1.

Describe about various network tools in Windows

Procedure

The Windows operating system provides its user with a powerful tool, i.e., Command Prompt, which allows
us to access and configure system settings and data.

Networking Commands
The below mentioned commands are some of the most useful commands required to troubleshoot network
problems and configure network settings.

1. IPCONFIG:
The IPCONFIG network command provides a comprehensive view of information regarding the IP address
configuration of the device we are currently working on.
The IPConfig command also provides us with some variation in the primary command that targets specific
system settings or data, which are:
• IPConfig /all - Provides primary output with additional information about network adapters.
• IPConfig /renew - Used to renew the system’s IP address.
• IPConfig /release - Removes the system’s current IP address.

Example: C:\Users\India>IPConfig

2. NSLOOKUP:
The NSLOOKUP command is used to troubleshoot network connectivity issues in the system. Using the
nslookup command, we can access the information related to our system’s DNS server, i.e., domain name
and IP address.

Example: C:\Users\India>nslookup

3. HOSTNAME:
The HOSTNAME command displays the hostname of the system. The hostname command is much easier
to use than going into the system settings to search for it.

Example: C:\Users\India> ping www.destination_host_name.com

4. PING:
The Ping command is one of the most widely used commands in the prompt tool, as it allows the user to
check the connectivity of our system to another host.

This command sends four experimental packets to the destination host to check whether it receives them
successfully, if so, then, we can communicate with the destination host. But in case the packets have not
been received, that means, no communication can be established with the destination host

Example: C:\Users\India>ping www.destination_host_name.com

Using the number of hops and the hop IP address, we can troubleshoot network issues and identify the point
of the problem during the transmission of the data packet.

Example: C:\Users\India>tracert www.destination_host_name.com

6. NETSTAT:
The Netstat command as the name suggests displays an overview of all the network connections in the
device. The table shows detail about the connection protocol, address, and the current state of the network.

Example: C:\Users\India>netsat

7. ARP(Address Resolution Protocol):

Example: C:\Users\India>arp

8. SYSTEMINFO:
Using the SYSTEMINFO command, we can access the system’s hardware and software details, such as
processor data, booting data, Windows version, etc.

Example: C:\Users\India>systeminfo

Conclusion
In this article on ‘Networking Commands’, we understood the need of using network commands and the
way to implement them in the Windows command prompt. We also learned about the different network
commands to troubleshoot and configure the system's network settings.
2. Study different types of Network devices and Cables.

Procedure:

Network devices are physical devices that allow hardware on a computer network to communicate and
interact with each other. Network devices like hubs, repeaters, bridges, switches, routers, gateways help
manage and direct data flow in a network.
Types of Networking Devices and Uses
1. Access Point: An access point is a device that allows wireless devices, like smartphones and laptops, to
connect to a wired network. It creates a Wi-Fi network that wireless devices communicate with the internet.
2. Routers: A Router connects multiple networks (such as LAN’s) and forwards data between them using
IP address. There are two types of router:
• Static Router: A static router uses manually configured routes to direct network.
• Dynamic Router: A dynamic router automatically communicates with other dynamic routers to
modify its routing table based on real-time network conditions.
3. Modems: Modems is also known as modulator/demodulator is a network device that is used to convert
digital signal into analog signal. There are various modems like DSL, Cable, Wireless and Cellular modems.
4. Repeater: A repeater operates at the physical layer. Its main function is to amplify (i.e., regenerate) the
week signals over the same network and transmit the signals over the network.
5. Hub: A hub is a multiport repeater. A hub connects multiple devices within a network and broadcasts
data to all connected devices. There are different hubs such as active hub, passive hub, intelligent hub.
6. Bridge: A bridge operates at the data link layer. It connects two or more segments of the same network
and filters traffic based on MAC address. There are two types of bridges
• Transparent bridges build and maintain a MAC address table by examining incoming frames.
• Source bridges used a different approach and were commonly used with token ring networks,
which are virtually obsolete.
7. Network Interface Card: The network-connected device includes a Network Interface Card (NIC). It
allows a device to connect to a network (either wired or wireless) and communicate with other devices
8. Gateway: A common network device used to connect networks is a gateway. A gateway connects
different networks and enables communication between them.
Types of Network Cables
1. Coaxial Cables: Coaxial cables contain a centre conductor and a metal shield insulated by a plastic layer
placed in between. The metal shield in coaxial cables blocks any elements or interferences from the outside.

• Hard-line Cable: used in applications where high signal internet lines and telephone lines.
• RG-6 Cable: used in where better signal quality broadband internet and cable TV.
• Tri-Axial Cable: used in more bandwidth connecting cameras and cable TVs.
2. Twisted Pair Cables: These ethernet cables, also known as STP cables, are widely used for business
installations. They were developed for computer networks and are an excellent choice for areas with high
interference.

• Shield Twisted Pair Cable: The wires covered by a copper foil shield, it protects interference
leaking into and out of the cable.
• Unshielded Twisted Pair Cable: Unshielded twisted pair cables, or UTP cables, are widely used
in computers networks and telecommunication companies. It helps in controlling interference.
3. Fibre Optic Cables: Fibre optic cables are networking cables that contain either a glass or a plastic core,
shielded by a cladding, a buffer and a jacket. These layers protect fibre optic cables from potential damage
and from external interference.

• Single Mode Fibre: It uses one single ray of light to transmit data for long distance transmission.
• Multi Mode Fibre: It uses multiple light rays to transmit data
5. Introduction to Network Simulator and create simple network using Packet Tracer (PT).

Procedure

Packet Tracer is network simulation software developed by Cisco to help students, professionals, and
network engineers visualize, configure, and simulate network devices and protocols in a virtual
environment. It allows users to create network topologies, configure routers, switches, and other network
devices, and simulate the behavior of networks, without the need for physical hardware.
Features of Packet Tracer:

Network Simulation: Simulate real-world networking scenarios without needing physical devices. Users
can create networks with routers, switches, PCs, servers, and other network devices.
Graphical Interface: Packet Tracer offers an intuitive drag-and-drop interface where you can build
networks by simply dragging devices onto the workspace and connecting them. Visual representation of
the devices and cables makes it easy to understand and configure network topologies.
Simulation Mode: In this mode, users can observe the flow of data packets between devices in a network.
It helps visualize how packets travel, making it easier to understand network communication and
troubleshooting processes.
Multiuser Connections: Packet Tracer supports collaboration, allowing multiple users to interact with the
same network simulation.
Let us see how to Establish Peer-to-Peer Network

Steps:

1. Click on End Devices icon, it displays traditional computers like desktop, laptops and so on.

2. Select Computer icon and place it on work space and select another computer icon and place it on
work space
3. Click on Connections icon, select Cross over cable and click on first computer, select FastEthernet
option and connect a line to second computer by selecting FastEthernet option.
4. Click on first computer and go to Desktop option, then click on IP Configuration and type the IP
Address as 192.168.1.1. similarly do it as for second computer and set IP Address as 192.168.1.2.
5. Click on any computer and go to Desktop option, then click on Command Prompt and check the
configuration of computer by typing as ipconfig or ipconfig /all
6. Now click on first computer and go to Desktop option, then click on Command Prompt and set the
destination address to second computer by typing as ping 192.168.1.2
7. Click on PDU and place it on first computer, then click on simulation button and play it.
8. Finally, we will see that like real time network moving the packet from source computer to destination
computer