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Philip Joyce

C and Python Applications

Embedding Python Code in C Programs,
SQL Methods, and Python Sockets
1st ed.
Philip Joyce
Crewe, UK

ISBN 978-1-4842-7773-7 e-ISBN 978-1-4842-7774-4

https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4842-7774-4

© Philip Joyce 2022

Apress Standard

The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks,

service marks, etc. in this publication does not imply, even in the
absence of a specific statement, that such names are exempt from the
relevant protective laws and regulations and therefore free for general
use.

The publisher, the authors and the editors are safe to assume that the
advice and information in this book are believed to be true and accurate
at the date of publication. Neither the publisher nor the authors or the
editors give a warranty, expressed or implied, with respect to the
material contained herein or for any errors or omissions that may have
been made. The publisher remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional
claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.

This Apress imprint is published by the registered company APress

Media, LLC part of Springer Nature.
The registered company address is: 1 New York Plaza, New York, NY
10004, U.S.A.
Introduction
The C and Python programming languages are important languages in
many computer applications. This book will demonstrate how to use
the C and Python languages to write applications in SQL. It will
demonstrate how to embed a Python program within a C program.
Finally, the reader will learn how to create Python socket programs
which can communicate with each other on different computers (these
are called “sockets”).
A basic familiarity with mathematics is assumed along with some
experience of the basics of computer programs. The first two chapters
review the basics of C and Python. The chapters following these are
grouped into SQL techniques, embedded Python, and sockets
applications. There are exercises in each chapter with answers and
suggested code at the end of the book.
Any source code or other supplementary material referenced by the
author in this book is available to readers on GitHub via the book’s
product page, located at www.apress.com/9781484277737. For more
detailed information, please visit http://www.apress.com/source-code.
Acknowledgments
Thanks to my wife, Anne, for her support, my son Michael, and my
daughter Katharine. All three have mathematics degrees. Thanks to
everyone on the Apress team who helped me with the publication of
this, my third book.
Table of Contents
Chapter 1:​Python Programming
Definition of Variables
Real (Float) Numbers
Characters
Reading in Data
Arrays
Inserting into an Array
Deleting (Removing) from an Array
Searching
Updating an Array
Appending to an Array
Strings
Lists
Reading Entries in a List
Updating a List
Deleting an Element from List
Appending to a List
Dictionaries
Creating a Dictionary
Appending to a Dictionary
Amending a Dictionary
Deleting from a Dictionary
Searching Through a Dictionary
Tuples
 Creating a Tuple
Concatenating Two Tuples
Creating Nested Tuples
Creating Repeated Tuples
Converting a List or a String into a Tuple
Creating Single-Element Tuple
Reading Tuple
Searching Within a Tuple
Deleting a Tuple
Using Tuple to Create Variables
If Then Else
Loops (For and While)
For Loops
While Loops
Switches
Arithmetic Operations Using Numpy
Numpy Calculations
Mathematical Graph Functions
User-Written Functions
File Access
Regressions
Summary
Exercises
Chapter 2:​C Programming
C Program Format
Adding Two Numbers
 Multiply and Divide Two Numbers
For Loops
Do While Loops
Switch Instruction
If Else
If Else If
Data Arrays
Functions
Strings
Structures
Size of Variables
Goto Command
Common Mathematical and Logical Symbols
File Access
Student Records File
Summary
Exercises
Chapter 3:​SQL in C
Review of SQL and SQLite
Creating the Database
Creating a Table
Inserting Rows
Insert a Preset Row
Inserting a User-Entered Row
Selecting Rows
Selecting a Row Preset
 Selecting All Rows
Selecting Rows by Age
Amending Rows
Deleting Rows
Summary
Exercises
Chapter 4:​SQL in Python
Review of SQL
Create a Table
Mechanism for Inserting a Row
Update a Row
Delete a Row
Read a Table
Summary
Exercises
Chapter 5:​Embedded Python
Basic Mechanism
Plot a 2D Line
Plot Two 2D Lines
Plot Trigonometric Curves
Enter Data to Plot
2D Center of Mass Plot
Histograms
Importing a Picture
Summary
Exercise
Chapter 6:​Sockets
A Closer Look at Sockets
Basic Client-Server
Server-Client Pair to Send-Receive a File
Threaded Programs
Closing Down a Threaded Server
Chat Programs
Summary
Exercise
Appendix A:​Answers to Examples
Chapter 1
Chapter 2
Chapter 3
Chapter 4
Chapter 5
Chapter 6
Index
About the Author
Philip Joyce
has 28 years of experience as a software engineer, working on control
of steel production, control of oil refineries, communications software
(pre-Internet), office products (server software), and computer control
of airports. He programs in Assembler, COBOL, Coral 66, C, and C++
with SQL. He served as a mentor to new graduates in the Ferranti
Company. He obtained an MSc in computational physics (including
augmented matrix techniques and Monte Carlo techniques using
Fortran) from Salford University in 1996. He is also a chartered
physicist and a member of the Institute of Physics (member of the
Higher Education Group).
About the Technical Reviewer
Swathi Sutrave
is a self-professed tech geek. She has
been a subject matter expert for several
different programming languages,
including Python, C, and SQL, for
corporations, startups, and universities.
© The Author(s), under exclusive license to APress Media, LLC, part of Springer Nature 2022
P. Joyce, C and Python Applications
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4842-7774-4_1

1. Python Programming
Philip Joyce1
(1) Crewe, UK

This is the first of two chapters in which you’ll review both Python and C programming
languages. A basic understanding of computing and what programs are about is assumed
although no prior knowledge of either Python or C is needed.
In this chapter, we will start with the basics of Python. This will include how items used
in a program are stored in the computer, basic arithmetic formats, handling strings of
characters, reading in data that the user can enter on the command line, etc. Then we will
work up to file access on the computer, which will lead us up to industrial/commercial-level
computing by the end of the book.
If you don’t already have a Python development environment on your computer, you can
download it and the Development Kit, free of charge, from
www.python.org/downloads/. Another way you can access Python is by using Visual
Studio. Again, a version of this can be downloaded.

Definition of Variables
This section looks at the different types of store areas that are used in Python. We refer to
these store areas as “variables.” The different types can be numbers (integers or decimals),
characters, and different types of groups of these (strings, arrays, dictionaries, lists, or
tuples).
In these examples, you can go to the command line and enter “Python” which starts up
the Python environment and produces “>>>” as the prompt for you to enter Python code.
In Python, unlike C, you don’t define the variable as a specific type. The different types
are integer, floating point, character, string, etc. The type is assigned when you give the
variable a value. So try the following code:

>>> a1 = 51
>>> print(type(a1))
We get the output
<class 'int'>
>>>

Here we are defining a variable called “a1” and we are assigning the integer value 51 to
it.
 We then call the function “print” with the parameter “type” and “a1” and we get the reply
“class ‘int’”. “type” means that we want to display whether the variable is an integer, floating
point, character, string, etc.
We can now exit the Python environment by typing “quit()”.
We will now perform the same function from a program.
Create a file called “typ1a.py”.
Then enter the following two lines of Python code:

a1=51
print(type(a1))

Now on the command line, enter “python typ1a.py”.

And you should get the output

<class 'int'>

which is the same as our first example.

This is just demonstrating the equivalence of the two methods.
Obviously, if you want to run a program with many lines of code and possibly run it many
times, then having the code in a file is more efficient.
We can demonstrate different data types being stored in the same variable using the
following code:

a1=51
print(type(a1))

a1=51.6
print(type(a1))

a1='51'
print(type(a1))

When we run this, we get

<class 'int'>
<class 'float'>
<class 'str'>

The 51 entered is an int. The 51.6 is a float (decimal) type, and ‘51’ is a string.
We can make the results a little clearer if we use print(“a1 is”, type(a1)).
So our program now reads

a1=51
print("a1 is",type(a1))

a1=51.6
print("a1 is",type(a1))

a1='51'
 Another Random Document on
Scribd Without Any Related Topics
Fig. 252.—Sarcoptic mange of the sheep, showing the appearance of
the head.

Helmerich’s ointment, oil of cade, mixtures of oil, benzine and

petroleum, and 3 per cent. to 4 per cent. of tobacco juice, are the
commonest and most efficacious applications.
A non-poisonous ointment may be made by taking 4 ounces of oil
of turpentine, 6 ounces of flowers of sulphur, and 1 lb. of lard. Mix
the ingredients at a gentle heat, and rub in well with the hands or
with a brush, at the same time breaking the crusts. The simple
sulphur ointment may be made of one part of sulphur and four parts
of lard; one fourth part of mercurial ointment may be added. Few
remedies are so useful as sulphur iodide, and it may well be given a
trial on head scab.
In most countries this disease has been made the subject of special
legislation.

PSOROPTIC MANGE—SHEEP SCAB.

 This is probably the gravest form of mange. It was described by
Cato the Censor in 160 B.C., by Virgil, Juvenal, Celsius, Columella,
Pliny, Vegetius, etc. In 1787 Abildgaard first showed that psoroptic
mange in sheep could be cured by simple external remedies, without
internal medications. In 1809 Walz described the causes, nature,
seat, and treatment of the disease.
Since then, the parasitic, contagious nature of mange or scabies
has been more and more clearly recognised.
Causation. Experience and observation have long shown that the
only cause is the presence of the Psoroptes communis (ovis). This
disease is much more contagious than that just described. Psoroptic
mange or scabies exclusively affects those portions of the body
covered by the wool, and may for a long time remain unrecognised.
The parasite is visible to the naked eye, though most inspectors
employ the microscope. The adult female is about ¹⁄₄₀ of an inch long
and ¹⁄₆₀ of an inch broad; the male is ¹⁄₅₀ of an inch long and ¹⁄₈₀ of
an inch broad. The mites are discovered more easily on a dark
background, and if a portion of the wool and crusts is placed on black
paper and exposed to the sun for a few minutes the parasites will
generally be seen crawling about on the paper.
The disease is transmitted directly or indirectly by contact from
diseased to healthy animals in the folds, fields, or sheep runs. One
diseased sheep may contaminate an entire flock. The disease is
extremely contagious, and may appear even within a week after
exposure.
The parasites have exceptional vitality. It is generally stated that,
kept at a moderate temperature on portions of scab, the adults may
live from four to twenty days, but they will occasionally live much
longer; cases are on record where they have lived three, four, or even
six weeks when separated from sheep; if the atmosphere is dry they
will generally die in about fifteen days; but death is often only
apparent, for the mites may sometimes be revived by warmth and
moisture even after six or eight weeks; the fecundated females are
especially tenacious of life.
Fig. 253.—Left-hand figure shows adult male parasite of common sheep scab,
dorsal view; right-hand figure, ventral view of same; top figure shows head of
female; bottom figure, leg of female. All greatly enlarged. (Salmon and Styles,
Annual Report, U.S.A. Bureau of Animal Industry, 1897.)

Experience has shown that in some cases apparently healthy sheep

have become infected in places where no sheep have been kept for
four, eight, twelve, or even twenty-four months. The conditions
underlying this infection are not thoroughly understood. Possibly
some of the eggs have retained their vitality a long time and then
hatched out; possibly the vitality of the fecundated female has also
played a rôle; while it is not at all improbable that an entirely new
infection has accidentally been introduced by birds or other animals.
Certain authors of high standing scout the idea that birds can
introduce an infection of scab, but there is no reason why birds
should not do this, and there are some reasons for believing that they
do. It has been noticed on the Experiment Station of the United
States Bureau of Agriculture, for instance, that crows delight in
perching on the backs of scabby sheep and picking at the scab; while
so doing it is only natural that small tags of wool would adhere to
their feet, and thus scatter scab.
 Delafond’s experiments show that psoroptic mange is most
troublesome amongst thin, ill-nourished, weakly animals, whilst
robust sheep in good condition may be cured simply by attention to
cleanliness and abundant feeding.
In America this disease causes extremely heavy pecuniary loss,
second only in importance to that produced by hog cholera. It has
also interfered very seriously with the export of American sheep.
The course of the disease is affected by the time of year and
surrounding conditions. In autumn and winter, when sheep are in
continual contact in a moist, warm atmosphere within the folds, the
disease makes rapid progress. Young, weak, closely-inbred animals,
and those with long, coarse wool, most quickly succumb. Unhealthy
surroundings, damp, and bad ventilation favour the disease. Pure or
mixed bred merino sheep suffer severely. In summer the animals are
generally shorn and live in the open, and the disease then usually
diminishes or may even be arrested.
A study of the life history of the scab parasite is necessary in order
to determine several important points of practical value, such as the
proper time for the second dipping, etc.
The female mite lays about fifteen to twenty-four eggs on the skin,
or fastened to the wool near the skin; a six-legged larva is hatched;
these larvæ cast their skin and become mature; the mites pair and
the females lay their eggs, after which they die. The exact number of
days required for each stage varies somewhat, according to the
writings of different authors, a fact which is probably to be explained
by individual variation, and by the conditions under which the
observations and experiments were made. Thus Gerlach, in his well-
known work (1857) estimates about fourteen to fifteen days as the
period required for a generation of mites from the time of pairing to
the maturity of the next generation. He divides this time as follows:
Under ordinary conditions the eggs hatch in three to four days,
although two authors allow ten to eleven days for the egg stage; three
or four days after birth the six-legged larvæ moult and the fourth pair
of legs appears; this fourth pair is always present when the mites are
two-thirds the size of the adults; when seven to eight days old the
mites are mature and ready to pair; several (three or four) days are
allowed for pairing; another generation of eggs may be laid fourteen
to fifteen days after the laying of the first generation of eggs. Without
going into all of the other observations on these points, it may be
remarked that the eggs may not hatch for six or seven days; the six-
legged larvæ may moult when three to four days old, and become
mature; after pairing, a second moult takes place, lasting four to five
days; a third moult follows immediately, then eggs are laid and the
adults die; in some cases there is a fourth moult, but apparently
without any further production of eggs. Accepting Gerlach’s estimate
of fifteen days as an average for each generation of ten females and
five males, in three months time the sixth generation would appear
and consist of about 1,000,000 females and 500,000 males.

Fig. 254.—Adult female parasite of common sheep scab. (Both greatly enlarged.)
(Salmon and Stiles, loc. cit.)

Several practical lessons are to be drawn from these figures:

Firstly, it is seen that the parasites increase very rapidly, so that if
scab is discovered in a flock, the diseased sheep should immediately
be isolated; secondly, if new sheep are placed in a flock, they should
either first be dipped, as a precautionary measure, or they should at
least be kept separate for several weeks to see whether scab develops;
thirdly, since the chances for infection are very great, the entire flock
should be treated, even in case scab is found only in one or two
animals; fourthly, as dipping is not certain to kill the eggs, the sheep
should be dipped a second time, the time being selected between the
moment of the hatching of eggs and the moment the next generation
of eggs is laid. As eggs may hatch between three and seven, possibly
ten or eleven days, and as fourteen to fifteen days are required for
the entire cycle, the second dipping should take place after the
seventh day, but before the fourteenth day; allowing for individual
variation and variation of conditions, the tenth, eleventh, or twelfth
day will be the best time to repeat the dipping.
Symptoms. Psoroptic mange attacks the parts covered with wool,
so that attention is only drawn to the disease by some slight injury to
the fleece, which becomes rough, matted, brittle, and liable to fall.
Scabies commences with intense pruritus. The animals scratch and
bite themselves, and tear away the fleece. These symptoms become
aggravated when the animals are hot, as, for instance, when
travelling. If the sheep have travelled through mud, the fleece
becomes matted on the neck, behind the shoulders, and at all points
where they are able to scratch themselves with the hind limbs.
When a scabby sheep is touched at a diseased point, the animal
shows pleasure by nibbling and moving the head up and down.
At an early stage, if the fleece is divided and the skin examined,
little papules may be discovered somewhat less in size than a lentil.
They are of a yellowish colour, and are distinctly visible against the
reddish colour of the skin. These papules are due to the attacks of the
psoroptes.
 Fig. 255.—Left top figure, egg of mite
which causes common sheep scab;
middle top figure, six-legged stage of
sheep scab mite; right top figure, young
female before moulting for the last time,
dorsal view; middle figure, adult male
parasite of sarcoptic scabies of man (the
corresponding parasite of sheep is very
similar), ventral view, × 250 (after
Blanchard); left bottom figure, adult
female parasite of sarcoptic scabies,
dorsal view, × 250 (after Blanchard);
right bottom figure, same, ventral view
(after Blanchard). All greatly enlarged.

They soon become more numerous and even confluent, break and
discharge, become converted into pustules, and cause the formation
of crusts. In a few days the diseased points are covered with a
squamous, yellowish, sticky covering, under which the psoroptes lie
hidden and which affords them nourishment.
The crusts steadily grow thicker and lift the individual fibres of
wool, tearing them from their follicles, so that patches of skin
become bare. The patches thus formed increase in diameter, for the
acari leave the centre, where crust-formation is replaced by
abundant desquamation of the epidermis. The skin is thickened,
assumes the character of parchment, and in old-standing cases
becomes wrinkled.
The disease always commences along the back, withers, loins, and
the upper part of the quarters. Thence it spreads to the flanks and
sides of the chest. The psoroptes are almost exclusively confined to
recently affected points on the edges of the scabby patches. They are
visible to the naked eye, and appear as little whitish-brown points.
Scab is specially liable to attack a flock containing lambs and
yearling sheep, whose skin is thin, fine and supple, and therefore
more susceptible to their attacks. If a portion of a scabby flock be
shorn, the shorn animals will probably recover on account of the
psoroptes transferring themselves to the animals with long fleeces.
The diagnosis is easy. Psoroptic mange cannot be mistaken for
sarcoptic mange, on account of the different points affected.
Psoroptic mange only attacks regions covered by wool, and
sarcoptic mange those free of wool. A microscopical examination of
acari removed from the diseased animals will, however, immediately
remove all doubt.
Nor can the disease be confounded with phthiriasis, the
trichodectes being immediately distinguished from the psoroptes by
their greater size and the shape of their head. Moreover, they are
usually to be found on the front portions of the shoulders.
It is more likely to be mistaken for another disease, termed by
some writers seborrhœa and studied and described by Delafond
under the name of sebaceous folliculitis. This disease appears mostly
in autumn, and attacks animals much exposed to the weather and on
moist, cold soils. It begins with very violent pruritus, followed by
biting and loss of portions of the fleece. The skin is red, inflamed and
painful, and the wounds are covered with large quantities of
yellowish acid discharge of a sticky and offensive nature. The
treatment of this disease consists in placing the sheep in clean, dry,
well-ventilated sheds. Recovery is assisted by clipping and the
application of some emollient dressing to the diseased parts.
The ease with which the disease can be cured and the absence of
parasites enable one to readily distinguish it from psoroptic mange
(scab).
Prognosis. The disease is not specially grave, so long as only a
few animals are affected, for it is not difficult to cure by isolation,
good feeding, and proper external treatment; but if scab appears in a
flock, the freedom with which the animals intermingle is such that all
are rapidly attacked, and the irritation produced at once checks their
growth and causes loss in condition. Many ewes give birth to small,
feeble lambs, which are almost certain to die, and in any case the
wool is considerably diminished in value.
Delafond estimated that psoroptic mange formerly attacked one
thirty-fifth of all the sheep in France every year, causing damage to
the extent of five francs per head. At the present time, and since
proper sanitary laws have been instituted, it has become much less
common.
During the bad season of the year the mortality is greater, and may
reach as much as from 40 to 50 per cent. In cases where scab is
accompanied by some other disease, such as distomatosis, it may
even rise to 80 per cent.
The treatment is preventive and curative. Preventive treatment
consists in separating the healthy from the diseased animals and in
disinfecting the folds, sheds, etc.
Curative treatment. The first point in this treatment consists in
improving the diseased animal’s food both as to quality and quantity.
It is to be observed that the parasite has more difficulty in living on
robust and well-nourished animals. Moreover, observation shows
that transference from poor land to rich pastures is sometimes in
itself sufficient to bring about a spontaneous cure. Such, at least, is
the belief of the Spanish sheep farmers in Estramadura and of the
French shepherds.
The shepherd can do a great deal to arrest the course of the
disease. If he is careful, zealous, intelligent and observant he will
quickly note the first indications of the disease and, by isolating the
animals, check its spread.
The second point consists in shearing the diseased animals, and
this must be carried out at any season of the year. The money loss is
sometimes important, but must be met, for otherwise treatment is
impossible. In cases of localised scab, empyreumatic oil, oil of cade,
solutions of sulphuret of potassium, decoctions of black hellebore
(water 1 quart, fresh rhizome 4 ounces or dry rhizome 2 ounces),
decoction of tobacco and diluted tobacco juice (6 ounces in 1 quart of
water) have been recommended. Such local treatment, however, is
often useless, because incomplete.
When scab is generalised and it is impossible to define the parts
attacked, general treatment is indispensable and the diseased sheep
should be dipped.
As a preliminary, however, and in order to make sure that the
application will produce its effect, the animals after shearing should
be passed, twenty-four hours before the medicinal bath, through a
warm bath containing soap in order to soften and remove the scabs.
Applications of oil or some fatty substance will also soften the scabs,
which may afterwards be removed with a scraper without producing
bleeding. One pound of soft soap may be dissolved in fifty quarts of
water and each sheep plunged into this and scrubbed with a brush
for a few minutes. Washing alone removes a large number of the
parasites.
Whatever bath be used it should not be given until four or five
hours after the last feeding. The dips most popular in France are as
follows:—

Tessier’s Bath (1810).

For 100 sheep Arsenious acid 1½ parts or lbs.

Sulphate of iron 10 „
Water 100 „
 The above materials should be boiled for ten minutes, and, as a
consequence of the chemical fusion which occurs in the process, the
proportion of arsenious acid dissolved amounts to about 2 drachms
per quart instead of 3¾ drachms.
In this bath the arsenious acid acts as a parasiticide and the
sulphate of iron as an astringent, the latter checking the absorption
of toxic principles by the skin and sores, and preventing the sheep
from licking themselves.
Absorption by the skin is not so dangerous as has been believed.
Rossignol has shown that poisoning need not be feared in chemical
baths unless the proportion of dissolved arsenic is above 150 grains
per quart, especially if the period of immersion does not exceed five
minutes. Even pure solutions of arsenic, free from any astringent,
may be used, provided the quantity in the bath does not exceed 120
grains per quart.
The bath should, if possible, be kept warm—85° to 95° Fahr. (30°
to 35° C.).
Four men are generally employed for the operation. One drives in
the sheep, two others hold and brush them in the bath, and the
fourth holds the head of the animal above the liquid. Tessier
recommended gloves for the use of the operators, but experience has
shown that such a precaution is unnecessary. The udder, and
particularly the teats, of ewes with young may, if necessary, be
smeared with some fatty substance, such as vaseline or oil, in order
to guard against the astringent action of the liquid.
Each sheep is plunged in the bath for one or two minutes, or five
minutes at the most. All the diseased spots must be brushed, rubbed
and cleansed; but care must be taken not to make them bleed.
Tessier suggested leaving the animals for twenty-four hours in
some disinfected place, without straw or food, to prevent these
materials from being wetted by the liquid which runs from the fleece,
and which, if afterwards eaten, might have a poisonous effect. Here,
again, the danger has been exaggerated. Delafond has shown that
sheep may be given a fluid ounce of Tessier’s bath for eight days
running without producing the slightest unfavourable symptom.
Tessier’s bath is excellent from the therapeutic standpoint, but it
imparts a yellow tint to the fleece, which is thus rendered less
valuable. The mixture has therefore been modified in various ways.

Clément’s Bath (1846).

For 100 sheep Arsenious acid 1·5 parts or lbs.

Sulphate of zinc 5 „
Water 100 „

In this bath every quart contains about 2½ drachms of arsenious

acid. Its toxic power, therefore, is considerably greater than that of
Tessier’s bath.
Clément’s formula has one drawback. The sulphate of zinc may be
mistaken for a non-astringent alkaline sulphate (sulphate of soda),
and as a consequence poisoning may occur, as experience has shown.
Mathieu of Sèvres replaced the sulphate of iron by an equal
quantity of alum. In this case, each quart of the bath contains 2½
drachms of arsenious acid.
Clément’s and Mathieu’s formulæ have given just as good results
as Tessier’s.
A last formula is that of Professor Trasbot. The aloes is of very
little use, however, because it is almost insoluble.

For 100 sheep Arsenious acid 2 lbs.

Sulphate of zinc 10 „
Aloes 1 „
Water 25 gallons.

Condition of the animals after the bath.—On leaving the bath the
abraded parts are slightly cauterised. During the five or six following
days the skin is stiff, and covered with adherent crusts over the
points attacked by the parasites. The animals no longer scratch or
bite themselves.
Towards the eighth day the crusts fall, the skin appears supple and
of a pink colour, and the wounds cicatrise. In animals which have
suffered for a long time recovery is much slower, and may extend
over from thirty to fifty days. The wool again grows soft and bright,
while the sheep rapidly regain their spirits and condition. The
cicatrisation of the wounds is often accompanied by intense itching,
which must not be taken as a sign of the persistence of the disease. It
is well, however, to keep the animals under observation at this
period.
Under any circumstances, six weeks or two months should always
be allowed to elapse before giving a second bath. Should a few spots
appear to be attacked secondarily, they may be moistened with a
little of one of the bath liquids.
In Germany the creolin bath is generally employed:

For 100 sheep { Water 250 gallons or parts.

{ Creolin 6·5 „

Each sheep is bathed a second time after an interval of one week,

the animal being immersed for three minutes in the bath and
thoroughly scrubbed with a brush. The efficacy of this method,
however, is less certain.
In America, where the flocks are large and scabies is frequent,
sulphur baths are employed, the baths themselves being of great size.
The animals are forced to pass through them and remain there for
some minutes.
The size and value of American, Australian, and New Zealand
flocks demand that the modes of treatment practised and the
experience gained in these countries should receive something more
than passing notice. We therefore purpose giving a short résumé of
some parts of the very valuable monograph on sheep scab issued in
1897 by Dr. Salmon and Mr. Stiles, for the American Bureau of
Animal Industry.
In selecting a dip the question of expense will naturally arise; next,
the question as to whether or not scab actually exists in the flock to
be dipped. The facilities at hand, the set-back to the sheep, and the
length of the wool are also matters for consideration, as well as the
pastures into which the dipped sheep are to be placed.
Expense.—In estimating the expense one should consider not only
the actual outlay for the ingredients of the ooze, but the cost of fuel
and labour, the injury, if any, to the sheep, and the liability of not
curing the disease. It is much more economical to use an expensive
dip and cure scab, than it is to use a cheap dip and fail to cure it.
Does scab exist in the flock?—If scab does not actually exist and
the wool is long, the dipping in this case simply being a matter of
precaution, it is best not to select a dip containing lime.
The facilities at hand for preparing dip.—If fuel is very scarce, so
that it is impracticable to boil the mixture for at least two hours, the
lime-and-sulphur dips should not be selected.

Fig. 256.—A comparatively early case of common scab, showing a bare spot
and tagging of the wool.

The pastures.—In case it is necessary to place the dipped sheep on

the same pastures they occupied before being dipped, it is always
best to use a dip containing sulphur. If a proprietary dip is selected
under those circumstances, it is suggested that sulphur be added,
about 1 lb. of flowers of sulphur to every 6 gallons of dip. The object
in using sulphur is to place in the wool a material which will not
evaporate quickly, but will remain there for a longer period of time
than the scab parasites ordinarily remain alive away from their hosts.
By doing this the sheep are protected against reinfection.
Sulphur is one of the oldest known remedies for scab; its use is
best known in the tobacco-and-sulphur dip and in the lime-and-
sulphur dip. These home-made mixtures are the two dips which have
played the most important rôles in the eradication of scab from
certain English colonies, and their use is extensive in America.

The Tobacco-and-Sulphur Dip.

Fig. 257.—A slightly advanced case of common scab.

 The formula as given here, and as adopted by the New South
Wales sanitary authorities, appears to have first been proposed in
1854 by Mr. John Rutherford. “On the Hopkins Hill Station Mr.
Rutherford, with two dressings of these ingredients, then cured over
52,000 sheep which had been infected for eighteen months. Since
then millions of scabby sheep have been permanently cured in
Victoria in the same way, and in South Australia and New South
Wales hundreds of thousands of scabby sheep have also been
cleansed with tobacco and sulphur. Judging, therefore, from the
experience of the three colonies, there is no medicament or specific
yet known that can be compared with tobacco and sulphur as a
thorough and lasting cure for scab in sheep.” (Dr. Bruce, Chief
Inspector of Sheep for New South Wales.)
The proportions adopted by Rutherford, and afterwards made
official by the scab sanitary authorities, are—

Tobacco leaves 1 lb.

Flowers of sulphur 1 „
Water 5 gallons.

The advantage of this dip lies in the fact that two of the best scab
remedies, namely, tobacco (nicotine) and sulphur, are used together,
each of which kills the parasites, while the sulphur remains in the
wool and protects for some time against reinfection. As no caustic is
used to soften the scab, heat must be relied on to penetrate the
crusts.
Directions for preparing the dip.—Infusing the tobacco:—Place 1
lb. of gold-leaf or manufactured tobacco for every 6 gallons of dip
desired in a covered boiler of cold or lukewarm water, and allow to
stand for about twenty-four hours; on the evening before dipping
bring the water to near the boiling point (212° Fahr.) for an instant,
then remove the fire and allow the infusion to stand overnight.
Thoroughly mix the sulphur (1 lb. to every 6 gallons of dip desired)
with the hand in a bucket of water to the consistency of gruel.
When ready to dip, thoroughly strain the tobacco infusion from
the leaves by pressure, mix the liquid with the sulphur gruel, add
enough water to make the required amount of dip, and thoroughly
stir the entire mixture.

Lime-and-Sulphur Dips.

Under the term “lime-and-sulphur dips” is included a large

number, of different formulæ requiring lime and sulphur in different
proportions.
To give an idea of the variety of the lime-and-sulphur dips, the
following list is quoted, the ingredients being reduced in all cases to
avoirdupois pounds and United States gallons:
(1.) The original “Victorian lime-and-sulphur dip,” proposed by Dr.
Rowe, adopted as official in Australia:

Flowers of sulphur 20⅚ lbs.

Fresh slaked lime 10⁵⁄₁₂ „
Water 100 gallons.

(2.) South African (Cape Town) official lime-and-sulphur dip,

February 4th, 1897:

Flowers of sulphur 20⅚ lbs.

Unslaked lime 16⅔ „
Water 100 gallons.

(3.) Fort Collins lime-and-sulphur dip:

Flowers of sulphur 33 lbs.

Unslaked lime 11 „
Water 100 gallons.

(4.) A mixture which, used to some extent by the Bureau of Animal

Industry, contains the same proportions of lime and sulphur
(namely, 1 to 3) as the Fort Collins dip, but the quantities are
reduced to—
 Flowers of sulphur 24 lbs.
Unslaked lime 8 „
Water 100 gallons.

In case of fresh scab Formula No. 4 will act as efficaciously as the

dips with a greater amount of lime, but in cases of very hard scab a
stronger dip, as the Fort Collins dip, should be preferred; or, in
unusually severe cases, an ooze with more lime in proportion to the
amount of sulphur, such as the Victorian (No. 1) or the South African
(No. 2) dip might be used.

Prejudice against Lime-and-Sulphur Dips.

There is at present great prejudice (a certain amount of it justified,

no doubt) against the use of lime and sulphur, emanating chiefly
from the agents of patent or proprietary dips and from the wool
manufacturers.
In the first place, it is frequently asserted that lime and sulphur
does not cure scab. Experience in Australia and South Africa, as well
as in America, has shown beyond any doubt that a lime-and-sulphur
dip, when properly proportioned, properly prepared, and properly
used, is one of the best scab eradicators known.
It is claimed by some that it produces “blood poisoning.” But the
cases of death following the use of lime-and-sulphur dips have been
infinitesimally few when compared with the number of sheep dipped
in these solutions, and when compared with the deaths which have
been known to follow the use of certain proprietary dips. The details
of such accidents, so far as they have been reported, have not shown
that death was due to any property prepared and properly used lime-
and-sulphur dip. It is highly probable that the cases of so-called
“blood poisoning” of shear-cut sheep are generally due to an
infection with bacteria in stale dip containing putrefying material.
The greatest objection raised against the use of lime-and-sulphur
dip is that it injures the wool. This objection is raised by many wool
manufacturers and echoed with ever-increasing emphasis by the
manufacturers of prepared dips; while, after years of extensive
experience with properly prepared dip, its injury to the wool is
strongly and steadfastly denied by the Agricultural Department of
Cape Colony.
It is believed that a certain amount of justice is attached to this
objection to lime and sulphur as generally used; unless, therefore,
lime and sulphur can be used in a way which will not injure the wool
to an appreciable extent, we should advise against its use in certain
cases; in certain other cases the good accomplished far outweighs the
injury it does. Let us, therefore, examine into this damage and its
causes.

Fig. 258.—A more advanced case of common scab.

The usual time for dipping sheep is shortly after shearing, when
the wool is very short; whatever the damage at this time, then, it can
be only slight, and the small amount of lime left in the wool will
surely do but little harm.
In full fleece lime and sulphur will cause more injury. In Australia
the deterioration was computed by wool buyers at 17 per cent.,
although in Cape Colony the Department of Agriculture maintains
that if properly prepared, and if only the clear liquid is used, the
sediment being thrown away, the official lime-and-sulphur formula
will not injure the long wool. The United States Bureau of
Agriculture have found some samples of wool injured by dipping,
while on other samples no appreciable effect was noticeable.
If a lime-and-sulphur dip is used, care must be taken to give the
solution ample time to settle; then only the clear liquid should be
used, while the sediment should be discarded. In some of the above
tests on samples of wool it was found that the dip with sediment had
produced very serious effects, even when no appreciable effects were
noticed on samples dipped in the corresponding clear liquid.
Experience has amply demonstrated that a properly made and
properly used lime-and-sulphur dip is one of the cheapest and most
efficient scab eradicators known, but its use should be confined to
flocks in which scab is known to exist, and to shorn sheep, with the
exception of very severe cases of scab in unshorn sheep. It should
only be used when it can be properly boiled and settled. The use of
lime-and-sulphur dips in flocks not known to have scab, especially if
the sheep are full fleeced, cannot be recommended; in such cases
tobacco, or sulphur and tobacco, is safer and equally good.
All things considered, where it is a choice between sacrificing the
weight of sheep and to some extent the colour of the wool by using
tobacco and sulphur, and sacrificing the staple of the wool by using
lime and sulphur, the owner should not hesitate an instant in
selecting tobacco in preference to lime. The loss in weight by using
tobacco and sulphur is not much greater than the loss in using lime
and sulphur, while the loss in staple is of more importance than a
slight discoloration.
Preparation of the mixture.—Take 8 to 11 lbs. of unslaked lime,
place it in a mortar-box or a kettle or pail of some kind, and add
enough water to slake the lime and form a “lime paste” or “lime
putty.”[8]
8. Many persons prefer to slake the lime to a powder, which is to be sifted and
mixed with sifted sulphur. One pint of water will slake 3 lbs. of lime if the slaking is
performed slowly and carefully. As a rule, however, it is necessary to use more
water. This method takes more time and requires more work than the one given
above, and does not give any better results. If the boiled solution is allowed to
settle the ooze will be equally safe.
Sift into this lime paste three times as many pounds of flowers of
sulphur as of lime, and stir the mixture well.
Be sure to weigh both the lime and the sulphur. Do not trust to
measuring them in a bucket or to guessing at the weight.
Place the sulphur-lime paste in a kettle or boiler with about
twenty-five to thirty gallons of boiling water, and boil the mixture for
two hours at least, stirring the liquid and sediment. The boiling
should be continued until the sulphur disappears, or almost
disappears, from the surface; the solution is then of a chocolate or
liver colour. The longer the solution boils the more the sulphur is
dissolved and the less caustic the ooze becomes.
Pour the mixture and sediment into a tub or barrel placed near the
dipping vat and provided with a bung-hole about 4 inches from the
bottom, and allow ample time (two to three hours, or more if
necessary) to settle.
When fully settled draw off the clear liquid into the dipping vat,
and add enough water to make a hundred gallons. Under no
circumstances should the sediment be used for dipping purposes.
 Fig. 259.—A shorn sheep with large bare area due to scab.

To summarise the position of the United States Department of

Agriculture on the lime-and-sulphur dips:—When properly made
and properly used these dips are second to none and equalled by few
as scab eradicators. There is always some injury to the wool resulting
from the use of these dips, but when properly made and properly
used upon shorn sheep, it is believed that this injury is so slight that
it need not be considered; on long wool the injury is greater and
seems to vary with different wools, being greater on a fine than on a
coarse wool. This injury consists chiefly in a change in the
microscopic structure of the fibre, caused by the caustic action of the
ooze. When improperly made and improperly used the lime and
sulphur dips are both injurious and dangerous, and in these cases the
cheapness of the ingredients does not justify their use. In case scab
exists in a flock and the farmer wishes to eradicate it, he cannot
choose a dip which will bring about a more thorough cure than will
lime and sulphur (properly made and properly used), although it will
be perfectly possible for the farmer to find several other dips which
will, when properly used, be nearly or equally as effectual as any
lime-and-sulphur dip. There is no dip to which objections cannot be
raised.

Arsenical Dips.

There are both home-made arsenical dips and secret proprietary

arsenical dips. It is well to use special precautions with both, because
of the danger connected with them. One of the prominent
manufacturers of dips, a firm which places on the market both a
powder arsenical dip and a liquid non-poisonous dip, recently
summarised the evils of arsenical dips in the following remarkable
manner:
“The drawbacks to the use of arsenic may be summed up
somewhat as follows: (a) Its danger as a deadly poison. (b) Its drying
effect on the wool. (c) Its weakening of the fibre of the wool in one
particular part near the skin, where it comes in contact with the
tender wool roots at the time of dipping. (d) Its not feeding the wool
or stimulating the growth, or increasing the weight of the fleece, as
good oleaginous dips do. (e) The danger arising from the sheep
pasturing, after coming out of the bath, where the wash may possibly
have dripped from the fleece, or where showers of rain, after the
dipping, have washed the dip out of the fleece upon the pasture. (f)
Its occasionally throwing sheep off their feed for a few days after
dipping, and so prejudicing the condition of the sheep. (g) Its
frequent effect upon the skin of the sheep, causing excoriation,
blistering, and hardness, which stiffen and injure the animal,
sometimes resulting in death.”
Although this manufacturer has gone further in his attack upon
arsenic than the United States Bureau of Agriculture would have
been inclined to do, it must be remarked that when a manufacturer
of such a dip cannot speak more highly of the chief ingredient of his
compound than this one has done in the above quotations, his
remarks tend to discredit dips based upon that ingredient. Bruce, the
Chief Inspector of Live Stock for New South Wales, speaking of
arsenical dips, says: “Arsenic and arsenic and tobacco (with fresh
runs) cured 9,284 and failed with 9,271.”
It may be said, on the other hand, that arsenic really has excellent
scab-curing qualities; it enters into the composition of a number of
the secret dipping powders, and forms the chief ingredient in one of
the oldest secret dips used. This particular dip has been given second
place (with some qualifications) among the officially recognised dips
in South Africa.
Formulæ for arsenical dips.—Finlay Dun recommends the
following:—Take 3 lbs. each of arsenic, soda ash (impure sodium
carbonate) or pearl ash (impure potassium carbonate), soft soap, and
sulphur. A pint or two of naphtha may be added if desired. The
ingredients are best dissolved in 10 to 20 gallons of boiling water,
and cold water is added to make up 100 gallons. The head of the
sheep must, of course, be kept out of the bath.
A mixture highly endorsed by certain parties consists of the
following ingredients:

Commercially pure arsenite of soda 14 lbs.

Ground roll sulphur 34½ „
Water 432 gallons (U.S.)

The arsenite of soda is thoroughly mixed with the sulphur before

being added to the water.
Precautions in use of arsenical mixtures.—Any person using an
arsenical dip should bear in mind that he is dealing with a deadly
poison. The following precautions should be observed:
(1) Yards into which newly-dipped sheep are to be turned should
first be cleared of all green food, hay, and even fresh litter; if
perfectly empty they are still safer. (2) When the dipping is finished,
the yard should be cleaned, washed, and swept, and any unused ooze
should at once be poured down a drain which will not contaminate
food or premises used by any animals. (3) Dipped sheep should
remain in an open, exposed place, as on dry ground. (4)
Overcrowding should be avoided, and every facility given for rapid
drying, which is greatly facilitated by selecting fine, clear, dry
weather for dipping. (5) On no account should sheep be returned to
their grazings until they are dry and all risk of dripping is passed.
The feeling of the United States Bureau of Agriculture towards
arsenical dips is shown by the following:
Suggestion as to danger.—The formulæ given above are copied
from the writings of men who have had wide experience in dipping,
but this Bureau assumes no responsibility for the efficacy of the dips
given, or for their correct proportions. Furthermore, as long as
efficacious non-poisonous dips are to be had, we see no necessity for
running the risks attendant upon the use of poisonous dips.

Carbolic Dips.

This class of dips kills the scab mites very quickly, but
unfortunately the wash soon leaves the sheep, which is consequently
not protected from reinfection in the pastures. If, therefore, a
carbolic dip is selected, it is well to add flowers of sulphur (1 lb. to
every 6 gallons) as a protection against reinfection.
The advantages of carbolic dips are that they act more rapidly than
the tobacco or sulphur dips, and that the prepared carbolic dips are
very easily mixed in the bath. They also seem, according to Gillette,
to have a greater effect on the eggs of the parasites than either the
sulphur or the tobacco dips. The great disadvantages of this class of
dips are—first, in some of the proprietary dips, that the farmer is
uncertain regarding the strength of material he is using; second, the
sheep receive a greater set-back than they do with either lime and
sulphur or tobacco.
Fig. 260.—An advanced case of common scab.

The United States Bureau of Agriculture is inclined to be extremely

conservative in regard to them, and to advise their manufacturers to
prepare them in a guaranteed strength with more explicit directions
for use than are to be found in the present circulars.
One of the prominent proprietary carbolic dips was formerly
recognised as one of the three official dips in New South Wales, but it
has now been erased from the list. In Cape Town carbolic dips are
not much used, and in the official reports little is said concerning
them.
The United States Bureau of Animal Industry gives the following
advice as regards dipping:
(1.) Select a dip containing sulphur. If a prepared “dip” is used
which does not contain sulphur, it is always safer to add about 16½
lbs. of sifted flowers of sulphur to every 100 gallons of water,
especially if, after dipping, the sheep have to be returned to the old
pastures.
Fig. 261.—An American sheep-dipping plant in operation.

(2.) Shear all the sheep at one time, and immediately after
shearing confine them to one-half the farm for two to four weeks.
Many persons prefer to dip immediately after shearing.
(3.) At the end of this time dip every sheep (and every goat also, if
there are any on the farm).
(4.) Ten days later dip the entire flock a second time.
(5.) After the second dipping, place the flock on the portion of the
farm from which they have been excluded during the previous four
or five weeks.
(6.) Use the dip at a temperature of 100° to 110° Fahr.
(7.) Keep each sheep in the dip for two minutes by the watch—do
not guess at the time—and duck its head at least once.
(8.) Be careful in dipping rams, as they are more likely to be
overcome in the dip than are the ewes.
 (9.) Injury may, however, result to pregnant ewes, which must on
this account be carefully handled. Some farmers arrange a stage,
with sides, to hold the pregnant ewes, which is lowered carefully into
the vat, and raised after the proper time.
(10.) In case a patent or proprietary dip, especially an arsenical
dip, is used, the directions given on the package should be carried
out to the letter.

CHORIOPTIC MANGE, SYMBIOTIC MANGE, FOOT SCAB.

This disease was studied in Germany by Zürn in 1874, and by

Schleg in 1877. It has not yet been seen in France.
Causation. The sole cause is the presence of Chorioptes scabiei
(v. ovis). Contagion is favoured by the animals being in poor
condition. The disease extends very slowly. Only 2 to 3 per cent. of
the animals are affected, and the sufferers are usually those with fine
skins.
German shepherds consider this disease to be due to an excessive
allowance of salt, because it is most common during the winter,
when the sheep are housed. Needless to say, this theory is incorrect.
Symptoms. Sometimes this form of mange attacks the limbs and
develops very slowly. It commences about the pasterns, and
gradually extends upwards towards the knee or hock. It really
advances beyond these points. The parasites are much smaller than
those of common scab, and are often overlooked. The sheep stamp
their feet and scratch and bite the infected parts, sometimes
transferring the disease to the lips and face, where it may persist for
a time.
Fig. 262.—The left-hand figure shows the adult male parasite of chorioptic scabies
of the horse (the corresponding parasite of sheep is almost identical), ventral view.
The central figure shows the young female parasite of chorioptic scabies, ventral
view. The right-hand figure shows the adult female parasite of chorioptic scabies
with egg, ventral view. All × 100. (After Neumann.)

In very old standing cases which have been entirely neglected, it

may be met with in the region of the armpit and thigh, the limbs
becoming swollen so as to suggest lymphangitis. In the folds of the
hock and pastern the thickening of the skin may lead to the
formation of yellowish or brownish crusts, according to whether the
exudation is merely of a serous character or accompanied by
bleeding.
The diagnosis is easy. The parasites are found in the thickness of
the crusts, and are readily recognised under the microscope.
The prognosis is not grave, because of the comparative rarity of
the disease and its mildly contagious character. This disease,
moreover, never attacks the head or body, but remains localised in
the lower portions of the limbs.
Treatment. The crusts should be removed by washing or by
standing the animals for a time in warm water. Simple cleanliness
often suffices, but, to save time, some anti-parasitic may be used.
The condition is easily cured even without disinfecting the folds.
 MANGE IN THE OX.

Bovine animals may be attacked by three varieties of mange, all of

which have long been known.

SARCOPTIC MANGE.

This is not of any great clinical importance, as it is purely

accidental, and only results from the conveyance of sarcoptes from
other animals, such as the horse, sheep, dog, goat or cat, to an animal
of the bovine species. That the disease does occur, however, is shown
by the following excerpt from a report by Professor McFadyean: The
animal showed no symptom of skin disease at the time of purchase,
but soon after it was brought home it was noticed to be rubbing, and
the skin began to assume an unhealthy appearance. When seen in
January (four months after purchase) it was rather poor, although it
had been in very good condition when sold. Almost the entire skin
had become affected, including that of the legs down to the top of the
hoofs. There had been extensive loss of hair, and the skin was thick,
grey, wrinkled, and dry. At some places it had become thrown into
thick folds. Only a few scabs or crusts had formed where the animal
had recently rubbed itself. In some scurf scraped from what seemed
to be the parts most recently invaded, numbers of acari were without
much difficulty found with the microscope.
A good many cases of mange of undetermined character have been
reported as occurring among cattle in various parts of England
during the last year or two, and in a number of instances the disease
was believed to have been contracted during exhibition at a show. It
is not improbable that some or all of these were cases of this
sarcoptic mange, and in view of its very contagious character it is
desirable that care should be taken to exclude from shows animals
exhibiting any symptom of the disease.

PSOROPTIC MANGE.

This condition has also been termed dermatodectic mange. This is

very rare, and, like the former, of trifling clinical importance.
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