Shri ramdoot ashram institute

Bhainsrawali

FINAL PREPEATION GOAL

Class 12 - Physics

1. i. An α-particle, a deuteron and a proton enter into a uniform magnetic field normally with the same kinetic [5]
energy and describe circular paths. Find the ratio of radii of their paths.
ii. Give the direction of magnetic field acting on the current carrying coil ACDE shown in the figure so that the

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coil is in unstable equilibrium.

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a_
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iii. Why do we use a low resistance ammeter in a circuit to measure current?

2. i. Write the principle and explain the working of a moving coil galvanometer. A galvanometer as such cannot [5]
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be used to measure the current in a circuit. Why?

ii. Why is the magnetic field made radial in a moving coil galvanometer? How is it achieved?
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3. a. Using Ampere's circuital law, obtain the expression for the magnetic field due to a long solenoid at a point [5]
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inside the solenoid on its axis.

b. In what respect is a toroid different from a solenoid? Draw and compare the pattern of the magnetic field
lines in two cases.
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c. How is the magnetic field inside a given solenoid made strong?

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4. State Biot-Savart law expressing it in vector form. Use it to obtain the magnetic field, at an axial point, distant r [5]
from the centre of a circular coil of radius a carrying a current I. Hence, compare the magnitudes of the magnetic
–
field of this coil at the centre and at an axial point for which r = √3a

5. a. Consider a beam of charged particles moving with varying speeds. Show how crossed electric and magnetic [5]
fields can be used to select charged particles of a particular velocity?
b. Name another device/machine which uses crossed electric and magnetic fields. What does this machine do
and what are the functions of magnetic and electric fields in this machine? Where do these field exist in this
machine? Write about their natures.

6. i. What is current sensitivity of a galvanometer? Show how the current sensitivity of a galvanometer may be [5]
increased. "Increasing the current sensitivity of a galvanometer may not necessarily increase its voltage
sensitivity." Explain.
ii. A moving coil galvanometer has a resistance 15Ω and takes 20 mA to produce full scale deflection. How can
this galvanometer be converted into a voltmeter of range 0 to 100 V ?

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 7. An electron and a positron are released from (0, 0, 0) and (0, 0, 1.5R ) respectively, in a uniform magnetic field [5]
B = B0 ^i , each with an equal momentum of magnitude p = e BR. Under what conditions on the direction of
momentum will the orbits be non intersecting circles?
8. a. With the help of a diagram, explain the principle and working of a moving coil galvanometer. [5]
b. What is the importance of a radial magnetic field and how is it produced?
c. Why is it necessary to introduce a cylindrical soft iron core inside the coil of a galvanometer?
d. Increasing the current sensitivity of a galvanometer may not necessarily increase its voltage sensitivity.
Justify this statement.

9. i. State Biot-Savart's law for the magnetic field due to a current carrying element. Use this law to obtain an [5]
expression for the magnetic field at the centre of a circular loop of radius 'a' and carrying a current I. Draw
the magnetic field lines for a current loop indicating the direction of magnetic field.

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ii. An electron is revolving around the nucleus in a circular orbit with a speed of 107 ms-1. If the radius of the

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orbit is 10-10 m, find the current constituted by the revolving electron in the orbit.
10. Consider a circular current-carrying loop of radius R in the x-y plane with centre at origin. Consider the line [5]
intergral I (L) = ∣∣∫ taken along z-axis.
L
B ⋅ dl ∣

a_
−L ∣

a. Show that I (L) monotonically increases with L.

b. Use an appropriate Amperian loop to show that I (∞) = μ0 I , where I is the current in the wire.
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c. Verify directly the above result.
d. Suppose we replace the circular coil by a square coil of sides R carrying the same current I. What can you
say about I(L) and I(∞) ?
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11. With the help of a labelled diagram, state the underlying principle of a cyclotron. Explain clearly how it works to [5]
accelerate the charged particles. Show that cyclotron frequency is independent of energy of the particle. Is there
an upper limit on the energy acquired by the particle? Give reason.
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12. Explain qualitatively on the basis of domain picture, the irreversibility in the magnetization curve of a [5]
ferromagnet.
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13. a. What happens if a bar magnet is cut into two pieces [5]

i. transverse to its length

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ii. along its length?

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b. What happens if an iron bar magnet is melted? Does it retain its magnetism?
c. A magnetised needle in a uniform magnetic field experiences a torque but no net force, However, an iron nail
near a bar magnet experiences a force of attraction in addition to torque, explain.
d. Must every magnetic field configuration have a north pole and a south pole? What about the field due to a
toroid?
e. Can you think of a magnetic field configuration with three poles?
14. Define the term magnetic dipole moment. Derive an expression for magnetic field intensity due to magnetic [5]
dipole
i. at a point on its axis and
ii. at a point on its equator.

15. a. A small compass needle of magnetic moment m is free to turn about an axis perpendicular to the direction of [5]
uniform magnetic field B. The moment of inertia of the needle about the axis is I. The needle is slightly

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 disturbed from its stable position and then released. Prove that it executes simple harmonic motion. Hence,
deduce the expression for its time period.
b. Prove that the potential energy of a magnet in a uniform magnetic field is U ⃗
= −M ⋅ B
⃗
.
16. What are the dimensions of χ, the magnetic susceptibility? Consider an H-atom. Guess an expression for χ, upto [5]
a constant by constructing a quantity of dimensions of χ, out of parameters of the atom: e, m, v, R and μ . Here,
0

m is the electronic mass, v is electronic velocity, R is Bohr radius. Estimate the number so obtained and compare
with the value of |χ| ∼ 10
−5
for many solid materials.
17. Figure shows a small magnetised needle P placed at a point O. The arrow shows the direction of the magnetic [5]
moment. The other arrows show different positions (and orientations of the magnetic moment) of another
identical magnetised needle Q.

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a_
a. In which configuration is the system not in equilibrium?
b. In which configuration is the system in arm
i. stable and
ii. unstable equilibrium?
c. Which configuration corresponds to the lowest potential energy among all the configurations shown?
18. Distinguish the magnetic properties of a dia-, paraand ferromagnetic substances in terms of [5]
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i. susceptibility,
ii. magnetic permeability and
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iii. coercivity.
Give one example of each of these materials. Draw the field lines due to an external magnetic field near a
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a. diamagnetic,
b. paramagnetic substance.
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19. Suppose we want to verify the analogy between electrostatic and magnetostatic by an explicit experiment. [5]
Consider the motion of
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a. electric dipole p in an electrostatic field E and

b. magnetic dipole m in a magnetic field B.
Write down a set of conditions on E, B, p, m so that the two motions are verified to be identical. (Assume
identical initial conditions.)
20. a. What happens if a bar magnet is cut into two pieces: [5]

i. transverse to its length,

ii. along its length?
b. A magnetized needle in a uniform magnetic field experiences a torque but no net force. An iron nail near a
bar magnet, however, experiences a force of attraction in addition to torque. Why?
c. Must every magnetic configuration have a north pole and a south pole? What about the field due to a toroid?
d. Two identical-looking iron bars A and B are given, one of which is definitely known to be magnetized. (We
do not know which one.) How would one ascertain whether or not both are magnetized? If only one is

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 magnetized, how does one ascertain which one? [Use nothing else but the bars A and B.]
21. A short bar magnet of magnetic moment 5.25 × 10 −2
JT
−1
is placed with its axis perpendicular to earth's field [5]
direction. At what distance from the centre of the magnet, is the resultant field inclined at 45° with earth's field
on
i. its normal bisector?
ii. its axis?
Magnitude of earth's field at the place 0.42 G. Ignore the length of the magnet in comparison to the distances
involved.
22. There are two current carrying planar coils made each from identical wires of length L. C1 is circular (radius R) [5]

and C2 is square (side a). They are so constructed that they have same frequency of oscillation when they are

placed in the same uniform B⃗ and carry the same current. Find a in terms of R.

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23. i. When an AC source is connected to an ideal capacitor, then show that the average power supplied by the [5]

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source over a complete cycle is zero.
ii. A lamp is connected in series with a capacitor. Predict your observations when the system is connected first
across a DC and then an AC source. What happens in each case if the capacitance of the capacitor is

a_
reduced?
24. With the help of a diagram, explain the principle of a device which changes a low voltage into a high voltage but [5]
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does not violate the law of conservation of energy. Give any one reason why the device may not be 100%
efficient.
25. i. With the help of a diagram, explain the principle and working of a device which produces current that [5]
reverses its direction after regular intervals of time.
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ii. If a charged capacitor C is short-circuited through an inductor L, the charge and current in the circuit
oscillate simple harmonically.
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a. In what form the capacitor and the inductor store energy?

b. Write two reasons due to which the oscillations become damped.
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26. A resistor of 400 Ω , an inductor of H and a capacitor of are connected in series across a source of [5]
5 50
μF
π π

alternating voltage of 140 sin 100πt V . Find the voltage (rms) across the resistor, the inductor and the capacitor.
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Is the algebraic sum of these voltages more than the source voltage? If yes, resolve the paradox.
–
(Given, √2 = 1.414).
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27. A 2 µF capacitor, 100 Ω resistor and 8 H inductor are connected in series with an AC source. [5]
i. What should be the frequency of the source such that current drawn in the circuit is maximum? What is this
frequency called?
ii. If the peak value of emf of the source is 200 V, find the maximum current.
iii. Draw a graph showing a variation of amplitude of circuit current with changing frequency of applied voltage
in a series L-C-R circuit for two different values of resistance R1 and R2 (R1 > R2).

iv. Define the term 'Sharpness of Resonance'. Under what condition, does a circuit become more selective?

28. i. What do you understand by the sharpness of resonance in a series L-C-R circuit? Derive an expression for Q- [5]
factor of the circuit.
ii. Three electrical circuits having AC sources of variable frequency are shown in the figures. Initially, the
current flowing in each of these is same. If the frequency of the applied AC source is increased, how will the

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 current flowing in these circuits be affected? Give the reason for your answer.

29. A series LCR circuit is connected to an a.c. source having voltage V = Vm sin ωt. Derive the expression for the [5]

instantaneous current I and its phase relationship to the applied voltage. Obtain the condition for resonance to
occur. Define power factor. State the conditions under which it is
i. maximum and
ii. minimum.

30. i. Derive an expression for the average power consumed in a series L-C-R circuit connected to AC source for [5]

0
which the phase difference between the voltage and the current in the circuit is ϕ .
ii. Define the quality factor in an AC circuit. Why should the quality factor have high value in receiving

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circuits? Name the factors on which it depends.

31. i. A series L-C-R circuit is connected to an AC source of variable frequency. Draw a suitable phasor diagram [5]

a_
to deduce the expressions for the amplitude of the current and phase angle.
ii. Obtain the condition at resonance. Draw a plot showing the variation of current with the frequency of AC
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source for two resistances R1 and R2 (R1 > R2). Hence, define the quality factor Q and write its role in the

tuning of the circuit.

32. A small town with a demand of 800 kW of electric power at 220 V is situated 15 km away from an electric plant [5]
generating power at 440 V. The resistance of the two wire line carrying power is 0.5 Ω per km. By replacement
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of the earlier transformer by a 40,000 - 220 V step-down transformer (Neglect, as before, leakage losses though
this may not be a good assumption any longer because of the very high voltage transmission involved). Hence,
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explain why high voltage transmission is preferred?

33. a. State the condition for resonance to occur in series LCR a.c. circuit and derive an expression for resonant [5]
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frequency.
b. Draw a plot showing the variation of the peak current (im) with frequency of the a.c, source used. Define the
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quality factor Q of the circuit.

34. In an ac circuit, is then applied instantaneous voltage equal to the algebraic sum of the instantaneous voltages [5]
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across the series elements of the circuit? Is the same true for rms voltage?
35. a. Draw the diagram of a device which is used to decrease high ac voltage into a low ac voltage and state its [5]
working principle. Write four sources of energy loss in this device.
b. A small town with a demand of 1200 kW of electric power at 220 V is situated 20 km away from an electric
plant generating power at 440 V. The resistance of the two wire line carrying power is 0.5Ω per km. The
town gets the power from the line through a 4000-220 V step-down transformer at a sub-station in the town.
Estimate the line power loss in the form of heat
36. Answer the following questions: [3]
i. Name the EM waves which are suitable for RADAR systems used in aircraft navigation. Write the range of
frequency of these waves.
ii. If the earth did not have atmosphere, would its average surface temperature be higher or lower than what it is
now? Explain.

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 iii. An EM wave exerts pressure on the surface on which it is incident. Justify.
37. When an ideal capacitor is charged by a DC battery, no current flows. However, when an AC source is used, the [3]
current flows continuously. How does one explain this, based on the concept of displacement current?
38. i. How are electromagnetic waves produced? [3]
ii. How do you convince yourself that electromagnetic waves carry energy and momentum?

39. i. A mobile phone lies along the principal axis of a concave mirror. Show with the help of a suitable diagram, [3]
the formation of its image. Explain why magnification is not a uniform.
ii. Suppose the lower half of the concave mirror's reflecting surface is covered with an opaque material. What
effect this will have on the image of the object? Explain.
40. Consider a convex spherical surface of radius of curvature R, separating two media of refractive indices n1 and [3]
n2 (> n1). A point object is placed at a distance u in front of the surface in medium of refractive index n1. Its real

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image is formed at a distance v. Obtain a relation between u and v in terms of n1, n2 and R.

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41. a. An object is placed in front of a converging lens. Obtain the conditions under which the magnification [3]
produced by the lens is (i) negative and (ii) positive.

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b. A point object is placed at O in front of a glass sphere as shown in figure.
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Show the formation of image by the sphere.
42. In the given figure, for what value of ∠ i should a ray of light be incident on the face of a prism of refracting [3]
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angle 60°, so that it just suffers total internal reflection at other face? (For prism, μ = 1.524)
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43. i. Using the necessary ray diagram, derive the mirror formula for a concave mirror. [3]
ii. In the magnified image of a measuring scale (with equidistant markings) lying along the principal axis of a
concave mirror, the markings are not equidistant. Explain.
44. When viewing through a compound microscope, our eyes should be positioned not on the eyepiece but a short [3]
distance away from it for best viewing. Why? How much should be that short distance between the eye and
eyepiece?
45. a. Draw a labelled ray diagram showing the formation of the image at infinity by an astronomical telescope. [3]
b. A telescope consists of an objective of focal length 150 cm and an eyepiece of focal length 6.0 cm. If the
final image is formed at infinity, then calculate:
I. the length of the tube in this adjustment, and
II. the magnification produced.

46. i. Draw a ray diagram for a convex mirror showing the image formation of an object placed anywhere in front [3]

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 of the mirror.
ii. Use this ray diagram to obtain the expression for its linear magnification.
47. A small candle, 2.5 cm in size is placed at 27 cm in front of a concave mirror of radius of curvature 36 cm. At [3]
what distance from the mirror should a screen be placed in order to obtain a sharp image? Describe the nature
and size of the image. If the candle is moved closer to the mirror, how would the screen have to be moved?
48. a. State the conditions for total internal reflection to take place. [3]
b. A tank is filled with a transparent liquid to height H. A coin suspended by a thread in the liquid is gradually
lowered till it touches the bottom. The apparent depth is determined corresponding to different positions of
the coin.
i. Plot a graph showing variation of the apparent depth with the real depth of the coin.
ii. What is the physical significance of the slope of the graph?

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49. A card sheet divided into squares each of size 1 mm2 is being viewed at a distance of 9 cm through a magnifying [3]
glass (a converging lens of focal length 9 cm) held close to the eye.

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a. What is the magnification produced by the lens? How much is the area of each square in the virtual image?
b. What is the angular magnification (magnifying power) of the lens?

a_
c. Is the magnification in (a) equal to the magnifying power in (b)? Explain.
50. Draw a ray diagram to show the image formation of a distant object by a refracting telescope. Write the [3]
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expression for its angular magnification in terms of the focal lengths of the lenses used. State the important
considerations required to achieve large resolution and their consequent limitations.
51. a. Write two necessary conditions for total internal reflection. [3]
b. Two prisms ABC and DBC are arranged as shown in figure.
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The critical angles for the two prisms with respect to air are 41.1o and 45o respectively. Trace the path of the
ray through the combination.
52. Draw a labelled ray diagram to show the image formation in a refracting type astronomical telescope in the [3]
normal adjustment position. Write two drawbacks of refracting type telescopes.
53. At what angle should a ray of light be incident on the face of a prism of refracting angle 60° so that it just suffers [3]
total internal reflection at the other face? The refractive index of the material of the prism is 1.524
54. Explain with the help of a suitable diagram, the phenomenon on which an optical fibre works. Mention any two [3]
uses of optical fibres.
55. i. What is the relation between critical angle and refractive index of a material? [3]
ii. Does critical angle depend on the colour of light? Explain

56. i. Show using a proper diagram of how unpolarised light can be linearly polarized by reflection from a [3]
transparent glass surface.

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 ii. The figure shows a ray of light falling normally on the face AB of an equilateral glass prism having a
refractive index placed in water of refractive index . Will this ray suffer total internal 3 reflection on
3 4

2 3

striking the face AC? Justify your answer.

57. Two monochromatic rays of light are incident normally on the face AB of an isosceles right-angled prism ABC. [3]

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The refractive indices of the glass prism for the two rays 1 and 2 are respectively 1.35 and 1.45. Trace the path
of these rays after entering through the prism.

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58. With the help of a ray diagram explain the working of a reflecting telescope. Mention two advantages of a [3]
reflecting telescope over a refracting telescope.
59. Draw a ray diagram to show the formation of an image at the least distance of distinct vision, by a compound [3]
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microscope. Hence, obtain an expression for its angular magnification.

60. Draw a ray diagram to show the formation of real image of the same size as that of the object placed in front of a [5]
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converging lens. Using this ray diagram establish the relation between u, v and f for this lens.
61. i. Draw a labelled schematic ray diagram of the astronomical telescope in normal adjustment. [5]
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ii. Which two aberrations do objectives of refracting telescope suffer from? How are these overcome in
reflecting telescope?
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62. A biconvex lens with its two faces of equal radius of curvature R is made of a transparent medium of refractive [5]
index μ . It is kept in contact with a medium of refractive index μ as shown in the figure.
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1 2

a. Find the equivalent focal length of the combination.

b. Obtain the condition when this combination acts as a diverging lens.
(μ +1)
c. Draw the ray diagram for the case μ 1 >
2

2
, when the object is kept far away from the lens. Point out the
nature of the image formed by the system.

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63. i. Obtain lens maker's formula using the expression [5]
μ μ (μ −μ )
2 1 2 1
− =
v u R

Here, the ray of light propagating from a rarer medium of refractive index (μ ) to a denser medium of
1

refractive index (μ ) is incident on the convex side of spherical refracting surface of radius of curvature R.
2

ii. Draw a ray diagram to show that image formation by a concave mirror when the object is kept between its
focus and the pole. Using this diagram, derive the magnification formula for the image formed.
64. A circular disc of radius R is placed co-axially and horizontally inside an opaque hemispherical bowl of radius [5]
a (Figure). The far edge of the disc is just visible when viewed from the edge of the bowl. The bowl is filled
with a transparent liquid of refractive index μ and the near edge of the disc becomes just visible. How far below
the top of the bowl is the disc placed?

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65. A triangular prism of refracting angle 60o is made of a transparent material of refractive index . A ray of light [5]
2

a_
√3

is incident normally on the face KL as shown in the figure. Trace the path of the ray as it passes through the
prism and calculate the angle of emergence and angle of deviation.
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66. i. Explain the working principle of an optical fibre with the help of a diagram. Mention one use of a light pipe. [5]
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ii. A ray of light is incident at an angle of 60o on one face of a prism with the prism angle A = 60o. The ray
passes symmetrically through the prism. Find the angle of minimum deviation (δ m) and refractive index of
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the material of the prism. If the prism is immersed in water, how will δ be affected? Justify your answer.
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67. A ray PQ incident normally on the refracting face BA is refracted in the prism BAC made of material of [5]
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refractive index 1.5. Complete the path of ray through the prism. From B which face will the ray emerge? Justify
your answer.
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68. Draw a ray diagram to show the formation of the image of an object placed on the axis of a convex refracting [5]
surface of radius of curvature 'R', separating the two media of refractive indices 'µ1' and 'µ2' (µ2 > µ1). Use this
μ μ μ −μ
diagram to deduce the relation 2

v
−
u
1
=
2 1
, where u and v represent respectively the distance of the
R

object and the image formed.

69. a. State two main considerations taken into account while choosing the objective of astronomical telescope. [5]

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 b. Draw a ray diagram of reflecting type telescope. State its magnifying power.
c. State the advantages of reflecting type telescope over the refracting type?

70. i. Draw a ray diagram showing the image formation by a compound microscope. Obtain the expression for [5]
total magnification when the image is formed at infinity.
ii. How does the resolving power of a compound microscope get affected, when
1. focal length of the objective is decreased.
2. the wavelength of light is increased ? Give reasons to justify your answer.

71. i. Name the phenomenon on which the working of an optical fibre is based. [5]
ii. What are the necessary conditions for this phenomenon to occur?
iii. Draw a labelled diagram of an optical fibre and show how light propagates through the optical fibre using
this phenomenon.

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72. An angular magnification of 30X is desired using an objective of focal length 1.25 cm and an eyepiece of focal [5]

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length 5 cm. How will you set up the compound microscope?
73. i. Trace the path of a ray of light showing refraction through a triangular prism and hence obtain an expression [5]
for angle of deviation (δ ) in terms of A , i and e , where symbols have their usual meanings. Draw a graph

a_
showing the variation of angle of deviation with the angle of incidence.
ii. In the figure, a ray of light is incident on a transparent liquid contained in a thin glass box at an angle of 45 ∘
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with its one face. The emergent ray passes along the face AB . Find the refractive index of the liquid.
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74. i. Draw a schematic labelled ray diagram of a reflecting type telescope (cassegrain). [5]
ii. The objective of a telescope is of larger focal length and of larger aperture (compared to the eyepiece). Why?
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Give reasons.

75. i. Draw a labelled ray diagram to obtain the real image formed by an astronomical telescope in normal [5]
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adjustment position. Define its magnifying power.

ii. You are given three lenses of power 0.5 D, 4D and 10 D to design a telescope.
a. Which lenses should be used as objective and eyepiece? Justify your answer.
b. Why is the aperture of the objective preferred to be large?

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