
Example 4:
𝑑
[4𝑥 8 ]
𝑑𝑥

Example 5:
𝑑
[2𝑥 6 + 𝑥 −9 ]
𝑑𝑥

𝑑 𝑥 − 2𝑥
𝑑𝑥 𝑥
𝑥 3 +2𝑥 2 −1
Example 3: Find 𝑦′(𝑥) for y = [ ]
𝑥+5
Topic 2.5: The derivative of trigonometric
functions 𝑑
𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 = 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥
𝑑𝑥

𝑑
𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥 = −𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥
𝑑𝑥

𝑑
𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑥 = 𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 𝑥
𝑑𝑥

𝑑
𝑐𝑜𝑡𝑥 = −𝑐𝑠𝑐 2 𝑥
𝑑𝑥

𝑑
𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑥 = 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑥𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑥
𝑑𝑥

𝑑
𝑐𝑠𝑐𝑥 = −𝑐𝑠𝑐𝑥𝑐𝑜𝑡𝑥
𝑑𝑥
Practice Problem 11:(Example 3 section 2.5)
Find f’’(π/4) if f(x) = sec x
Adapted from:
1. Calculus Early Transcendentals (10th Edition) by Howard Anton, IRL
Bivens and Stephen Davis

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