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L0 Basic Definitions DCCN

The document provides an overview of data communication and networking, defining key concepts such as data, data communication, and data communication systems. It outlines the characteristics and types of data flow, including simplex, half-duplex, and full-duplex communication, as well as the criteria for evaluating networks such as performance, reliability, and security. Additionally, it discusses network configurations, types of connections, and factors affecting network performance, including throughput and delay.

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12 views29 pages

L0 Basic Definitions DCCN

The document provides an overview of data communication and networking, defining key concepts such as data, data communication, and data communication systems. It outlines the characteristics and types of data flow, including simplex, half-duplex, and full-duplex communication, as well as the criteria for evaluating networks such as performance, reliability, and security. Additionally, it discusses network configurations, types of connections, and factors affecting network performance, including throughput and delay.

Uploaded by

chhavi tomar
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© © All Rights Reserved
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DCCN

Unit-1
Course’s TextBook
• Data Communication and
Networking,
• Behrouz Forouzan,
McGrawHill,
5 Edition , 2013
Introduction
Definitions
• Data: information presented in whatever form
is agreed upon by the parties creating and
using the data.
• Data Communication: exchange of data
between two devices via transmission medium
(wire cable / link).
• Data Communication System: Made up of a
combination of hardware (physical equipment)
and software (programs) to facilitate for
effective communication of data.
5 Components of a Data
Communication System

Figure 1-1

Protocol: is a set of rules that governs data communications.


It represents an agreement between the communicating
devices. Without a protocol two devices may be connected
but not communicating.
Characteristics of a Data Communication
System
❖Delivery : System must deliver data to correct
destination. Data must be received by only
intended device or user.
❖Accuracy: The system must deliver data
accurately
❖Timeliness: the system must deliver data in a
timely manner. Data delivered later are useless.
❖Jitter: Variation in the packet arrival time. It is
the uneven delay in the delivery of audio or
video packets.
Data Flow
• Path taken by data within a device, network,
or organization, as it moves from its source
to its destination (a data repository or a data
user).
• Categorized by direction of flow:
❖Simplex
❖Half-duplex
❖Full-duplex
Simplex
• Communication is unidirectional, one of
the two devices on a link can transmit; the
other can only receive (one-way street).
• Ex: keyboard (input), monitors (output)
Half-duplex
Each station can both transmit and receive ,
but not at the same time. When one device
is sending the other can receive and vice
versa. (one-lane road with two direction).
Full-duplex
• Both stations can transmit and receive
simultaneously. (two way street with traffic
flowing in both directions at the same time).
• Ex: telephone network.

Signals going in either direction share the capacity of the link in


two ways:
➢Either the link must contain two physically separate transmission
paths one for sending and other for receiving.
➢Capacity of the channel is divided between signals traveling in both
direction
1.2 Networks
Definitions
• A network is a set of devices (often
referred to as nodes) connected by
communication links.
• A node can be a host (such as a computer,
a laptop, a smart phone etc.) or a network
device (such as a switch, a router, etc.).
• A link is a communication pathway that
transfer data from one device to another.
Network Criteria
• A network must be able to meet a
certain number of criteria.
❖ Performance
❖Reliability
❖Security
Figure 1-2

WCB/McGraw-Hill © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 1998


Performance
• Can be measured in many ways!
– Transmit time: the amount of time
required for a message to travel from one
device to another.
– Response time: the elapsed time between
an inquiry and a response.
• Often evaluated by two networking
metrics: throughput and delay.
Factors Affecting Performance
➢Type of transmission media,
➢Capabilities of connected H.W and
the efficiency of software.
➢Number of user
Throughput
• Throughput is an important network
metric-also known as bandwidth.
• The bandwidth of a network is given by
the number of bits that can be
transmitted over the network in a
certain period of time.
• Depends on the network technology
(hardware capabilities) and therefore is
constant.
Throughput Example
• A network might have a bandwidth of
10 million bits/second (Mbps),
meaning that it is able to deliver 10
million bits every second.
Delay
• Also known as latency.
• corresponds to how long it takes a
message to travel from one end of a
network to the other.
• Latency is measured strictly in terms of
time.
• Effected by number of users and hence
may change from time to time.
Delay Example
• A transcontinental network might have
a latency of 24 milliseconds (ms); that
is, it takes a message 24 ms to travel
from one end of North America to the
other.
Network Criteria
• A network must be able to meet a
certain number of criteria.
✓ Performance
❖Reliability
❖Security
Reliability
• Accuracy of delivery.
• Measured by:
– Frequency of failures
– Time it takes to recover from a failure
Network Criteria
• A network must be able to meet a
certain number of criteria.
✓ Performance
✓Reliability
❖Security
Security
• Many issues at the different layers!
• Examples:
– Protecting data from unauthorized access.
– Protecting data from damage.
– Implementing policies and procedures for
recovery from breaches and data losses.
Network Configuration
• There are a number of ways that
computers can be connected together
to form networks.
• Physical attributes of a network
include:
❖Type of connection
❖Physical topology
Type of Connection
• For communication to occur, two devices
must be connected in someway to the same
link at the same time.
• Two possible connections:
– Point-to-point
– Multipoint
Physical Structures: Type of
connection
1. Point –to-point
Dedicated link between two devices. Most of them uses an
actual length of wire or cable to connect the two ends but
other options ,such as microwave satellite are possible.
Physical Structures: Type of
connection
2. Multipoint
Is one in which more than two specific devices share a
single link
Links
Each node needs one interface for each link.

point-to-point(a)

multiple-access(b)

Geographical coverage and scalability are limited.

1/18/2006 CSCI 363 Computer Networks 29

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