10

MAXIMA AND MINIMA

MaximumValue and Minimum Value
LL saidto have a maximum value at x =a, y=b.
function f(r, y)is
A
>(a+h, b+ k) for small values of hand k, positive or negative.
Iirla,9)
saidto have a minimum value at x=a,y= b.
function f(u, ) is
h, b +A ) for small values of hand k, positive or negative.
I
</(a+
fa. ) a function is called an extreme value.
nmaximum or a minimum value of
A
Method for Maxima and Minima
Working
frp) begiven function.
L:t
and

equations = 0and -=0 simultaneously for xandy.

l .Solve the
points.
Lt (.V), (2, ya), .. be the
a²f ,C=: and calculate values of A, B,Cfor each point.
i3L. Find A=
pair
y), we have A C- B´>0 and A <0, then f(x, v) is a maxima for this
S). ) Iffor a point (x;,
iraimum value is f(1 ,V).
pair
(x, V), we have AC - B>0 and A > 0, then f(,y) is a minimum for this
Iffor a point
aimum value is f ( , Vi).
neither max. nor minimum of fx, y). In this case
a lf AC -B<0 for a point (X1, V), then there is
1 ' s aid to have a saddle point at (1 ,').
T) 1 AC-B=0for some point (a, b), the case is doubtful.
Ithis case,
1a, b)-f(a+ h, b+ k) >0 for small values of hand k, positive or
negative, then fis max. at (a, b),
min. at (a, b),
, b)-f(u +h, b + k) <0for small values of hand k, positive or negative, then fis
fla, by f(a for small values of h and k, then there is
+h, b + k) does not keep the same sign
nax. nor
minimum value.
337
 MANIMAAND
MINIM
338
SPECTRUM ENGINEERING MATHEMATICS-)
Stationary Values : The points( , V), (*, V2), ... are called stationary or critical (3,3)
At
points and SepIV. 144 339
f(x, y) at these points are called stationary values. B36 (3)(3) ,=324- 144 =180>0
values of AC-
>0
It may be noted that every extreme value is stationary value but the
converse may not be tre A=6(3)=18
fy) is minimum at (3,3)
.:
ILLUSTRATIVE EXAMPLES and
At(-7,-7)
minimum value
=f(3,3) =27 +27-63 (3 +3) +12
(3) (3)=27
+27-378 +108=-216
Example 1. Find stationary points and the maxima and minima of the function AC-B-36 (--7)(-7)- 1444 =
fu, y) =x+y-63 (+y) +12 xy. Also
A=6-7) =-42 <0 1764-144 =1620 >0

Sol. Here fx, y) =x +y' -63 (r +ty) + 12 xy (P.I.U.2016) .fa, )is maximum at (-7,-7)
and maximum value=f-7,-7)
Step I. 3x? -63 +12 y,=3y? -63 +12x
ax =(-7Y +(-7Y- 63 (-7-7)+ 12
At(-1, 5) (-1-)=- 343 -343 +882 +588 =784
Step II. Let us solve af -=0 and f =0
AC- B²=-36(-1) (5) -1144 =- 180 -
144=-324 <0
i.e., 3 x-63 + 12y= 0 . at (- 1, 5),f(1, y) has neither maximum nor
minimum.
and 3 y' -63 + 12 x= 0 -1, 5) is asaddle point.
or x+4y-21 =0 At(5,-1)
.(1) AC- B'=36(5)(-)- 144 =- 180 144 =-324 <0
and y'+4x-21 =0
..2) at (-
Subtracting (2) from (1), we get, 1,5),f(x, y) has neither maximum nor minimum.
x-y+4y- 4x =0 (x-y) (r ty) -4 (r-y) =0 or (-y) (r ty-4) =0 .. -5, 1) is a saddle point.
Either x-y =0 or x+y-4= 0 Example 2. Findthe maximum and minimum values of x+y-3ary (P.T.U. 2017)
...3) .. x=4 -y ..(5) Sol. Here f(, y) =x' +y' -3 axy
Also x+ 4y- 21 =0 ...(4) Also x+4 y-2| =0 ... (6)
From (3) and (4), we get, Step 1. Þ-3-3 ay, - 3-3 ax
From (5) and (6), we get
x'+4x- 21 =0 (4-} +4y-21 =0
Step II. Let us solve .=0and -0
(x+ 7) (r -3) =0 or y'-8y+ l6+4y-21 =0
x=3, - 7 or y'-4y- 5=0 ie., x- ay =0 ..()
from (3), y=3, - 7 (-5) ( + 1) = 0 and y' -ax= 0 ...(2)
.. y= 5, 1
From (5), x=- 1,5 From (1), ay =x or y =
a

.: four critical points are (3, 3), (-7,-7), (-1,5)and (5, 1)

from (2), -- ax= 0, or x-d'r= 0 > x (r-a)=0 >=0, a
Step II. A= =6x, B= a
=12, C=
..y=0, a
AC- B*= 36 xy-144 critical points are (0, 0) (a, a)
 MANTMA
AND MINIMA

340 SPECTRUM. ENGINEERING MATHEMATICS-I (3,2) 341

Step-IV.At
=6(3)-1 4==1814 =4, B=0, C=-2
StepI. A -=6x, B= 0»f-3 a, C
ôx ôy ßf-6y A
AC- B =(4)(-2)- (0) =-8<0
AC- B'= (6 x) (6 y) -(-3af - 36xy-9d has
Step IV. At (0, 0) at (3, 2), / (3, ) neither maximum nor minimum
AC-B' 0-9=-9d<0
:. fr,y) has neither maximum nor minimum at (0, 0) At
-14= 10- 14 =- 4, B=0, C=-2
At (a, a) : AC-B2 =(-4)(-2) -(0'-=8>0. Also A=-4 <0
AC- B²=36 d-9 =27 d>0
Also A =6a
Two cases arise:
f(r,y) is maximum at
Case I. If a>0, then A =6 a>0
.. fx, y) has a minimum value at (a, a) value =
and max.
and minimum value /f(a, a) =a +d-3 d=-d
Case II. If a<0, then A=6 a<0 125 175 125-525+ 432 32
+16 =
f(x,y) has a maximum value at (a, a) 27 9 27 2
and maximum value =f(a, a)=-d Example 4. Findthe extreme values (if any) of the following function:
Example 3. Discuss the extreme values of -y-7x2 +4 y+15x-13. (P.T.U. 2016) fy) =x'y(|-x-y)
Sol. Here f,y) - x-y' -7x? +4y+I5-13 s,.Here f(r, y) =x'y (1 -x-y) =*y -r'y-y.
Step-l. -3' -14x-15, 2y+4 StepL. -y 2ty-2ty-32y
ax

ef =0 and
Step-II. Let us solve 0and =0 Step Il. Let us solve =0
Ôx ôy

Now -0 > 3x-14 x+15=0 ie, 3r'y-4*y-3ry =0 ...()

and 2x'y-2x'y-3*y' =0 ..2)

14t/196l80 14 +16 14+4 18 10 3, From (1), x y (3 4x-3y) =0

6 6 6 6'6 From (2), xy(2-2x-3y) =0
and 0 > 2y +4 =0 > 2y=4 >y-2 Solving these, we get, two points as (0, 0), which are critical points.

critical points are (3, Step II. A= O-6xy-12dy -6xy, B &f-6x'y-8x'y-9xy

Step-ll. A - -6x- 14. B=
ôx ôy
=-2
C=-2 -2t-6x'y
 o MINIMA

342 SPECTRUM ENGINEERINGI (1) and(2). +y =0 or y

Step IV. At (0, 0)
AC- B² =(0) (0)-(0) =0
MATHEMATICS| Adding

n(1), x'-x-x=0 or x-2x=0

further investigation is needed at (0, 0). r-2)=0
Now f(0, 0)-f(h, }) =-R(1-h-j) =-R+tR+* y=0,-2,/5
(neglecting + R' which is small as compared to
, if h>0
if h<0
ical points are (0, 0), (12,-2),.(-E6)
.. f0,0)-f(h, k) does not keep the same sign for all smallvalues of h and k. = 12 x-4, B=
there is no extreme value at (0,0). ôx y
B=(12y.
R-4) (12 y -4)-16
A AC-
0)
At(0,
StepIV. AC-B= (0-4) (0 -4)-16 =0
AC - B² = further investigation is needed.
at(0, 0),
Consider f(a, b) -f(a+h, b+k) =f(0,0)-f(h,
=0-(+*-2+4hk-22)
=-t-+2k +2k-4hk=2(h-R-(
which does not keep the same sign for allsmallI values of hand k
1
->0 here is neither maximum nor minimum at (0. 0)
72 144 144
A(VE,-2)
Also
AC-B²=(12 x 2-4) (12 x 2-4)-1l6= 400 16-384>0
Also A= 12 x 2-4= 20 > 0
.. f,y) has a max. value at
.. f,y) has aminimum value at (2,-2)
and max. value = and minimum value =(/2)+-2)"-2(42) 4(-)-2(
=4+4-4-8-4=-8
Example5. Find the extreme value (if any) of the following functions :
f,y) =x*+y' -2x +4xy -2y' At(-V2, Ja)
Sol. Here f(r,y)) =x+y-2+4 xy-2y' AC-B²=(12 x 2-4) (12-2)- 16-20>0
Also A=12 x 2-4 = 20 > 0
Step I. =4r-4xt4y, -4y+4x-4y
f(r, y) has a minimum value at (-2, V2)
Step I. Let us solve -0 and -0
ôy and minimum value - (-2) +(/-2(-4(-42)(2-2(2
ie., *-xty=0 ...) 4+4-4-8-4
and y+x-y=0 ..(2) -8
 MAXIMAAND
MINIMA
344 SPECTRUM ENGINEERING I
Example 6. Find the maximum and minimum values of 2 (x-y)-x +y.
Sol. Here f(, y) =2x' -2y2 -x +y
MAT(HPETU.MAT2IC16SJ At L1.-), A=4-12 =-8,B=0
AC-B2 -(-8) (8)- (0)
=-64 <0
fa)isneither max. nor minimum at
,C=-4+
12 =8 345

: -1,1),.
Step-1. Ox --4 y+4y' At
A=4-12 =- 8.
,B=0,
C=- 4+ 12=8
(-1,-1)
AC-B2 --8) (8) -(0=
Step-II. Let us solve af -0and Sa)is)neither max, nor =-64<0
Ox
Oy At(1, 0),
A=4-12 =-8. minimum 4 -1)
.B=0, at(-1,
C=- +0=-4
AC-B?
Now
Ox
0 > 4x-4 x =0 -=0 > x(-x) =0 =(-8)(-4)- (0) =32>0, A=-8<0
is maximum at (1. 0)
fo, y)
x( tx) (|-x)0 x= 0, - 1, 1 and maX. value -2 (1 -0)- 1 +0= 1I
(1,-1), A=4-12 -8.
and 0 -4 y+4 y' - 0 y-y' -0 >y 0,- 1, I : AC-B2 =(-8) (8)-(0)--64<0 ,B=0,C=-4+ 12 8

critical points are (x. y) is neither max. nor min, at (1,- 1)

(0,0), (0, I), (0, 1),(-1,0), (-1, -),(-1, ),(I, 0), (1, -1), (1, 1) 1) A=4-12 8, B=0, C -4 + 12 m2
AC-B =(-8) (8)-(0=-64<0
Step-III.A 4-12x',B -0, C -4+12 y² (o. y) is neither max. nor min, at (1. 1)
Ox Oy
Example 7. Showthat of all triangles inscribed in acircle, the one with
Step-IV. At (0, 0), A 4, B 0, C-4 of a circle and ABC be a
SoL Let r be the radius
maximum area is equilateral.
triangle inscribed in it with angles x, yand z.
AC-B' (4)(4) ( 0 -16<0 . 0<x, y, z<n and x+y+z=a
1fS is the area of AABC, then
.. o, y) is neither max nor minimum
At (0,-1), A 4, B -0, C-4 +12 -8 S- ab sin z where a, b are the lengths of the sides of
2
AC- B (4) (8)- (0 32>0,A =4>0 ABC containing the angle z.
fx, y) is minimum at (0, 1) Now a= 2 r sin x, b=2 r sin y, where r is radius of circle.
and minimum value 2(0 )-0 + |-2+ | -|
s-(2r
2 sin x) (2rsin y) sin z
At (0, 1), A =4, B0,C=- 4 + 12 - 8, A 4>0
=2 sin xsin ysin (x+y) [: of (1)]
AC-B - (4) (8) -(0)32>0,A =4>0
S
f(x, y) is minimum at (0, 1) f(say) =sin x sin ysin (* +y) (We are to maximise it)
and minimum value =0-2 -0+|=- 1
Let f(x, y) = sin x sin y sin (x ty)
At (-1, 0), A =4 -- 12 =- 8, B = 0, C=-4+ 0 -4
f=sin y[sin x.cos (xty) +sin (rty) cos x]= sin ysin(2 xty)
AC-B =(-8)(-4)-(0= 32 >0,A=-8<0 f, = sin x(sin ycos (* +y) +sin (* +y) cos y] =sin xsin (x +2 y)
fx, y) is maximum at (- 1, 0) Sex=2 sin ycos (2 x+y), fyy=2 sin xcos (x +2y)
and max. value =2(1 -0) --|+0=2- 1=1 Jxy = siny cos (2 xty) +sin (2 xty) cos y= sin (y +2x+y) =sin (2x+2y)
346 MANTMA
ANDMINIMA
SPECTRUM ENGINEERINGGMATHEMATICS
For extreme values, f=0 and f, =0 64 =0

i.e., sin y sin (2 x +y) =0 and sin xsin (*+ 2y) = 0 2 347
But sin x, sin y 0 as 0 <x, y<a 64
-=0
andr ...2)
sin(2 x +y) =0 and sin (x + 2 y) =0
2x+y=I and x+2y=I From
(2)y=.
64
...3)

3 64
from (3), x x*=0
) (64)2
At the pointI
2 or (64x-x)=0
x(64-x')=0

AC--(5-5)
Also A <0
x=0,4
NowxF00does not give any finite value of y
64
==4
..
When xF4, y 16
is apoint of maxima
eritical point is (4, 4)
Hence area of AABC is maximum when
128 a's
StepIII.A= B= -= 1,C= 0s 128
y=and
3
z =i.e.
3
the AABC is an equilateral triangle. y? y
Example 8. A rectangular box, open at the top, is to have volume of 32 cubic metres. Find the AC-B²= (128)2 -1
of the boxrequiring least material for its construction. dimensiom.
Sol. Let x, y, z metres be the edges of the open box and S be its surface (P.T.U. 2012) 4)
Step IV. At(4,
S =xyt 2yz+2 z x AC- B² (128)2
.() -1=4-1=3>0
volume =32 cubic metres 64x 64
xyz=32 (given)
128
Also A = =2>0
32
43
32
32 32 Sis least when x=4, )y=4 and : from (2), := L=2
from (1), S=xy+2y. -+2x: 4x4
xy
dimensions of the box requiring least material are 4metres, 4metres and 2metres.
64 64
S= xy+
Note: If A, B, C are given in the statement, then we take r=
64 OS 64
Step I. -=
Example 9.In a plane triangle ABC, find the maximum value of cos Acos Bcos C.
Sol. Since A, B, Care angles of a triangle
OS ôS
Step lI. Let us solve =0 and =0 A+B+C=n or C=-(A + B)
cos Acos B cos C= cos A cos B cos [7-(A+ B)] =- cos A cos B cos (A + B)
348
AXIMA
AND MINIMA
SPECTRUM ENGINEERING MATHEMATICS-J
Let f(A, B) -cos A cos B cos (A + B) cos Bcos C is maximum when A=B= 349
cOsA
.
- -cos A cos B cos (A + B)] =- cosB [cos A cos (A + B)] 3
ÔA 3 3 ie. triangle is equilateral
maximum value Cos X cos
cos B [cos A. {- sin (A + B)} + cos (A + B). (- sin A}] and its 3 Xcos l
cos B [sin (A + B) cos A + cos (A + B) sin A]
3 2
Showthat the
- cos B sin {(A + B) + A} cos B sin (2 A +
B)
Erample10. rectangular solid of maximum volume that can be
gCube.
bethe length, breadth and inscribed in a given sphere 15
OB
cos A cos B cos (A + B)]=- cos A [cos B cos (A + B)1 SoL Let
x,y,z height of the rectangular solid (P.T.U. 2010)
OB
V =xyz with volume V
--cos A [cos B.- sin (A +B)} + cos (A +
B).{-sin B}] diagonal of the solid passes through the
cos A[sin (A + B) cos B+ cos (A + B) sin B]= cos A Sinceeach
sin {(A + B) + B} =cos Asin (A +2n centre of the sphere
For extreme values,
each diagonal = diameter of sphere = d(say)
=0 and =0
OA OB
ie. cos B sin (2A + B) =0 and cos A sin (A +
2B) =0
P+y'+ -d or x+y'+**- or z--?
But cos A, cos B 0
from (1),
[: if cos A =0 i.e. A = , then cos B sin (T + B) = 0 i.e. -
cos B sin BzA
ie. sin 2B =0 ie. B=,which is not possible as A+ B+C=rl f. =2d'xy -4r'y -2xy' - 2xy' a?
sin (2A + B) = 0 and sin (A + 2B) = 0
2 -2x-y')
2A + B =I and A +2B = I
s, =2d'ry-2r'y-4aty - 2x'y(' -r-2 y')
Now f, =0 and f, =0
Solving these, we get, A = B=
3
d2-2x?-y? =0 as x 0 , y#0
...2)
Now r= =2 cos B cos (2A + B), (= =2 cos A cos (A + 2B)
OA2 OR2 and d'-x?-2y? =0 ..(3)

=- sin A sin (A + 2B) + cos A cos (A + 2B) = cos (A + A + 2B) = cos

Subtracting (3) from (2), we get
OA OB (2A + 2B)
-x'+y =0 or y =x ’ y =x
At A=B= d
from (2),
r=2 cos cos T=2xx-I) =- 1, t=2 cos
2
coS T=-1
d
Also
4n
3 3
Now A- Se2d'y' -12x'y²-2y', B= f,, - 4d'ry-8ry-&xy'
r--(-De)----->0. Also r --|co C- f,, =2d'y? -2x* -12xy?
 WAXIMA
ANDMINIMA
350
SPECTRUM ENGINEERING) MATHEMATICSJ
At X=y=
d
2y²) 351
and

2x2 y
A- 242. 33 3 -2. 6d-12 d-2d4 8 d4
<0 a -0 and
x#0, y 0
B = 4d' -8 d d' 12 d4 -8 d -8 d4 1
3)
-8.= .=-. 4 d4
9 and

4)
C2d2 d' -2. 6d-2 d -12 d4 (3).
824 Subtracting (4)from
3
l6 d8
-1233 9
=0 or bx

AC-B² 64 d 48 d 16 d8 48 d4 L 2x2
81 81 8
>0. Also A = <0. from(3), =0 or ?a'
27 81 or
3
V and hence, V is maximum when x=y=z i.e., b a
when the rectangular solid is a cube.
Example 11. Find the volume of the largest rectangular y
2 paralellopiped that can be inscribed in the ellin..
and

Sol. The equation of ellipsoid is (P.T.U.2014)

A - Srx= 12x'y' 2y ,B- f,, =64c 4ry 8xy 81y

At x=
Let V be volume of rectangular parallelopiped with edges 2 x, 2y, 2 z where x,
y, z > 0.
Then V =8xyz
.(2) A = 64 22b 12 2
|3 3329 9
y² -6tryl? -6tr'y a [using (1)]) -862
- 64 c²xD
9
-2
9

- fr, y) h 8 a' b 8
a? B =64
L

f, =64 c22m2_4xy2
a
2xy4) 2x*y 4x,3 - 64 c24ab_ 8ab 8ab] 64e'xab.
9
256
3
Now f. =0 and f, =0 2 a 12 a 2a 12a
C= 3 9 2 3 3 9

-8a' S12,2,2
= 64cx 9
 MAXIMA
ANDMINIMA
352
SPECTRUM ENGINEERING MATHEMATICS
At
(0.
0) rt-s =-7 <0
AC-B2 353

-(2-236-24-)
256 a'B?ex3 >0.
9
has no extreme
value at (0,0)
rt-s =,
9

Also A=- b²2 <0 4k2

342
9
9 0
y and hence V is
maximum when x= y=
and 3 <0
Maximum volume = 8. C 8abc

343 f(x. y) has maximum value at

3
Example 12. The sum of three positive numbers is
they are equal. constant. Prove that their product is maximum s.3 product P has maximum value at
Sol. Let the three positive numbers be
x,y, z x =
k
Given sum of numbers is constant ;and z=k-x-y
Let , x +y +z= k(constant)
Let product is P =xy z = xy (k-x-) ..(1) 3 3
Let f,y) = xy (k-x-) **y=z=k
s, -y x -)+(k-x-y) (1)] =y [k-2x-yl 3
product is maximum when the
numbers are equal.
f, =x[y -1) +(k-x-y) (1)] =x (k-x-2y]
Example 13. Find point on the surface :=xy+ 1, nearest to origin.
For extreme values (P.T.U. 2016, 2017, 2018)
s, =0, f, =0
Sol. The equation of the surface is =xy+1 ..(1)
y (k-2x-y) =0 ’ either y= 0 or k-2 x-y= 0
Let P(, y, z) be any point on surface (1) and origin be O(0,0.0)
x (k-x-2y) = 0 > either x=0 or k-x-2 y=0
Now, 2x+y- k=0 Let u-|OP|= +y+?
.2)
x+2y-k =0
...3)
k
On solving (2) and (3), we get x=
3
Let fr, y) =*ty' txy+ 1, where f(r,y) =i [ of (1))
3
f =2x+y, =2y+x
stationary points are (0, 0) and

Now
r=fy =-2y, For Stationary points

s=Sk- 2x-2y 2x+y =0 .2)

and 2y +x =0 ...3)
=fn-2x
Adding (2) and (3), we get 3x+3y= 0
rti =4 xy -(k-2x-2y' ..4)
.xty=0
354 MANIMA
AND MINIMA
SPECTRUM ENGINEERING
Subtracting (4) from (2), we get x=0.
Subtracting (4) from (3), we get y=0.
we have x=0,y=0
MATHEMATICS 10.
Thetemperature
Surface ofunit
T' at

Showthat if the perimeter

any point (x, y, 2)
sphere x+y' +=
of
|. in space is 400 v
Find the highest
355

11. triangle is constant its area is temperature on

maximum. when triangle is(P.T.U. 2911)
Now A = -2, B =

At (0, 0) A=2, B = 1,C=2

ôx ôy
=1, C=. =2

1. No
extremepoint
) Neither maxima nor
ANSWERS equilateral.
2. minima at (0,0);
AC- B'= (2) (2) - (1' =4- 1=3>0. Also A=2>0
min. value
=4 maximum value =lat(-1, -1)
(0, 0) is a point of minima (ii) 3
From z=xy+ 1, when x =0, y =0, we have z=l>z=+ 1
required points on the surface are (0, 0, ± 1). (ii) At(0, 0), neither maxima nor minima: min. value 4
27
EXERCISE 10 (a) (iv)
(vi)
At (0, 0), neither maxima nor minima
maximum value of =,4 at (-2, 0)
() minimum value of =3 at (-3,0)
1. Find points of extremevalues, if any, of the function fdefined by f, y)
=x+3x+y'-y+d
3. (6) (0, 0) is saddle point
2. Find extreme values of the function
() f,y) =*+y'+3xy (i) fo, y) =-y+y' - 2y +3x+7
(i) fo, y) =3r' +4xy +y' t 4 (a) (0, 0) is saddle point (b) (0, 0) is saddle
point ; minimum value =
(iv) fo,y) -2- 3x'y +y'
() f,y) =x+y' +6x+ 12 (vi) f(r,y) - 3x-y² +y3 a At (0. 0), no
3. (a) Show that (0, 0) is the only critical point extreme value ; at (a, 0) no extreme value; at (0, a) no
of the function f(, y) =y' +xy+x and that fhas a extreme value: at
minima at that point.
(b) Find all the critical points of the function f(, y) max. if a>0and max,value = and minima if a<0 and min. value
or neither.
=+xy and examine for maxima, minima 27

4. (a) Find the extreme values of the following functions : (i) at (0, 0), point of minima ifa-; neither maxima nor
4 minima ifa<
() +8y' +6xy (ii) 12x'+ 8xy+y' + 8 4

(b) Find the local maxima, local minima and saddle point, if any , of the
function 7. at (0, 0), no extreme value; maxima at
3
and max. value = V3
8
fo, y) =2xy-5x' -2y² +4x-4
5. Find extreme values of the following function 27 2
minima at and min. value =
8
() x, y) =xy (a -x- ) (i) fx, y) -} +x'y +a 8. maxima at (4, 2, 1) 9. 4, 8, 12
Show thatf(r, y) = (y - x)' + ( - 2)' has a minimum at (2, 2).
7 Find the extreme values of the function sin x siny sin (x +y) 10. maximum temperature =50 at (111)
8 Iff(, y, :) = Sxyz find the values of x, y, z for which fr, y, z) is maximum subject to
x+2y + 4z
condition xyz = 8. 103. Lagrange'sMethod of Undetermined Multiplier (P.T.U. 2017, 2018)

9 Divide 24 into three parts so that continued product of first, square of second and cube of third
Letf(or, y, z) be a function of x, y,zwhich is to be examined for maximum or minimum value and let
the variable be connected by the relation
may be maximum. ...()
¢ (,y, z) =0
 MANIMAA
AND MINIMA
SPECTRUM ENGINEERING MATHEMATICS-J
356

TLLUSTRATIVE EXAMPLES
357
value
Since f(r, y, z) is to have a maximum or minimum
-= 0, -0 Findthe maximum and
=0, Example1.
=x+
minimum value of + subject to the condition
Þd +dy +
+ dz =0 *..(2)
Sol. Let
(,)
Theconstraintis 3+4xy+6yf J40.
ôy 3+4xy + 6y' = 140
Differentiating (1 ), we get, Let (r,
F )=x2.+y+å(3 x+4 xy+6y-- 140)
Forextreme points, where is
Lagrange's multiplier.
OP d =0 "..(3)
ôF -2x t (6x+4y) =0
Multiplying (2) by 1, (3) by and adding, we get,
oFL=2y +1 (4 x + 12 y) = 0
Ox Ox •y ôz
(1 +3 1)x+ 2 hy=0
For this equation to be satisfied identically, coeffs. of d, dy, dz should be separately zero. or
21x+(1 +62) =0 (2)
and
non-zero 3)
=0 ...(4) Since x and y are both
Ox
1+32 22
=0
-=0 "..(5)
22 1+62|
ôy
(1+32) (1 + 62) -41' = 0
0=0 ...(6) 141+91 +1 =0
Oz
-9±/81- 56 -9+5 1
Equations (), (4), (5) and (6) give us the values of x, y, z, Afor which f(, y, ) is maximum or 28 28
minimum.
1
10.4. Advantages and disadvantages of Largrange's Method of undetermined Take =
Multipliers (P.T.U. 2010, 2017)
from (2), x -2y
Advantages
from (l), 12 y'-8y +6y'- 140 =0 y- 14
() The stationary values of f(, y,z) can be determined from ¢ (, y, z) = 0 =4y=56
and -+1=0, +-0 +2=0, even without determining x, y, zexplicitly. x+y'= 56+ 14 =70
Ôx

(2) This method can be extended for a function of any number of variables and subject to any Take 1=
number of constraints.
from (2), y = 2 x
Disadvantages from (1), 3x+ 8x + 24 x'= 140 > =4
This Lagrange's method does not put us in a position to find whether for stationary point, function is
y=4x= 16
maximum or minimum. For we find a'F determining this fact, further investigations are needed. For y'=4= 16
maximum value d'F<0 and for minimumvalue dF>0.This method is very trouble some.
+ y'= 16 +4 =20
Note. We explain the method with the help of examples. Hence maximum value of +y' is 70 and minimum value is 20.
 MANIMAAND MINIMA

358
SPECTRUM ENGINEERING MATHEMATICS . a 359
subject to the condition that xyz = a Also z
Example 2. Find the minimum value of x + y+
(P.T.U. 2010, 2016 z
When a,y a , a.a
Sol. We have to find minimum value of
min value d+dtd=3
=
f(s,y, z) =+y + ..()
when xyz- a =0 ...(2) At(a, - a), A =8, B= -4
- 4, C=8
CaseII :
AC- B?- 48 >0. Also A=8>0
a Putting this value in (1), we get
From (2), z=
(a, - a) is point of minima, and =a
z
td=2
f(r, y) =+y + min value = a + d
y Case II: At (-a, a), A=8, B=-4,C=8
2a0 AC- B³- 64 - 16=48 >0. Also
=2x ...3) A=8>0
(-a, a) is point ofF minima and z = a and min value
(-a, - a), A=8, B=4,C= 8
=3
and oj 2y 2a° Case IV At
..(4)
ôy AC-B= 64 - 16=48> 0. Aiso A>0
B 4a6 6a? 4.-a) isagain point of minima and z = aand min value
A = 2+ *3
Use Lagranges's method of
inscribed iin undetermined
Example 3.
maximum voolume that can be
coefficients to show that the rectangular solid of
asphere is a cube.
f me (P.TU. 2016, 291T)
For stationary values, =0, be the volume of the rectangular
ôy parallelopiped whose edges are 2x,2y. 2 z where Lp0
We have to find the maximum value of
From (3), we get V=8xyz

2a6 when +y + = 0 or 2)
From (4) 2y = ...(5)

When y2 a Consider the function F (,y, z) =8xyz +h where

from (5), y= y=dya
be determíned.
x=± a
For extreme points,
stationary points are (a, a), (-a, a) 2x
F,-8yz +A. -0
Similarly when x= -a' stationary points are (- 4, - a), (a, - a)
y

Case I: At(a, a), A = 8, B= 4, C= 8

F, =8zx+i. -0
AC B'=64 - 16 = 48. Also A =8>0
(a, a) is point of minima
F,=8xy +A. 22-0
 MANIMA
ANDMINIMA

360 SPECTRUM ENGINEERING MATHEMATICS-J weget,

from(6),
361
Multiplying (3) by x, (4), by y. (5) by z and adding, we get, 8a' (a)? 2
+
16 - y
24 xyz +21 or 24 xy z+22(1) =0
(: of (2)1 a a -a d
3
a *ade dy
32a de dy
2=-12 xyz + 32a 2

from (3), 8yz

24x*y0
a
whichis
negative definite form.

(: x>0) V is max.
at ie. when
3
rectangular solid is acube
4a a 8a
Similarly y and
max.
value= a

Eample4.Findthe shortest distance from the origin to the

stationary point is
Sol Let r
bethe distance of the origin (0, 0) from any pointhyperbol
(x, y)
a +8 xy +7y -225.
=+y2
At
a a
where x+ 8xy + 7y' =225
LetF )=x +y' +
+2 (o +8xy+7y -25)
where is Lagrange's multiplier.
d'F -F,. (de +2EFy: dy dz = 22| For extreme points,

d -2x+1 (2 x+8 y) =0
.:. d'F = - 8(d². (day (d) +
16
(ady dz tadz dx +ade dy)
J3 a ...(6) =2y +i (8 x +14y) =0
ôy
Differentiating (2), we get, 2(1 +) x+ 8Ay= 0 3)
or 81x+2y(1 +72) =0 44)
Since x and y are both non-zero
|2(1+2) 82
Putting x= =F, =F,We get, 82 2(1+74))
|1+2 42
d -0
dy -=0 42 1+72
a

3 (1+)(1+72) 162' =0 7+82+|- 16 -0 > 9-8A - 1=0

dy
de =- a a
+ =
8t V64+36 8+10
=1, -
18 18
 MINIMA

(4). (5). we get,

362 (3).
SPECTRUM ENGINEERING MATHEMATICS-I From
m dn 363
Take =1 2 2
2

from (3), 2(1 + 1)x+8y=0 ’ x=-2 y Putingthesevalues of x, y, zin (1), we get,

.. from (2), 4y- 16y +7y'= 225 >-5y=- 225
-n=p
2
’y'=-45, which is not possible.
2p
Take = ! j+m+n2
9

pl y= pm
from (3),
x2+m +n +m +n pn

Nowd'
=E F (d) +22Fdy, dz =2[(de +(dy +
: from (2), +4y' +7y' - 225 positivedefinite (da +0 =2(áa -
4
which is
risminimum
(dyY -(del
45y2 =225
4

P=+y'=5 +20 =25 minimum value

ofr= p'm'
Now d'F =F, (de+2 Fry du dy + F,,(dy' =2 (1 +i) (d) +162 d dy +2(1 +74) (d (+m+n (+mn
Eample6.
Ifu=, -d+b'y +e where ,show that stationary values of u are
x y z
given by
2
4
>0 c

which is positive definite.

F., )=ds+8ytdi+i.,1)
.. ris minimum and minimum valåe of r is 5.
For extreme values
.. required distance =5.
Example 5. Find the shortest distance from the origin to the surface lx+ my t nz=p. OF
Ox
Sol. Let (r, v, z) be any point on the surface
lx+my +nz=0 ...(1) OF
()
Let '=+y' + ..2) @y
where r is the distance of (0, 0, 0) from (x, y, z) OF
Let F(«, y, z) =x* +y' ++i (lx+my+nz -p) dz
For extreme values
From (1),
F,=2r+i l= 0 ...3) 2

F, =2y +lm=0 ..(4) K

ax =by= cz=
F -2 z+hn =0 .(5)
 , between (7) and(8), we get
Fhiminating
364 SPECTRUM ENGINEERING MATHEMATICS
AYL(-)+2-y) )> 4yi
Putting all these values in -+-+=1, we get 9
(x-X) 9x(y -y)
equation(10) by (9) we get
pividng (10)
a+b+c) =1 > K=atbtc 9x 9
K 4 y1 = 2

2
-,2=
a C
64 64

Example 7. Find the shortest distance between the line y = 10 - 2x and the ellipse = 1.

Sol. The given line is y= 10- 2x 5

..0)
X-2y=x-2y,
The givenellipsei s
4
= Fron(9) = 10
9 ..2) 2r+y
Let A(x, y) be any point on (1) and B (*, V) be any point on (2) From(3)
r K-2y, +20 -2r +4y, +10
(11), we get
|AB |- J-' +(-? On solving 5
5 12)
Let f(r, y, X, y)=(*-x} +(-) 8| 18
When x1
from (12) we get x=.y= 14
subject to the conditions
2x+y- 10 = 0 18 8) 14 9)2
.3) between AB =
The distance
and --|=0
4 9 .4) 8
When x 2from (12) we get x= 6

Now, Lagrange's function F=(-x' +(-y) + (2r +y -10)+2 +

4 9 AB =
9
For extreme value, we have
But 5 < 3/5
=2 (r-x) + 2^, = 0
...5) shortest distance between the line and the ellinse =5
=2 (y-y) +4, =0 Bample 8. Find the greatest and the least values that the function f(x, ) =ry takes on the cilipse
.(6)

8 2
=-2(x- X) + ...(7)
2 Sol. Here f(r, y) = xy
OF
-2 (y -yi)+ 2'1 4,-0
9 ..8) andgiven ellipse i s8 42 =0

Eliminating 2, between (5) and (6), we get

Largrange function is given by F(r., y) =xy -À
2(r-x)-4(-y) =0 ’ x-x =2(y-yi) ...9)
 MAXIHAANNDMINIMA
366 SPECTRUM ENGINEERING)

MATHEMATICS-J
Puttingthese values 1in x+y +z= a, we get
367
For maximum and minimum value, we have 1= -u m+ nt p)
(mtntp) =a »
OF
dx
=y+1. =0
4 x =
-mua
-(3) - u(m + n+ p)
OF m+nt p-,y= - ap
(am)" x(an" x(ap)P m+n+p
and =x+iy=0
dy 4)

Multiply (3) by x and (4) by y and subtracting, we get, 1 haye

(m+n+p)"(n+m +p)'(n+m +pP
maximise u, we m+n+py n+p
To +22f dy dz
-y' =0 Le, x' =4y'
4 [:A 0]
.(5) y 2npu - dydz 2pm -udede
Putting value of x in (2), we get (m+ntp)
m

8 2
=0 ie., y=1 or y=#1 p
From (5), we get x= 4 >x± 2. (: By using values of z. y.a)
extreme points are given by (2, 1), (2, - 1),(-2, 1) and (-2, - 1)
Now at these points values off(x, y) are given by
at (2, 1), f(, y) =2, |"xty+z=a > dt dy de =0 or
e-(d+ ))
at (2,- 1),f(%, y) =-2,
at (-2, 1),f(, y) =-2,
at (-2,- 1),f(, y) =2.
maximum value off(*, y) =2and Minimum value off(x, )=-2. a p

Example 9. Find the maximum value of " when.x +y +z = a. 2 2

Sol. Let u=x"

(m +n+p).
-u <0
a
Let F(r, y, z) =x"y +i (rty +z - a)
F(,), z) is maximised.
where A- Lagrange's Multiple
Bample 10. Find the stationary values ofx +y +z subject to ax+by' tc=l and /x +my+ nz"0.
For Extreme values, Sol. Let =rty' +z subjected to conditions ar+by' c-1 .)
,M-1 and lx+my +nz =0 2)
= mr -u+h =0 ..() Consider F(, y, z)=*+y' ++h, (ax+by' ter- )+ (lx+my +n:)
For extreme values,
Hut=0 ...(2) OF
=2r+i, (2 ar) +;l=0 3)
OF
Put=0 ...3) OF
=2y+h, (2 by) +åy m=0 ...(4)
-mu -nu -pu
From (1), ,Z= OF
=2: +h (2 cz) +lyn=0 ..5)
 HAXIMA
AND MINIMA
368 SPECTRUM ENGINEERING MATHENMATICS-J Multiplying(3) by x, (4))by
t y.(5) by z
and adding, we get 369
Multipling equations (3) by x, (4) by y, (5) by zand adding tyt)-6r-8y-24 2+2i(.
2(° +y' +) +h,(2 ax'+ 2by' +2 cz) + (lx+my+n) =0 9-6x-8y - 24z +22 =0
+y+)=0
or
2 u+221 (1) =0 >h=- u (': of (2) and 3xt4yt 12z=1+1
(1) or
and(5)
from (2), 2x [1+ a(-u)] =-1l » = 2lau -1) From(3),(4) (6)
3 4
y= 12
From (3), y= ,Z= 1+À
2(bu -1) 2(cu -1) Puttingthese values of x, y, zin (6), we have )
Putting allthese values in (2), weget 16 144
9-+
1+11+l 1+2
= |+i or (1 +2 =
169 or 1+-t 13
=0
2(au-1) 2(bu -1) 2(cu-I) =12 or -14
Here , 0(: Ifa, =0>x*y= z=0, which does not satisfies equation (1)) when = 12, from (7), we get
3 4 12
au -1
+
bu-1 cu -1
-=0, gives stationary values ofu. 13
get
Example 11. Find the maximum and minimum distances of the point (3, 4, 12) from the sphere when 1=- 14, from (7), we
+y'+= 1. 3 4 12

Sol. The given sphere is x'+y+?=1 ..)

Let P (x, y, z) be any point on the sphere. Given point is Q(3, 4, 12) A (3 4 12 3 4 12)
Thus, we get two points and B
13'13'13) on the sphere which are at a
distance |PQ|=V-3)² +(0-4)? +(z-12)? maximum or minimum distance from the given point Q.
Let f, y,z) =(PQ' = (r-3)' +( -4)' +(z- 12)
and given condition is Now QA = 12

(r, y, z) =ty'+-1=0 .(2)

Consider Lagrange's function
QB = 14
F(, y, z) =f(r,y, z) +l ¢ (1, y, z)
- (r-3f +(y-4 +(¢- 12' +2 ( +y+-1) minimum distance is at point A4 12
For stationary values 13'13B
ÔF 3 4 12)
2(r- 3) +22x= 0 ...(3) maximum
distance is at point B
Example 12. Use Lagrange's method to find the minimum value of x +y+ subject to the conditions
=0 2(y-4) +2Ay =0 ...(4)
xtytz= l and xy z +1=0.
=0 ’ 2(2-12) +22z =0 Sol. Consider Lagrange's function
...(5)
F(*, y, z) =ty+ +l(r+y+z-I)+u (9z+1)
 WLXLMAAND
M

370 SPECTRUM ENGINEERING MATHEMATICSI

For maximum or minimum value
Let
f:R' Rbe defined as EXERCISE
f(x,y, =xyz.
2)
3(b) 371

OF
L-2x+ +uyz=0 L ry+2yzt2zx=108 Deternine x, y, zfor maximun off
*.(2)
Findthe
maximum or minimum
value of +y + where
-2y+h +pzx =0 2
artby
+c'++2 fyz +2
gzx+2 hxy=1. where
..3) Value ofx?++y
Find Minimum
the
+i when
3. xty+z=3a (ii) ax+bytcz= a+btc
dz
-2 z +l +xy = 0 ()
..4) 4. Provethat the volume of the
greatest rectangular (ii) xyyz +zx=3d
Subtracting (3) from (2), we get 2(r -y) + uz(y-x) =0
ellipsoid =lis 8abc parallelopiped that can be inscribed in the
(x-y) (2-uz) =0 343
the
either x-y =0 or 2 -4z = 0 i the volume of
Find largest rectangular
5. parallelopiped which can be inscribed in the
X=y orå= () ellipsoid 4 9 16 (i) sphere + +=3
...(5)
Which point ontheesphere x+y +r=lis at the
Similarly from (3) and (4), we get y =z or = 2
maximum distance from the point (2, 1,3) ?
.(6) Findthe shortest and|longest distances from the point (1, 2, - l) to
7. the sphere x +y+ =24.
2
Similarly from (4) and (2), we get z =x or =
...() (P.T.U. 2011, 2013)
Using Lagrange's method of multipliers, find the point on the plane 2 x -
from (5), (6) and (7), we get theorigin in R 3y+6z=49 nearest to
dimensions of Rectangular
22_2 9, Find the box open at top of maximum capacity and whose surface is
either x =y=z 0r u= =-= 432 sq cm.
0. Findthe Maximum and Minimum distances from the origin to curve 5x +6xy+5y -8=0.
we have xty+ =1

1
I1. Ifu =
2 where x +y+z= 1, Prove that stationary values of uare given by
when x =y=z, we get > 3x=1
1/3 -6
C
1 ,Z=
a+b+c a+b+c a+b+c
Gis the stationary point.
12. Find the point on the surface of z =x+y + 10nearest to the plane x+2 y-z =0.
Also dF =F (dv' +Fy (dy)' +F(dey' +2E, dxdy +2F, dydz + 2F dz dr.
|: E-Fy =F=2 13. Find the maximum value of u = xyz when the variables x, y, z are subject to the condition
2(da)' +2(dy) + 2(dr) +2u z dxdy +2u x dhydz +2u y dz dr ax+by+cz=p +qtr.
Fy= uz, F =ux,
F-y 4. Ifu=at +by' +cst where x' +y' +=land lx+my +nz=0, prove that the stationary value
m+ =0.
of u satisfies the equation +
a-u b-u c-u
=2 (dr + djy +d)³ >0
15. If u=d+by +e where 1 . show that a stationary value is given by
(11 1)
F (x,y, z) is minimum at|3 a n d the minimum valu =
ax= by= cz and this givesa maximum or minimum if a bc (a +btc) >0.
 o MINIMA
372 SPECTRUM ENGINEERING MATHEMATICS- 1,l
Minimumdistance= 3723
16. Find the extreme values of 2 where r'= + - 4t4
+
2
subject to the conditions
maximum distance 4,2,-2
13.

=1, !x+my+nz0.
b'm²
17. Find the maximum and minimum values of
22
+y+ subject to the constraints 1-62,2 -=0.This equatíon gives extreme values of
- 1 and z=xty Maximum valuee= 10, 75
25 minimum value
17
18. Find the maximum
and minimum values of where =d+B +
constraints x+y+=1,lx+ my+nz=0. subject to the
19. Find the maximum and minimum radiivectors of the section of the surface 0.This equatíon gives maximum and
minimum values ofr.
(+y'+ -P+n y+tmade bythe plane ax +by t cz=0 62
+ +
-=0.This equation gives
20. Find the lengths of the axes of the section of ellipsoid + .= | by the plane
19. maxímum and mínimum values of
b'm
lx+ my tnz= 0. -0.This equation gives maxímum and
21.
20.
minimum values of r
Find the maximum and minimum radii vectors of the section of the surface ax+by+cd. m²
by the plane lx +my + nz=0.
-ap2
1-0 1-br2 1-cr2 =0. This equation gives maxímum and minimum values of r.
OR
Find the extreme value of +y +t subject to the conditions ad +by +e2- land lx +mny txpch)
ANSWERS
1. x=6, y=6, z=3

2. Roots of =0 give the max. or min. value of u.

c

3. () minima at (a, a, a) and minimum value =3 a

(i) minima at ala +b+c) bla+b+c) c(a+b+ c) and minimum value = (a+b+c?
a' +b +ca'+b' +c a +b +c
(ii) minimaat (a, a, a), (-a, - a, - a) and minimum value =3 a
64 2
5 (i) cubic unis (ii) 8 cubic units 6.

7. VQ,3 f6 8. (2, -3, 6) 9. 12, 12, 6