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Fluids Mecs

The document outlines a course on fluid mechanics, emphasizing its relevance in civil engineering applications such as water distribution, hydraulic design, and irrigation. It covers fundamental concepts including the definition of fluids, properties such as density and viscosity, and methods for pressure measurement. Key references for the course are also provided, highlighting essential texts in the field.

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gonzagajonah696
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12 views20 pages

Fluids Mecs

The document outlines a course on fluid mechanics, emphasizing its relevance in civil engineering applications such as water distribution, hydraulic design, and irrigation. It covers fundamental concepts including the definition of fluids, properties such as density and viscosity, and methods for pressure measurement. Key references for the course are also provided, highlighting essential texts in the field.

Uploaded by

gonzagajonah696
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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COURSE OUTLINE

Mode of assessment
References
1. Çengel & Cimbala. (2006), Solutions Manual for Fluid Mechanics:
Fundamentals and Applications. The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
2. Genick Bar–Meir. (2008), Basics of Fluid Mechanics.
3. Myron Kaufman, (2002), Principles of Thermodynamics, Taylor and Francis.
4. Currie, I.G., (2012). Fundamental Mechanics of Fluids, 4th Edition. Boca
Raton, FL: CRC Press.
5. Gad-el-Hak, M., (1998). Fluid mechanics from the beginning to the third
millennium. International Journal of Engineering Education 14, 177-185.
6. Pritchard, P.J., (2011). Fox and McDonald's Introduction to Fluid
Mechanics, 8th edition. Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley & Sons.
7. Schobeiri, M.T., (2010). Fluid mechanics for engineers: a graduate
textbook. Berlin: Springer-Verlag.
Introduction.
• Fluid mechanics deals with the study of all fluids under static
and dynamic situations.
• It is involved in nearly all areas of Civil Engineering either
directly or indirectly. Some examples of direct involvement are
those where we are concerned with manipulating the fluid:
• Sea and river (flood);
• Water distribution / sewerage (sanitation) networks;
• Hydraulic design of water/sewage treatment works;
• Dams;
• Irrigation;
• Pumps and Turbines;
• Water retaining structures.
Definition of a Fluid
A Fluid is a substance which deforms continuously,
or flows, when subjected to shearing forces.
If a fluid is at rest there are no shearing forces acting.
All forces must be perpendicular to the planes which the are acting.
Consider the small element of fluid shown, which is subject to shear force and has a
dimension s into the page. The force F acts over an area A = BC×s. Hence we have a
shear stress applied:

If we suppose that the particle of


fluid at E moves a distance x in time
t, then, using
S = Rθ for small angles, the rate of
shear strain is:
Properties of Fluids
• Density
• The density of a substance is the quantity of matter contained in a unit volume of the substance. It can be
expressed in three different ways.
• Mass Density
• Mass Density,  , is defined as the mass of substance per unit volume. Units: Kilograms per cubic metre,
kg/m3 (or kgm−3 ). • Water: 1000 kg/m3; • Mercury: 13546 kg/m3; • Air: 1.23 kg/m3; • Paraffin: 800
kg/m3.
• Specific Weight
• Specific Weight  , (sometimes , and sometimes known as specific gravity) is defined as the weight per unit
volume. or
• The force exerted by gravity, g, upon a unit volume of the substance.
Relative Density
• Relative Density,  , is defined as the ratio of mass density of a substance to some standard mass density.
For solids and liquids this standard mass density is the maximum mass density for water (which occurs at
4°c) at atmospheric pressure.
Properties of Fluids
• Viscosity
• Viscosity, , is the property of a fluid, due to cohesion and interaction between molecules, which offers
resistance to sheer deformation. Different fluids deform at different rates under the same shear stress. Fluid
with a high viscosity such as syrup, deforms more slowly than fluid with a low viscosity such as water.
• Coefficient of Dynamic Viscosity
• The Coefficient of Dynamic Viscosity,  , is defined as the shear force, per unit area, (or shear stress  ),
required to drag one layer of fluid with unit velocity past another layer a unit distance away.
Properties of Fluids
• Kinematic Viscosity
• Kinematic Viscosity,  , is defined as the ratio of dynamic viscosity to mass density.
𝜇
• v=
𝜌
Problems - Properties
• a) If 6 m3 of oil weighs 47 kN, find its specific weight, density, and relative density.
• (Ans. 7.833 kN/m3, 798 kg/m3, 0.800)
Pressure measurement
• Pressure is the force exerted per unit area
• Pressure Reference Levels
• The pressure that exists anywhere in the universe is called the absolute pressure,
abs P. This then is the amount of pressure greater than a pure vacuum. The
atmosphere on earth exerts atmospheric pressure, atm P , on everything in it.
Often when measuring pressures we will calibrate the instrument to read zero in
the open air. Any measured pressure, meas P , is then a positive or negative
deviation from atmospheric pressure. We call such deviations a gauge pressure,
gauge P . Sometimes when a gauge pressure is negative it is termed a vacuum
pressure, vac P .
• The above diagram shows:
• (a) the case when the measured pressure is below atmospheric pressure
and so is a negative gauge pressure or a vacuum pressure;
• (b) the more usual case when the measured pressure is greater than
atmospheric pressure by the gauge pressure.
Pascal’s Law for Pressure At A Point
Variation Of Pressure Vertically In A Fluid Under Gravity
Equality Of Pressure At The Same Level In A Static Fluid

The fluid is at equilibrium so the sum of the forces acting in the


x direction is zero.
Pressure Measurement By Manometer

• The Piezometer Tube Manometer


• The “U”-Tube Manometer
Measurement Of Pressure Difference Using a “U”-Tube Manometer.

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