Introduction to Information and Communication Technologies and Rules of Netiquette

Information and Communication Technologies (ICT) involve the use of various communication tools, such as mobile phones,
telephones, and the internet, to locate, save, send, and edit information.

ICT in the Philippines

The Philippines is often called the "ICT Hub of Asia" by international companies due to its significant growth in ICT-related
industries, particularly Business Process Outsourcing (BPO) centers.
 Mobile Usage: According to the 2013 edition of Measuring the Information Society by the International
Telecommunication Union, the Philippines had 106.8 cellphones per 100 people in 2012.
 Employment Contribution: Data from the Annual Survey of Philippine Business and Industries (NSO) in 2010 shows that
the ICT industry accounted for 19.3% of total employment in the country.
 Global Recognition: In 2013, Time Magazine ranked two Philippine cities among the world’s top "selfiest cities" based
on Instagram activity, emphasizing the Filipinos' strong digital presence.

Types of Websites
Web 1.0 - refers to static or non-interactive web pages where users can only view content without engaging with it.
Examples: MP3.com, Aliweb, shopping carts, personal websites, and static pages like Jekyll.com or Brunch.
Web 2.0 - introduced dynamic, interactive web pages that encourage user engagement and content creation.
Examples:
 Social Networking Sites: Facebook, Instagram, Twitter
 Video Sharing Platforms: YouTube, Vimeo, TikTok
 Wikis: WikiHow, Wikitravel, Wikipedia
 Web Applications: Google Apps, Microsoft 365
 Hosted Services: Bluehost, HostGator, Hostinger
Key Features of Web 2.0:
1. Folksonomy: Allows users to categorize and tag information using hashtags (e.g., #technology).
2. Rich User Experience: Content is dynamic and adapts to user input.
3. User Participation: Content is created and shared by users, not just website owners.
4. Long Tail: Services are offered on demand rather than as one-time purchases.
5. Software as a Service (SaaS): Users subscribe to software as needed instead of buying it outright.
6. Mass Participation: Encourages information sharing through universal web access.

Web 3.0 and the Semantic Web

Semantic Web
Web 3.0, also known as the Semantic Web, is a movement led by the World Wide Web Consortium (W3C) and coined by Tim
Berners-Lee, the inventor of the World Wide Web. It focuses on creating a common framework that enables data sharing and
reuse across applications, enterprises, and communities.
Challenges in Web 3.0:
1. Compatibility: Current web browsers and HTML files are not yet fully equipped to support Web 3.0.
2. Security: Storing user preferences raises privacy and security concerns.
3. Vastness: The enormous number of web pages complicates organization and access.
4. Vagueness: Imprecise language and terms can create ambiguities.
5. Logic: Machines have limitations in understanding nuanced human intentions.

Trends in ICT
As ICT continues to evolve, the industry focuses on innovations that address the needs of its users. Below are the leading trends
driving advancements in ICT today:

1. Convergence
Technological convergence refers to the synergy of multiple technological advancements to achieve a common goal. It involves
using various technologies together to complete tasks more efficiently and conveniently.

2. Social Media
Social media refers to websites, applications, or online platforms that enable users to create, co-create, discuss, modify, and
share user-generated content.

Types of Social Media:

Type Definition Examples
Social Networks Platforms that connect people with shared interests or backgrounds. Facebook, Google+
Bookmarking Platforms to store, manage, and tag links to websites and resources for easy StumbleUpon, Pinterest
Sites sharing.
 Social News Sites where users post news items or links to news sources for community Reddit, Digg
discussions.
Media Sharing Sites for uploading and sharing media content, such as images, music, and Flickr, YouTube,
videos. Instagram
Microblogging Platforms focused on short user updates. Twitter, Plurk
Blogs and Forums Websites allowing users to post and discuss content. Blogger, WordPress,
Tumblr

3. Mobile Technologies
The rise of smartphones and tablets has revolutionized how we perform tasks traditionally handled by personal computers.
Modern mobile devices utilize 5G Networking (LTE), the fastest mobile network currently available.
Operating Systems for Mobile Devices:
 iOS: Exclusive to Apple devices, such as iPhones and iPads.
 Android: Open-source OS developed by Google, used in a wide range of devices.
 Blackberry OS: Found in Blackberry devices.
 Windows Phone OS: Closed-source OS developed by Microsoft.
 Symbian: The original smartphone OS, used in older Nokia devices.
 WebOS: Initially for smartphones, now also used in smart TVs.
 Windows Mobile: Developed by Microsoft for smartphones and pocket PCs.

4. Assistive Media
Assistive Media is a nonprofit service designed to aid individuals with visual or reading impairments. It uses a database of audio
recordings to read content aloud, enhancing accessibility for users with disabilities.

Rules of Netiquette

Online Safety and Security

The internet is a powerful tool for business promotion, building relationships, and entertainment. However, it can also be a
dangerous place if used recklessly. Being mindful of what you share online is crucial for ensuring your safety.
Risks of Sharing Personal Information Online
The following table outlines common types of personal information and their associated risks:
Type of Information Risks
First Name Hackers may use this to gather more information about you.
Last Name Makes you more vulnerable to search engine queries and identity theft.
Middle Name Increases risk when combined with your full name.
Current/Previous Can be exploited for identity verification during fraud attempts.
Schools
Cell Phone Number Exposes you to unsolicited calls, scams, or impersonation attempts.
Parents’ Names Risky, especially your mother’s maiden name, often used for security questions.
Siblings’ Names Can be used to deceive or impersonate them to manipulate you.
Address Makes it easier for criminals to locate you.
Home Phone Number Often used in scams involving impersonation.
Birthday Can be used for identity theft and fraud.
Remember: The internet is an “information superhighway” where anything you share can be accessed and misused.

Tips to Stay Safe Online

1. Be cautious about what you share and where you share it.
2. Read and understand terms and conditions before accepting them.
3. Review the privacy policies of websites you use.
4. Familiarize yourself with the security features of your social networking sites.
5. Never share your password with anyone.
6. Avoid logging into accounts on public networks or Wi-Fi.
7. Be cautious when talking to strangers online or offline.
8. Do not post plans for future vacations.
9. Only add people you know in real life to your social networks.
10. Avoid visiting or downloading content from untrusted websites.
11. Use and regularly update antivirus software.
12. Protect your home Wi-Fi with a strong password.
13. Purchase legitimate software; avoid using pirated copies.
14. Never click links or reply to suspicious emails.
Internet Threats
The internet poses various security risks. Below are some common threats and their definitions:
1. Malware (Malicious Software)
 Virus: A program that replicates itself and spreads through networks or data storage devices.
 Worm: Transfers from one device to another, often using networks to spread. Example: ILOVEYOU Worm.
 Trojan: Disguised as useful software but allows hackers access to your data.
o Rogue Security Software: Poses as antivirus software but offers no real protection.
 Spyware: Operates without the user’s knowledge, monitoring activities like keylogging.
 Adware: Displays unwanted advertisements, usually in the form of pop-ups.
2. Spam - Unsolicited emails often sent by bots, which may contain malware.
3. Phishing - Attempts to acquire sensitive information, such as passwords and credit card details.
 Pharming: A more sophisticated phishing method exploiting DNS systems.

Protecting Reputations Online

Digital devices make it easy to capture and share embarrassing moments. Once uploaded, it is difficult to erase such content,
which can lead to emotional distress and potential harm to personal or family safety.
Think Before You Click
1. Once posted online, content can be seen by anyone.
2. Protect your friends’ reputation by being responsible with your posts.
3. Set posts to “private” whenever possible.
4. Avoid using names in posts to prevent search engine indexing.
5. Request the removal of harmful or inappropriate posts.

Copyright Infringement
Intellectual property, such as literary works, inventions, or creative outputs, is protected by copyright law. Using copyrighted
material without permission can result in legal consequences.
Tips to Avoid Copyright Infringement
1. Understand copyright laws: Copyright covers creative works but not underlying ideas or facts.
2. Verify content ownership: Check if the material you’re using is copyrighted.
3. Be original: Ensure your work reflects your creativity.
4. Know legal limitations: In the Philippines, copyrights last for the author’s lifetime plus 50 years. Certain uses, like for
education or commentary, may qualify under “fair use.”

Contextualized Online Search and Research Skills and Developing ICT Content for Specific Purposes

I. What is Online Research?

Online research is the process of using the internet to find, analyze, and use information for academic, professional, or personal
purposes. It helps in gathering reliable and up-to-date facts quickly.
Why is Online Research Important?
✔ Helps in finding accurate and up-to-date information.
✔ Saves time by filtering out unreliable sources.
✔ Improves critical thinking by evaluating sources.
✔ Encourages responsible research through proper citation.

II. Tips for Conducting Online Research

1. Have a Clear Question in Mind
Before searching, think about what information you need. A clear question helps you find better results.
🔹 Example:
Instead of searching “video games”, try “How do video games improve problem-solving skills?”

2. Use Specific Keywords

 Search engines like Google, Bing, and Yahoo provide results based on your search terms.
 The more specific your keywords, the more relevant the results.
 Avoid vague or too general terms.
🔹 Example:
Instead of searching “Taylor Swift”, try “Taylor Swift 2024 Eras Tour concert schedule.”
Instead of searching “iPhone”, try “iPhone 15 Pro camera features review.”
💡 Tip: If you are searching for an exact phrase, put it in quotation marks (e.g., “climate change effects on agriculture”).

3. Use Advanced Search (Google & Google Scholar)

Advanced search features help refine search results to find more accurate and reliable sources.
🔎 Google Advanced Search
1. Go to: Google Advanced Search
2. Use the filters:
o "All these words" – Enter all keywords related to your topic.
o "This exact word or phrase" – Use this to find exact phrases (e.g., “Artificial Intelligence in Education”).
o "Any of these words" – Helps when searching for multiple related topics.
o Language & Region – Filter results by language or country.
o Last update – Choose recent results for updated information.
o Site or domain – Search within specific sites (e.g., .gov, .edu for official sources).
📚 Google Scholar Advanced Search
1. Go to: Google Scholar
2. Use the filters:
o Date Range: Set a specific time frame (e.g., 2020-2024).
o Author: Find articles by a specific researcher.
o Publication: Search for studies from a specific journal.
o Cited by: Find articles that reference a specific study.
🔹 Example: If you're researching climate change, instead of searching “climate change”, use Google Scholar and enter:
 “Climate change impact on agriculture” (Exact phrase search)
 Filter by 2020-2024 for the latest research
 Choose sources from scientific journals or government websites (.gov, .edu)

4. Find Credible Sources

Not all websites provide accurate information. Always check if the source is reliable.
✅ Trusted sources include:
 Scientific journals (Google Scholar, ResearchGate, JSTOR, IEEE Xplore)
 News websites (BBC, CNN, The New York Times, National Geographic)
 Educational institutions (Harvard.edu, Stanford.edu, MIT.edu)
 Government websites (.gov sites like NASA, WHO, and the U.S. Department of Education)
⚠ Avoid unreliable sources such as:
❌ Personal blogs or unknown websites
❌ Wikipedia (unless you check citations)
❌ Social media posts without credible references

5. Give Credit to Sources (Avoid Plagiarism)

If you use information from a website, always cite your sources to avoid plagiarism.
📌 How to Cite Sources Properly:
 APA Format: (Author, Year, Title, Source Link)
 Example:
o Smith, J. (2023). Impact of AI on Education. Retrieved from www.educationai.com
 Google Scholar Citation Feature:
o Click on "Cite" below an article and copy the citation in APA, MLA, or Chicago format.

Advanced Presentation Skills and Manipulating Text, Graphics, and Images

Microsoft Word: A word processing application used for creating, editing, and formatting text-based documents such as letters,
reports, and resumes.
o Primary Output: Documents
o What is a Document? A document is a digital file that contains text, images, tables, and other elements used to
present information in a structured format. Documents are commonly used for communication, record-keeping,
and professional reporting.
Microsoft Excel: A spreadsheet application used for data organization, calculations, analysis, and visualization through charts and
graphs. It is widely used for financial records, data entry, and statistical analysis.
o Primary Output: Spreadsheets (organized in a Workbook)
o What is a Workbook? A workbook is a collection of spreadsheets (worksheets) within a single file. Each worksheet
is structured in rows and columns, allowing users to input, analyze, and organize data efficiently. Workbooks can
also include formulas, charts, and data tables for advanced calculations and visualization.
Microsoft PowerPoint: A presentation software used for creating slideshows with text, images, animations, and multimedia
elements. It is often used for business meetings, educational lectures, and marketing presentations.
 o Primary Output: Presentations
o What is a Presentation? A presentation is a visual file consisting of a sequence of slides designed to convey
information to an audience. It typically includes text, graphics, animations, and multimedia to enhance
communication and engagement.

Common Parts (Present in Word, Excel, and PowerPoint)

1. Title Bar – Displays the name of the current document, workbook, or presentation.
2. Quick Access Toolbar – Provides quick access to frequently used commands like Save, Undo, and Redo.
3. Ribbon – A collection of tabs that contain various tools and commands.
4. Tabs – Sections within the Ribbon (e.g., Home, Insert, Design, View).
5. Groups – Related commands within a tab (e.g., Font, Paragraph, Alignment).
6. File Tab (Backstage View) – Used for file-related operations like Open, Save, Print, and Export.
7. Status Bar – Displays information about the current file, such as page number (Word), cell details (Excel), or slide
number (PowerPoint).
8. Scroll Bars – Used to navigate through the document, spreadsheet, or presentation.
9. Zoom Control – Allows users to adjust the zoom level for better visibility.

Unique Parts of Microsoft Word

1. Document Area – The workspace where text, images, and tables are entered.
2. Rulers – Helps align text, tables, and images for precise formatting.
3. Page Layout Options – Includes settings for margins, orientation, size, and columns.
4. References Tab – Manages citations, footnotes, bibliographies, and table of contents.
5. Review Tab – Provides tools for spelling and grammar check, track changes, and adding comments.
6. Header and Footer – Sections at the top and bottom of the page for titles, page numbers, or dates.
7. Table of Contents – Automatically generates a list of headings and subheadings in a document.

Unique Parts of Microsoft Excel

1. Cells – Individual units where data is entered.
2. Rows and Columns – Rows (horizontal) and Columns (vertical) organize data in the spreadsheet.
3. Formula Bar – Displays and allows editing of cell contents, including formulas.
4. Worksheets and Workbooks – A workbook contains multiple worksheets (spreadsheets).
5. Functions & Formulas – Predefined calculations (e.g., SUM, AVERAGE, VLOOKUP).
6. PivotTables & PivotCharts – Used for summarizing and analyzing large datasets.
7. Sorting and Filtering – Helps organize and extract specific data.
8. Conditional Formatting – Applies formatting rules based on cell values.
9. Chart Tools – Creates visual representations of data (e.g., bar charts, pie charts).

Unique Parts of Microsoft PowerPoint

1. Slides – Individual pages where content is added.
2. Slide Pane – Displays the current slide being edited.
3. Slide Master – Controls the design and layout of all slides.
4. Transitions – Effects applied when moving from one slide to another.
5. Animations – Effects used to enhance text, images, and objects on a slide.
6. Notes Pane – Space to add speaker notes for presentations.
7. Slide Sorter View – Displays an overview of all slides, allowing easy rearrangement.
8. Presentation Mode – A full-screen mode for delivering a slideshow.

Imaging and Design for the Online Environment

1. Basic Principles of Graphics and Layout

 Balance: Distributing elements evenly to create harmony (symmetrical or asymmetrical).
 Contrast: Using differences in color, size, or shape to highlight important elements.
 Emphasis: Drawing attention to the focal point through bold fonts or bright colors.
 Alignment: Arranging text and images neatly for a clean and professional look.
 Repetition: Reinforcing design elements for consistency.
 Proximity: Placing related elements close together to establish relationships.
 White Space: Leaving empty space to improve readability and focus.

2. Principles of Visual Message Design Using Infographics

 Clarity: Keep text concise and easy to read.
 Hierarchy: Arrange elements in a way that guides the viewer's eye (titles, subheadings, visuals).
  Relevance: Use images and graphics that support the message.
 Color Psychology: Choose colors that evoke the intended emotion.
 Icons & Symbols: Represent information visually for better understanding.
 Typography: Use readable and appropriate fonts.

3. Online File Formats for Images and Text

 Image Formats:
o JPEG (JPG): Compressed format; good for photos.
o PNG: Supports transparency; ideal for web graphics.
o GIF: Supports animation; used for simple graphics.
o SVG: Scalable vector format; best for logos.
 Text Formats:
o TXT: Plain text without formatting.
o DOC/DOCX: Microsoft Word format.
o PDF: Preserves formatting and can be viewed across devices.

4. Principles and Basic Techniques of Image Manipulation

 Cropping: Removing unwanted parts of an image.
 Resizing: Adjusting dimensions without distorting proportions.
 Color Correction: Adjusting brightness, contrast, saturation.
 Filters and Effects: Enhancing images with artistic effects.
 Layering: Combining multiple images or elements.
 Cloning and Healing: Removing blemishes or unwanted objects.

5. Basic Image Manipulation Using Offline or Open-Source Software

 Google SketchUp (Freeware): Used for 3D modeling and design.
 GIMP (Open-source/Freeware): Used for photo editing and graphic design, similar to Photoshop.
 Canva (Freemium): User-friendly online design tool.
 Inkscape (Open-source): Best for vector graphics.

6. Combining Text, Graphics, and Images

 Ensure text is readable and does not overpower the visuals.
 Use high-quality images and appropriate font styles.
 Align elements properly to maintain balance and structure.
 Create a visual hierarchy to guide the viewer’s attention.

7. Uploading, Sharing, and Image Hosting Platforms

 Google Drive: Stores and shares images online.
 Dropbox: Cloud storage for sharing images and documents.
 Flickr: Used by photographers to store and showcase images.
 Imgur: Popular platform for sharing images and memes.
 Social Media (Facebook, Instagram, Twitter, etc.): Platforms for sharing images and engaging with audiences.

Online Platforms as Tools for ICT Content Development

1. The Nature and Purposes of Online Platforms and Applications

 Online Platforms: Digital spaces where users can create, share, and manage content.
 Purposes:
o Communication and collaboration (e.g., Google Workspace, Microsoft 365)
o Content creation (e.g., Canva, Google Sites)
o File storage and sharing (e.g., Google Drive, OneDrive)
o Data collection and surveys (e.g., Google Forms, Jotform)
o Social networking and marketing (e.g., Facebook, LinkedIn, Instagram)
o Mapping and navigation (e.g., Google Maps, OpenStreetMap)

2. Basic Web Design Principles and Elements

 Principles:
o Simplicity: Clean and easy-to-navigate design.
o Consistency: Uniform colors, fonts, and layout across pages.
o Accessibility: Ensuring usability for all users, including those with disabilities.
 o Mobile-Friendliness: Optimizing designs for various screen sizes.
o Readability: Choosing appropriate fonts and text sizes.
o Speed Optimization: Ensuring fast load times for better user experience.
 Elements:
o Layout: The arrangement of elements on a webpage.
o Typography: The style and appearance of text.
o Color Scheme: Choosing complementary colors for aesthetic appeal.
o Multimedia Elements: Incorporating images, videos, and animations effectively.

3. Web Page Design Using Templates and Online Platforms

 Why Use Templates?
o Saves time and effort.
o Provides a professional look.
o Ensures responsive design.
 Recommended Platforms for Web Page Creation:
o Google Sites (Free and easy-to-use for students)
o Wix (Drag-and-drop web design)
o Weebly (User-friendly for beginners)
o WordPress.com (Customizable, offers free hosting)

4. Online Platforms for ICT Content Development

Presentation/ Visualization
 Canva: User-friendly design tool with templates for presentations.
 Google Slides: Free and collaborative presentation tool.
 Visme: Interactive and infographic-based presentations.
 MindMeister: Mind mapping and brainstorming tool.
Cloud Computing
 Google Drive: Free storage with collaboration features.
 OneDrive: Cloud storage integrated with Microsoft apps.
 Dropbox: File storage and sharing platform.
Social Media
 Facebook: Sharing and promoting content.
 Instagram: Visual content and marketing.
 Twitter/X: Microblogging and real-time updates.
 LinkedIn: Professional networking and content sharing.
Web Page Creation
 Google Sites: Free and simple website builder.
 Wix: Drag-and-drop website design.
 WordPress.com: Versatile platform for blogs and websites.
File Management
 Zamzar: Online file conversion tool.
 Smallpdf: PDF editing and conversion.
 ILovePDF: Online PDF management tool.
Mapping
 Google Maps: Navigation and location services.
 OpenStreetMap: Community-driven mapping platform.

Collaborative Development of ICT Content

1. Team Structure and Dynamics for ICT Content

 Roles in an ICT Team:
o Project Manager: Oversees planning, scheduling, and execution.
o Content Creator: Develops text, images, and multimedia content.
o Graphic Designer: Creates visuals, layouts, and graphics.
o Web Developer: Manages technical aspects of websites or platforms.
o Editor/Curator: Reviews, edits, and organizes content.
o Social Media Manager: Promotes and shares content online.
 Teamwork Principles:
o Clear communication and task delegation.
o Respect for ideas and constructive feedback.
 o Use of collaborative tools for efficiency.

2. Online Collaborative Tools and Processes

 Document Collaboration:
o Google Docs: Real-time editing and commenting.
o Microsoft 365 (Word Online, Teams): Cloud-based document sharing.
 Visual Collaboration:
o Canva: Team-based graphic design tool.
o Miro: Online whiteboard for brainstorming.
 Communication Tools:
o Google Chat / Microsoft Teams: Instant messaging and file sharing.
o Zoom / Google Meet: Virtual meetings and discussions.
o Slack: Team messaging with workflow integration.
 File Sharing & Management:
o Google Drive: Cloud storage for collaboration.
o Dropbox: Secure file sharing and organization.

3. Project Management for ICT Content

 Planning and Organization Tools:
o Trello: Task boards for project tracking.
o Asana: Task assignments and deadline management.
o ClickUp: All-in-one project management.
 Key Project Management Phases:
1. Planning: Setting goals, assigning tasks, and defining timelines.
2. Execution: Creating and curating content collaboratively.
3. Review and Editing: Evaluating content for quality and consistency.
4. Publishing & Distribution: Uploading to the appropriate platform and promoting content.

4. Curating Existing Content

 Steps in Content Curation:
o Identify relevant content aligned with the project’s theme.
o Organize and categorize content effectively.
o Enhance content with visuals and interactive elements.
o Ensure proper attribution and citation of sources.
 Tools for Content Curation:
o Pocket: Saves and organizes online articles.
o Feedly: Aggregates blog posts and news feeds.
o Evernote: Stores and annotates research materials.

5. Platforms for Hosting ICT Content

Presentation/ Visualization
 Canva Presentations: User-friendly for visual slides.
 Google Slides: Collaborative presentation tool.
 Visme: Infographic-based presentations.
 MindMeister: Brainstorming and mind mapping.
Cloud Computing
 Google Drive: Free file storage and sharing.
 OneDrive: Integrated with Microsoft services.
Social Media
 Facebook Pages: Sharing ICT content with an audience.
 Instagram: Showcasing visual projects.
 Twitter/X: Promoting ICT content through updates.
Web Page Creation
 Google Sites: Simple, free website creation.
 Wix: Drag-and-drop website builder.
 WordPress.com: Customizable blogging and website tool.
Blogging Platforms
 Blogger: Google’s free blogging service.
 WordPress.com: Robust and customizable blog site.
 Medium: Ideal for article-based content.
 Issuu: Creating and publishing online magazines.